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NGHIEN CCrU LY LUAN VA THl/C TIIN miAlS THlfC VE THdl DAI I^GAY I^AY GS, TS VU VAN HI^N Uy vien Trung ucmg Dang Tong Giam ddc Dai Tie'ng noi Viet Nam L ich su phat trien ciia xa hdi loai ngudi thudng dupe bang nhiing thien nien ky, the ky, thap ky, nam thang, gid Nhung cdn mdt each khac sau sac hon va cd y nghia hon nhieu la xac dinh su phat trien xa hdi bang nhiing chuyen bien, nhirng thay ddi cd tinh budc ngoat dupe bat dau tir nhirng su kien dac biet bao hieu sir chuyen hda ve chat cua ddi sdng xa hdi Dd la each phan dinh xa hdi bang thdi dai, la viec dua vao nhiing tieu chi nhat dinh dl phan ky lich su va dat ten cho nd Viec nhan thire rd va xac dinh diing thdi dai cd y nghia cue ky quan trpng vi nd giiip ta biet dupe nhung nac thang phat triln ciia xa hdi, nam dupe yeu td cd tinh dn dinh mdt the gidi day bien ddng, tim thiy xu hudng tat yeu vd van nhung hien tupng phuc tap mang tinh ngau nhien ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Moi qudc gia, moi dan tdc, dac biet la moi dang cdng san macxit - leninnit rat cin phai bilt minh dang sdng d thdi dai lich su nao vdi nhirng dac diem, tinh chit, npi 14 dung, xu the phat trien ciia nd Biet dupe nhu vay ciing la hieu rd ta dang sdng d dau va se di tdi dau, giiip ta nhin xa trdng rdng, nam bat khuynh hudng phat trien va quy luat xoay van ciia nhan loai de vira cd the lira chpn dupe hudng di phii hpp vdi sir phat trien ciia lich su vira du bao, va doan dinh tdi muc luong trudc dupe nhung thach dd phuc tap, tranh dupe nhiing vap vap sai lech tren dudng di, tir dd se khdng bi chao dao hoac bi cudn trdi trudc phong ba bao tap ciia ddi sdng chinh tri qudc tl Cd nhu vay mdi dam bao binh yen va phat triln cho dat nude, hanh phiic cho nhan dan Quan nifin ve thdi dai Su phan chia cac thdi dai lich su nhan loai la mdt cdng viec khdng don gian, xuat phat tir nhiing co sd, tieu chi khac Cach phan chia thdi dai dua tren nhiing tieu chi sinh hpc va ky thuat Ching han, Vied, nha xa hdi hpc ngudi Italia (16681744) da phan chia cac thdi dai nhu phan chia cac giai doan cua mdt ddi ngudi: thdi tho au, nien, trung nien va tudi gia L? L U A N C H I N H TR111 - 2009 Cd ngudi lai lay yeu td ky thuat de phan chia tir thdi dai dd da, thdi dai dd dong, thdi dai cdi xay gid, thdi dai may hoi nude, thdi dai ten lira, vii tru va thdi dai tin hpc Phan chia dua vao nhiing yeu td dac thii cua xa hdi Nha triet hpc tam, Heghen (1770-1831) phan biet lich su phat triln cua loai ngudi ba thdi ky: thdi ky phuong Ddng, thdi ky cd dai va thdi ky Giecmanh Nha xa hdi chu nghia khdng tudng Phurie (1772-1837) chia tien trinh lich sir bdn giai doan phat trien mdng mudi, da man, gia trudng, van minh Phan chia thdi dai theo nen van minh Giao su ngudi My S Hontinhton cho rang xa hdi loai ngudi dupe quyet dinh bdi tam nen van minh: van minh-phuong Tay, van minh Trung Hoa, van minh Nhat Ban, van minh My Latinh, van minh Chinh thdng giao, van minh Hdi giao, van minh An Dp, van minh chau Phi Cdn nha tuong lai hpc Anvin Tdphlo lai cho rang: ba nen van minh ke tiep tuong ung vdi cac thdi dai: van minh ndng nghiep, van minh cdng nghiep va van minh hau cdng nghiep Nhin chung, nhiing each phan chia neu tren deu cd s\r khai quat cao, deu cd nhiing can cir va cd nhung yeu td hpp ly nhat dinh, nhung tit ca deu la each nhin phien dien, mdi chi nhin