LAO DONG TRI THU'C TRONG XA HOI TRI THLTC VA MOT VAI SUY NGHI VE VAN DE CUA VIET NAM LUVMINHVAN^' Mo hinh vd nguon lUc luon la van di Idn doi vdi sU phdt trien cua cdc quo'c gia, cdc ddn tgc Trong gdn ba thap ky doi mdi, Viet Nam dd co nhiing thay ddi Idn lao tren cdc mat, ddc biet Id kinh te, nhiing bdi todn phdt trien cua Viet Nam cdng dang ddi mat vdi nhiing thdch thdc Idn: chuyen tir chien iMc phdt trien theo chiiu rgng sang chien iMc phdt trien theo chiiu sdu de co the "bdt kip" sii phdt trien cua nhom niidc phdt trien Vi vay viec nhan dang ddc diem cua xd hgi tri thUc, - xd hgi md cdc niidc phdt trien qud bi/dc vdo, la viec cdn thiet de thi/c hien "chien lUdc bdt kip" d nitdc ta Bdi viet ndy gioi thieu cdch nhin vi xd hot tri thiic cua Peter F Drucker, • ong dUdc coi Id mgt hai tdc gid ddt nin mong cho ly luan vi xd hgi tri thiic, vdi hy vgng co the cung cap mgt dS lieu de suy nghl ve nhiing van di dang ddt cho sii phdt trien cua Viet Nam hien I Xa h6l tri thufc vd nen kinh te tri thuc, lao dong tri thuc qua cdi nhin ciia Peter F Drucker**' Xd hgi tri thiCc vd nin kinh te tri thiic "Xa hpi tri thdc", "xa hpi h a u cong nghiep" hay "xa hpi h a u hien dai" la n h d n g khai niem thUdng gap, nhUng lai '"'Peter F Drucker (1909-2005) la nha nghien ciiu, nha van, nha giao, nha tu van Hdn 30 cuon sach da xua't ban cua ong de cap den nhQng chu de rat rong ve xa hoi hoc, chinh tri hoc, kinh te hoc, khoa hoc quan ly, giao due hoc Ong diidc danh gia la nha tUdng lai hoc uy tin nha't tren the gi6i Nhiing cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia ong luon gianh dUdc svi chu y nghiem tiic cua du cac phan rpng rai - cac chinh tri gia, nha hoach dinh chinh sach, nha quan ly (d cac niJ6c phat trien) v i bat cii muon tim hieu ve xa hoi tri thiic (xa hoi hau hien dai), cai xa hpi ma chung ta biet rd't it ve no, va khac can ban v6i nhiing kinh nghiem, hieu biet chung ta dang co k h a m u md N h d n g nghien edu cua P F Drucker ve xa hpi tri thdc chu yeu x u i t p h a t tii n h d n g t h a c h t h d c m a cac nUde p h a t trien d a n g do'i m a t Tuy nhien, dieu k h d n g p h a i k h o n g cd y nghia doi vdi n h d n g nUde d a n g p h d t trien, cd Viet N a m , bdi q u a t r i n h toan c i u hda hien d a n g bupe t a t ca cac nUdc vao mpt cupc chdi chung, bupe chdng ta p h a i tim cdch thich d n g vdi no, n e u k h d n g "chac chdn se bi t u t h a u va cd the se k h d n g bao gid dudi kip dUdc thien ha" Xa hpi tri thdc (hay xa hpi mdi t h u a t ngd Drucker thUdng dung) se nhU ''TS Triet hpc, Giang vien trUdng Dai hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi va Nhan van, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi nvminhvan@yahoo.com 18 the nao? Cau tra ldi cua dng khong phai c! mpt dinh nghia, ma la sii phac hpa mpt so' dUdng net can ban da xua't hien cua no va bupe chdng ta phai nhin vdi mat mdi Thii nhat, bien dpng dan so^ hpc - sii bien doi nghich chieu ve cd ca'u dan cU: sii tang nhanh dan cU cao tuoi va giam nhanh cua dan cU Ida tuoi nien Cai b i t thUdng va thach thdc cua tinh huding dUdi mat cua dng d6 la: (1) sii thay ddi ngudn cung cua thi trUdng lao dpng lien quan tdi sii gia tang cua nhdng ngUdi ngoai dp tuoi lao dpng theo quy dinh se thdch thiic triic tiep nhdng cam ket cua cac nha chinh tri (ldi hda ve "gid nguyen he tho'ng hUu trf) va cua cac nha quan ly (mo hinh quan ly lao dpng hien tai vdn diia can ban tren quan niem cu: lao dpng phai lam toan bp thdi gian cho td chdc, se gia tang so' ngUdi tren tuoi lao dpng quy dinh tham gia lam viec vdi hinh thdc bdn thdi gian, lam tam thdi); (2) sU giam ty trpng cua bp phan lao dpng tre se bupe cdc chinh phu doi mat vdi hang loat nhdng thach thdc: chinh tri - sii gia tang cua ddn nhap cU se dung cham tdi nhdng lien ket chinh tri truyen tho'ng; kinh te - tinh ddng nha't cua thi trUdng lao dpng khong cdn nien quyet dinh, ma la t i n g Idp trung nien; quan ly - nguyen tac quan ly toan bp thdi gian khong cdn thich hdp, v.v Thii hai, tri thdc - yeu to' quyet dinh xa hpi mdi Trong xa hpi tUdng lai, tri thdc se trd ngudn liic edt yeu chi phd^i nen kinh te, ti lao dgng tri thiic se chiem liu the'*' Lien quan ''' Tli thap nien cuoi the ky XX, cl cac nxidc phat trien, lao dpng tri thilc chiem khoang 1/3 lUc Thdng tin Khoa hpe x a hdi s d 8.2010 den nhdng bien sd nay, dng nhan manh diem sau ddy: 1) se la xa hpi "khong bien gidi bdi vi tri thdc co the chuyen td chd np sang chd nhanh hdn tien bac"; 2) "cd hpi thang tien la cua mpi ngUdi nhd viec dl dang hpc tap chinh quy"; 3) kha nang cong va that bai cua mpi ngUdi la "ngang nhau" vi "moi ngUdi deu co 'cong cu san xuat' la tri thdc cho cdng viec, nhUng khong phai mpi ngUdi deu r6 the chien thing"; 4) sii ket hdp cda nhdng dae diem tren lam cho xa hpi tri thdc trd nen co tinh cg.nh tranh rat cao doi vdi ca nhan vd td chdc Thi^ ba, nen kinh te tri thdc ve ban chat gan vdi quan tinh toan cau hoa, nhdng diem nhan cin lUu y d ddy la: 1) dae diem chi phoi cua qua trinh chuyen sang nen kinh te todn ciu la tinh khong han che cua boat dpng thUdng mai, diu tu nhd kha nang di chuyen nhanh cua tu ban, dieu tren thiic te dang Id yeu to' thay ddi ban chat cua nen kinh te the gidi; 2) "dp tri" hay sii khdng tUdng ddng chinh tri va van hda vdi xu the toan ciu hda kinh te dang lam bien dang qua trinh Ong xem dieu dd Id nhdng tien le xau ddi vdi sii chpn Ipc, thich dng cua cac quo^c gia, cua ngUdi Vi du dien hinh cho dieu dd la viec cac chinh phu co xu hUdng sd dung xu hudng bao hp mdi de do'i phd vdi nhdng bien dpng kinh te, xa hpi nhU Id thupc tinh tat yeu cua toan ciu hda Tha tli, sii xuat hien va gia tang vai tro cua cac td chdc phi ldi nhuan va tii thien ben canh nhdng td chdc truyen thd'ng nhu nhd nUdc (khu viic cdng), td lUdng lao dpng toan xa hpi, nhiing phan cua ca'u true lao dpng truyen tho'ng nhu nong dan va cong nhan co xanh eang giam ve so liidng \k vai tro Lao ddng tri thurc chdc kinh te (khu viic tU nhan) la sii tich hdp mdi dam bao cho xa hpi cd the thich dng vdi nhdng bien ddi thUdng xuyen, vdi nhdng thach thdc eang tang ddi vdi cdc ca nhan va xa hpi xa hpi hien dai Thii ndm, cac cong ty se