manh dupe mdt vai khia canh cua sire san xuat, khdng chi dupe tinh chat tdng hda ciia ddi sdng xa hdi va dac bif t la khdng neu dupe ddng luc chinh ciia su phat trien lich sir xa hdi Dua tren co sd phuong phap luan bien chiing va chii nghia vat lich su de phan tich xa hpi, cac nha kinh dien cua chii nghia Mac - Lenin da xem xet van de thdi dai mdt each khoa hpc, phii hpp vdi sir van ddng l y L U A N C H I N H TR! 11 - 2009 phat triln ciia lich su loai ngudi Cac dng da coi hinh thai tdn tai ciia thuc te xa hdi la hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi va qua trinh phat triln cua xa hdi la sir thay the hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi tir thip den cao Theo Mac va Angghen, lich sii phat trien xa hdi loai ngudi cho din thi ky XIX la cac hinh thai: cdng san nguyen thiiy, chiem hiru nd le, phong kiln va tu ban chu nghia Tir dd, cac dng da nit kit luan la hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi cdng san chu nghia tit yeu se thay the hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi tu ban chii nghia K I thira tu tudng khoa hpc phat trien vT dai ciia Mac va Angghen ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi, Lenin da cu the hda them mdt budc, cho rang rieng thdi dai tu ban chu nghia cd the phan chia nhieu giai doan, va chu nghia de qudc la giai doan tdt ciing cua chu nghia tu ban Nhu vay, co sd khoa hpc nhat de xac dinh thdi dai la nhiing dieu ki?n vat chat khach quan, tiic hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi Hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi la khai niem dirng de chi xa hdi d timg giai doan lich sir nhat dinh, vdi mdt kieu quan he san xuat dac trung cho xa hpi dd, phii hpp vdi mdt trinh dp nhat dinh cua lire lupng san xuat va mdt kien tnic thupng tang tuong ling xay dung tren nhiing quan he san xuat ay Hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi la ndi dung cau thdi dai Cdn thdi dai la thdi ky lich su hinh thanh, phat trien va ngu tri cua mdt hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi nhat dinh Tit cdch tiep can nhu tren, co the hieu thai dai theo nghia rong vd nghia hep Theo nghia rong, thai dai Id mot khdi niem chinh tri - kinh te - xa hoi khdi qudt tien trinh phdt trien ciia lich sic lodi nguai Id thai gian rat ddi de chi su phan ky lich sir IS xd hoi vd di phan biet nhimg nac thang phdt triin cua hinh thdi kinh te - xd hoi md theo do, ndc thang cao han, tien bo han se phii dinh ndc thang cii, lac hau de ma duang cho su phdt trien mot thai dai mai Sau Cdch mang Thdng Muai Nga, nhdn loai bdt ddu mot thai dai mai, thai dai qud tit chii nghia tu bdn len chu nghia xd hoi tren pham vi todn the giai Thai dai theo nghia hep Id khdi niem ve thai gian de chi xu the vd noi dung phdt triin tren cdc phuang dien kinh te, vdn hoa, khoa hoc ky thuat, cdng nghe N^i dung thoi dai Theo quan diem cua Lenin, ndi dung thdi dai mdi - thdi dai nay, la xda bd chii nghia tu ban ddng thdi thiet lap nhiing CO sd cua xa hdi xa hdi chu nghia va cdng san chii nghia Day la mpt qua trinh lich sir lau dai, dupe bat dau tir nude Nga sau Cach mang Thang Mudi nam 1917, va sau dd la nhieu nude khac tren the gidi vay la su khai quat mang tinh ly luan va thuc tien sau sic, diy tinh thuylt phuc, da dupe su nhit tri cao phong trao cdng san va cdng nhan qudc te Tuy nhien, sau thi chi xa hdi chu nghia d cac nude