eang la nhan td^ quyet dinh eua xa hpi tUdng lai Nhdng thay ddi vi the cua cdc cong ty, trUde het Id d cac cdng ty da qude gia gin lien vdi nhdng thay ddi chdc ndng cua chung Dd la, 1) sii gia tang eua ''kiem sodt chien lUdc" thay cho "kiem sodt sd hHu" va 2) "xu hUdng lien minh, lien doanh, thoa thuan" vdi tU each la XU hudng chu dao ddng nghia vdi sii gia tang cua tinh b i t dinh Dieu dang tao nhieu thach thdc khdng chi vdi cac chinh phu Td mpt so' phac hpa tren, du chUa phai la t i t ca nhdng ndt dae diem ve xa hpi tri thdc, nhUng nhdng canh bao cua Drucker ve nhan thdc, tdm the va sii ehuan bi cua chdng ta ddi mat vdi qua trinh la r i t dang chu y Cam nhan chung cua dng la "lo au va bat an" Cd the tdm t i t nhdng canh bdo chinh, ong gpi la " t i n h t r e " cua xa hpi hien tai nhU sau: 1) xa hpi tri thdc, xa hpi hau hien dai dang rat gin chung ta, nhUng nhdng thach thdc cua chung chUa lp rd Tuy nhien dieu co the khing dinh, theo dng, dd la "Chung ta dang song thdi ky qua dp sau sic vdi nhdng thay ddi cd the cdn cUc doan hdn nhdng bien ddi trUdc day"; 2) ve nhan thdc, dng cho r i n g chung ta biet qua it ve nhdng bien ddi dang den xa hpi tri thdc, ve can ban chung ta van nhin nd bing nhdng kinh nghiem va hieu biet cu, noi mpt each ddn gian thi hieu biit lac hau dang la nguyen nhan khdng the khdng chu y; 3) ve tam 19 the, noi chung, theo dng loai ngUdi ehUa thiic sii chuin hi ddn nhan nhdng thach thdc cua sii thay ddi; 4) tinh tre ve td chdc bieu hien d chd cac nha quan ly, chinh tri gia, cdc nha hoach dinh chinh sach cua cac qud'c gia va cac td chdc tii kinh te, chinh tri, xa hpi, giao due chUa thiic sii chuyen bien de thich dng vdi nhdng thay ddi Khdi niem lao dgng tri thiic (hay nguon liic tri thiic) (1) Vdi cau hoi dpng liic quyet dinh phat trien cua xa hpi tri thdc la gi? Cau tra ldi cua dng la nhan td ngUdi Menh de nay, theo dng, khdng he mdi lich sd nhan thdc cua nhan loai, it la td niia eudi the ky XX NhUng vdn di Id d cho chi xd hgi tri thvic, nin kinh te tri thiic, cdi siic manh ciia ngudi: bo n a o , t r i thdfc va n a n g l\ic s a n g t a o mdi thiic sii Id nhan td quyet dinh qua trinh lam cua cai (nhan td dpng liic cua xa hpi cong nghiep thupc ve may mdc, cua xa hpi ndng nghiep thupe ve lao dpng chdn tay) (2) Tiep can ngudn liic eon ngUdi tii :ai nhin so sanh ve cd cau va vai trd cua lao dpng tri tue va lao dpng chan tay (lao dpng lam va chuyen dich vdt), dng n h i n manh: - Nen kinh te tri thdc dat hai loai lao dpng triidc nhdng thach thdc: nhdng ngUdi cd trinh dp, cd tri thdc thi xa hpi tri thdc "la the gidi cua nhdng cd hpi", cdn vdi nhdng ngUdi khong cd trinh dp va tri thdc thi tUdng lai hien hdu vdi hp la t h i t nghiep, ddi ngheo vd t h i t vpng - O cac nUdc phdt trien, tdc la nhdng ndi dang qua dp sang nen kinh te tri thdc, viln canh cua lao dpng chan tay dUdc dng hinh dung tren nhdng n6t chinh sau day: thii nhdt, giam manh ve 20 ty trpng cd cau ngudn liic lao dpng, ong dli bao tUdng lai khdng xa se chi chiem 1% tdng sdlao dpng; thUc hai, cupc cdch mang ve nang sua't lao dpng chan tay da qua di, vi the vai trd cua loai hinh lao dpng ddi vdi sii giau CO cua xa hpi eang giam; thii ha, lao dpng chan tay se tdn tai dUdi hinh thai mdi — sii ket hdp lao dpng chdn tay va lao dpng tri tue eua nhdng chuyen vien, ky thuat vien; thU tU, nen kinh te tri thdc, lao dpng tri thdc va dich vu la liic lUdng chu dao (3) Nhdng dae diem cd ban cua lao dpng tri thdc dUdc Drucker hinh dung nhu sau: 1/ NgUdi lao dpng tri thdc la ngudn liic lao dpng dUdc hinh qua he thdiig giao d u e c h i n h quy, vi vay giao due vdi nen tang cua nd la he thd'ng trUdng hpc Id trung tam cua xa hpi tri thdc; 2/ Liic lUdng lao dpng xa hpi tri thdc (trong nen kinh te tri thdc) Id nhdng ngUdi dUdc chuyen mon hoa r i t cao; 3/ Nhom la ddn vi lam viec Ham nghia cua luan diem ndy la chit lUdng lao dpng va hieu qua lao dpng cua ngUdi lao dpng tri thdc phu thupc vdo sii lien ket cua nd vdi mpt to chdc; 4/ NgUdi lao dpng tri thdc xa hpi tri thdc la ngUdi sd hdu "cong cu san xuit" (tri thdc, ky nang), dieu lam cho nd khdc ve can ban vdi loai hinh lao dpng lam cdng trUde dd va cung ddi hdi mo hinh td chdc va quan ly hodn toan khac ve ban chit; 5/ Nhdng nhan to' quyet dinh nang sua't lao dpng tri thdc, - vin de hien du vdn cdn kha mu md ve ly thuyet va thiic tien, nhUng co the hinh dung ve dai the, dd Id: Tinh ro rang cua muc dich vd nhiem vu dUdc giao (vdi cdng nhan co xanh, van de la lam the nao); Phai tao moi trUdng dam bao tinh tu tri cao cua ngUdi lao dpng: tii chiu Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 8.2010 trach nhiem ve nang s u i t va tii quan ly ban than; Ddi mdi lien tue la nhiem vu vd trach nhiem cua lao dpng tri thdc, de thiic hien dieu dd hp phai cd dieu kien va kha ndng hpc tap sudt ddi; Tieu chi danh gia nang s u i t lao dpng tri thdc chuyen dich td can cd vdo sd lUdng sang chit lUdng (4) Chung ta phai lam gi de phat huy ngudn lao dpng tri tue, de thich dng vdi nhdng bien ddi? Khong di qua sdu vao nhdng bien luan trdu tUdng ve ngUdi - dd la dae diem nhdng thao luan cua Drucker ve v i n de Dich den cua ong la nhdng hanh dpng thiic te, cu the dng nhan manh: Thii nhdt, liia chpn the manh, dng cho day Id dieu rat quan trpng vi xa hpi tri thdc ngUdi ta chi cd the thdnh cdng biet diem manh, phat huy diem manh cua minh va ddng lang phi sdc liic vao nhdng linh viic ma hp kem nang liic Thii hai, hpe tap suo't ddi: ddi vdi ca nhan no lien quan den nang liic, thai dp va tam the; doi vdi xa hpi la sii thiet Idp moi trUdng thuan ldi eho hpc sudt ddi cua mpi ngUdi ddn Thii ha, tinh tUdng thich gida gia tri ban thdn va gia tri td chdc Tren day la mpt vai net khai lUdc td nhdng phdt bieu cua Drucker lien quan den chu de thao ludn tren, nhieu dieu cd the ban cai, nhUng chi it cd the tiep nhan no nhU nhdng dd lieu de suy nghi Do la sii Ilia chpn cua chung tdi II Vdl suy nghl vfi' xdy difng, phdt huy nguO'n luc tri tue (lao ddng tri thuc) d Viet Nam hien Chua cd dieu kien de cd the phan tich, khdi quat sau dae diem ciia ngudn liic tri tue Viet Nam, bdi viet Lao ddng tri thirc chung tdi sd dung nhdng tdng ket cua mpt so' chuyen gia nghien edu ve linh viic vdi tU cdch la nhdng diem tiia ban d i u cho nhdng suy ngim ve nhdng dieu kien phat huy ngudn liic lao dpng d nUde ta hien (1) Chieu canh lich sd ddn tpc chdng minh ring: de tdn tai dUdc sii nghiet nga cua hpa xam ldng thUdng triic va dieu kien tii nhien khac nghiet, viec sd dung nhdn tai va phat huy sdc manh tri tue cua ngUdi ddn ludn la dpng liic can ban cua nhdng cdng bao ve va kien thiet d i t nUdc Ndi dieu chung toi ham y r i n g ngUdi Viet khong thieu sii thdng minh, sdng tao va sii cin cu, vay van de dat chinh la lam the nao de phat trien va phat huy nd (2) Xuit phat tii dinh dang tri tue la hdp thdnh td nhdng to' can ban la nao t r a n g , t r i thdfc va n a n g \\ic s a n g tao, chung toi cho rang nhdng cd ging md ta dae diem tri tue Viet Nam phai hudng vao ldm rd nhdng yeu to' ndi tren Nha sd hpc, nha van hda Dao Duy Anh td nda d i u the ky trUdc cd nhan xet ve tri tue ngUdi Viet nhU sau: "Ve tinh chit tinh t h i n thi ngUdi Viet Nam dai khai thdng minh, nhUng xUa t h i y it ngUdi cd tri tue ldi lac phi thUdng Sdc ky dc thi phat dat lam, md giau tri nghe thuat hdn tri khoa hpc, giau triic giac hdn luan ly Phan nhieu cd tinh ham hpc, song thich van chUdng phu hoa hdn la thiic hpc, thich va hinh thdc hdn la tU tudng hoat dpng Nao tudng tUdng hi nao thiic tiin hda hoan bdt nen ddn tpc Viet Nam it ngUdi mpng tudng, ma phan doan thUdng c6 ve thiet thiic lim Tinh ciing hdi nong ndi, khdng ben chi, hay t h i t vpng, hay khoe khoang trang hodng be ngoai, Ua hU 21 danh ThUdng thi nhdt nhat va ehupng hda binh, song ngp sii thi cung biet hy sinh vi dai nghia Nao sang tdc thi it, nhUng ma b i t chudc, thich dng va dung hda thi r i t tai NgUdi Viet Nam lai r i t trpng le giao, song cung co nao tinh vat, hay bai bac che nhao Dd la lUdc ke nhdng tinh chit tinh t h i n phd thong nhat cua ngUdi Viet Nam, cung ed nguyen lai td thUdng cd ma cd thay ddi chut it, cung cd lich sd va trang thai xa hpi bun due d i n thanh, nen ddng xem nhdng tinh chat i y la b i t di b i t dich" (xem: 15) Nhan dien dae diem tri tue ngUdi Viet Nam cua hpc gia Dao Duy Anh cd the khong dung hoan toan vdi thdi nay, nd hdi mpt chut u am, nhUng nhdng nhdn xet cua dng qua dang nghi, chung ta dang bUdc vdo mpt the gidi toan ciu hda (3) Khai niem ngudn liic tri tue r i t rpng ve npi ham va phdn loai, vi vay pham vi bdi viet nay, chdng tdi khu biet ve khai niem "lao dpng tri thdc" ma Petei: F Drucker xdc dinh la loai lao dpng ddng vai trd quan trpng bac n h i t tao cua cai ky nguyen hdu hien dai (ve xa hpi cdn gpi la xa hpi tri thdc, ve kinh te gpi la nen kinh te tri thdc) Va them nda lao dpng tri tue thi bp phan quan trpng n h i t la "nhan tai" Nhdng nUdc ngheo neu thiic sU mudn thoat ngheo phai tim each de thu hut, tao diing va quan trpng hdn la khai thac dUdc ngudn liic lao dpng Theo chung tdi nhdng dieu sau ddy cd the tinh tdi: TrUdc het, cin tao diing mdi trUdng lam viec phu hdp Do Id yeu ciu vda c6 the thiic hien din, thiic hien dUdc vd phai thiic hien ca chdng ta 22 chUa thiic sii bUde vao "xa hdi tri thdc" vdi sii no liic eua Chinh phu va cua xa hpi Thiic te sii phdt trien ciia cac nUdc ngheo va cua chinh nUde ta chdng minh r i n g "moi trUdng lam viec tdi te" la nguyen nhan quan trpng bac n h i t khien cac nUdc dang mat dan di nhdng ngUdi tai nang va ngudn liic lao dpng chat lUdng cao cua minh, tdc la ngudn liic lao dpng dUdc dao tao chinh quy Hien tUdng ddng chay "chat xam" di khoi khu viic nha nUdc sang khu viic tU nhan va di chuyen nUdc ngoai d nUdc ta la minh chdng va dieu tUdng tii cung kha phd bien d cae nUde the gidi thd ba O dd yeu to' mdi trUdng ldm viec khdng khuyen khich ngUdi lao dpng (triet tieu dpng cd) ludn la nguyen nhan dUde canh bao hang diu Mdi trUdng lam viec phu hdp vdi lao dpng tri thdc cin tao diing la gi? Nhieu nghien edu xa hpi hpc vd nghien edu ly thuyet chi rang, chi it no phai hUdng den khuyen khich, tao diing nhdng phim chit sau day d ngUdi lao dpng: tinh dpe dao, tinh sdng tao, tinh dpe lap va tinh- t h i n phe phan Tuy nhien, ve nguyen ly nhdng diem ndi tren khong khd chip nhan, nhUng mdi trUdng the che, van hda - xa hpi cu the lai la nhdng menh de khdng phai ldc ndo cung de dUdc chip nhdn; Thiic hien cai each chinh sach de bat, dai ngp theo nguyen tic diia vao tai nang, vdo ket qua lao dpng Chang ban, d nUdc ta viec tri lau he thd'ng lUdng diia tren nguyen tic tham nien, khdng phan anh dung gia tri lao dpng da to ldi thdi, dang triet tieu dpng liic cong hien cua ngUdi lao dpng Tiep den, neu chung ta thiic sii thda nhan ludn de "lao dpng tri thdc" Id ngudn liic can ban va quan trpng nhat Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 8.2010 cua sii giau cd, sii phat trien cua xa hdi Viet Nam da md, hda nhap vdi the gidi, thi sii cham t r i va kem hieu qua de "lam mdi" he thdng giao due qude dan la sii "vd trach nhiem" ddi vdi tUdng lai Cdch nhin ve "Lao dpng tri thdc" cua Drucker dUdc de cap den d p h i n tren c6 the la gdi y khong qua xa vdi cho sii dinh dang muc tieu, npi dung va gid tri cua cai each giao due Cuoi cung, qua trinh toan ciu hda, hien tUdng "di eU" eua cdc ngudn liic lao dpng tren pham vi toan ciu la hien tUdng khach quan He qua cua qua trinh di cU ddi vdi mpt so' nUde la sii suy giam ngudn nhan liic chit lUdng cao (nhit la vdi ede nUdc ngheo), nhUng cung chinh toan c i u hda, hpi nhap qud'c te sau lai la dieu kien thu hut nhan tai b i n g chinh cd hpi viec lam tot Nghia la du cdc yeu to' gid chan nhan tai CO dUdc cai thien nhUng khong the chim ddt, d day v i n de dat Id cac chinh phu cin cd chinh sach tot tri quan he va khai thac tiem nang cua nhdng ngUdi di Trong nhdng thdp ky vda qua da cd khdng it qud'c gia, td chdc quoc te da khd cdng giai quyet van de TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Peter F Drucker Nhdng thach thdc cua quan ly the ky XXI H.: Tre, 2003, 298tr Peter F Drucker Ban ve Xa hpi tri thdc, quan ly, kinh doanh, xa hpi va nha nude Nguyin Quang A tuyen chpn va dich Nicole Gnesotto & Giovanni Grevi The gidi ndm 2025 H.: Tri thdc, 2008, 350tr (xem tiep trang 8) Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi sd 8.2010 cong trinh sU gioi Muo'n vay, cap lanh dao, quan ly phai lam to't cong tac can bp Bli vi, nhu Ho Chi Minh ndi: "Can bp la cai goc eiia mpi cong viec Vi vay, van de can bp la mpt van de rat trpng yeu, rat can kip" (1, tr.269, 274) Hien nay, toan Dang dang qua trinh to chdc dai hpi dang cac cap de tien tdi Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc cua Dang lan thii XL Nhan dan dang chd mong Dai hpi Dang sang suo't liia chpn dUdc nhieu can bp tot de cung nhan dan ganh vac cong viec ciia da't nUdc Dai bieu dii Dai hpi Dang hay bo phieu bau cap uy cho nhiing can bp cd du tai, du ddc va khong bo phieu cho nhiing phan tii thieu dCfc, thieu tai, nhUng Cd hpi, ciing la mpt sii liia chpn cong tam, sang suo't, day la mpt sii Ilia chpn kho khan TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ho Chi Minh: toan tap Tap H.: Chinh tri Qude gia, 1995 Ddc Vudng Ho Chi Minh dao tao can bp va trpng dung nhan tai H.: Chinh tri quo'c gia, 2010 Nien giam tho'ng ke nam 2008 H.: Thdng ke, 2009 So' lieu cua Bp Giao due va Dao tao http:/ /www.edu.gov.vn Bao cao Tong hdp ket qua nghien edu cua De tai cap nha nU6c da nghiem thu: "Xay diing dpi ngii tri thdc Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020" (Mas6':KX.04.16/06-10) (Tiep theo trang 22) Pham Minh Hae (chu bien) Giao due the gidi di vao the ky XXI H.: Chinh tri qude gia, 2002, 576tr Nhieu tac gia Ve tri thdc Nga (La Thanh - Pham Nguyen TrUdng dich) H.: Tri thdc, 2009, 388tr Nhieu tac gia Tu lai tUdng lai H.: Tre, 2005, 422tr Joachim Matthes (Bai giang) Mpt so' va'n de ly luan va phUdng phap nghien edu ngUdi va xa hpi H.: Ha Npi, 1994 Edgar Morin Trai dat - To quo'c chung Tuyen ngon cho thien nien ky mdi H.: Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2002, 433tr Geoger F McLean, Pham Minh Hae (chu bien) Con ngUdi, dan tpc va cac nen van hoa: Chung so^ng thdi dai toan c l u hoa H.: Chinh tri quoc gia, 2007, 344tr 10 Lester C Thurow Lam giau nen kinh te tri thiic H.: Tre, 2003, 359tr 11 Bruno Palier, Louis - Charles Viossat (chu bien) Chinh sach xa hpi va qua trinh toan cau hda H.: Chinh tri quoc gia, 2003, 287tr 12 Ho Sl Quy Con ngUdi va phat trien ngUdi H.: Giao due, 2007, 300tr 13 Ansel M Sharp, Kinh te hpc cac van de xa hpi H.: Lao dong, 2005, 224 tr 14 Uy ban Khoa hpc, cong nghe va moi trUdng cua Qude hpi khoa X Giao due hudng den t h e k y XXI H.: Chinh tri quo'c gia, 1998 15 Dao Duy Anh Viet Nam van hoa sd cUdng Sai Gon: Bdn phUdng, 1951 ... te tri thdc dat hai loai lao dpng triidc nhdng thach thdc: nhdng ngUdi cd trinh dp, cd tri thdc thi xa hpi tri thdc "la the gidi cua nhdng cd hpi", cdn vdi nhdng ngUdi khong cd trinh dp va tri. .. lUdng lao dpng va hieu qua lao dpng cua ngUdi lao dpng tri thdc phu thupc vdo sii lien ket cua nd vdi mpt to chdc; 4/ NgUdi lao dpng tri thdc xa hpi tri thdc la ngUdi sd hdu "cong cu san xuit" (tri. .. thii ha, lao dpng chan tay se tdn tai dUdi hinh thai mdi — sii ket hdp lao dpng chdn tay va lao dpng tri tue eua nhdng chuyen vien, ky thuat vien; thU tU, nen kinh te tri thdc, lao dpng tri thdc