Ddng Au va Lien Xd sup dd, cac thi lire thii dich da Ipi dung sir kien dk day len mdt chien dich cdng kich, xuyen tac chii nghia Mac - Lenin, bai bac nhiing luan diem co ban nhat ve thdi dai hdng lam tieu tan ly tudng cdng san tam tri nhan loai Luan diem cua hp ve npi dung khdng cd gi mdi me, nhung each dien dat cd khac di vi vdn di thir nhat cua noi dung thai dai Hp lap luan rang, neu ndi thdi dai hien la thdi dai qua dp tir chii nghia tu ban len chii nghia xa hdi, thi chu nghia xa hdi sup rdi, thdi dai duong nhien la cua chu nghia tu ban; rang chu nghia xa hpi va chu nghia cdng san da tan lui thi dii cd tram nam sau ciing khdng the gupng day dupe niia Vao nhiing nam 1957 va 1960, Hdi nghi dai bilu cac Dang cdng san va cdng nhan hpp d Matxeova, tren co sd tiep thu anh sang tai di huan cua Lenin, diic nit kinh nghiem tir thuc tien sinh ddng ciia each mang the gidi, da xac dinh: Ndi dung can ban cua thdi dai chiing ta la sir qua dp tir chii nghia tu ban len chii nghia xa hpi, md dau bang Cach mang xa hdi chu nghia Thang Mudi vT dai d nude Nga Cach nhin nhan ciia hp rd rang la thieu kien thuc lich sir va la each nhin thien can Qua trinh chuyen bien va thay the mdt thdi dai bang thdi dai khac khdng the dien nhanh chdng dupe, ma phai qua mpt chang dudng dai Qua trinh dd la mdt xu the tat yeu cua xa hdi loai ngudi, nhung dien quanh co, phiic tap chua dung nhieu bien cd, cd ca budc tien manh me va ciing cd ca nhiing budc tut liii Su dd vd ciia he Ndi dung thdi dai cd hai van de mau thdng xa hdi chu nghia d Ddng Au va Lien chdt Mot Id, thdi dai hien la thdi dai Xd duong nhien la tdn that nang ne ddi vdi qua dp tir chii nghia tu ban len chii nghia xa phong trao cdng san Ai ciing biet rang, sir hdi tren pham vi toan the gidi Hai Id, thdi sup dd ay cd nhieu nguyen nhan, nhung nd dai dupe md tir Cach mang Thang Mudi khdng thudc ve ban chat cua che dp xa hdi Nga Nhan dinh ve ndi dung thdi dai nhu chu nghia, cang khdng phai vi the ma lam 16 L? L U A N C H I N H TR! 11 - 2009 mat di ndi dung thdi dai Lich sir da cho thay thdi dai tu ban chii nghia thay thi thdi dai phong kien dau phai de dang Qua trinh chuyen bien dd dien hang may tram nam, trai qua biet bao phirc tap bdi sir chdng tra quylt Het cua cac thi luc phong kiln Tinh hinh hien ciing tuong tu nhu vay Thi luc de qudc khdng tir mdt thu doan nao dl muu toan chan dung phong trao cdng san Dieu dd cang the hien tinh chit phirc tap cua thdi dai Luan dieu cho rang: "chii nghia xa hdi da chet va hang tram nam sau ciing khdng gupng day dupe", that la mpt su hd Diing la chu nghla xa hpi da bi dd vd mdt mang Idn, nhung mdt thuc tl khdng the choi cai dupe la chu nghia xa hpi van dang tdn tai day sire sdng va phat trien manh me d Trung Qudc, Viet Nam, dit nude Cu Ba van hien ngang tru viing, vupt qua biet bao phong ba bao tap, bat chip nhiing hanh dpng chdng pha hen ciia cac lire lupng thii dich; mdt sd nude khac van tu tin tien theo dudng xa hdi chii nghia Va nira, hay quan sat va phan tich cac cupc bau CUT qudc hdi va tdng thdng d cac nude Dong Au, d cac nude thudc Lien Xd cu va dac biet d cac nude My Latinh Neu cac luc lupng canh ta va lire lupng cdng san tan lui roi thi tai tinh hinh bau cir lai cang thang, quyet Het nhu vay? Vi cac luc lupng canh hiru ciing vdi mdt sd chinh khach phuong Tay phai lo sp den hoang hot nhu the Rd rang la chii nghia xa hpi van cd sire sdng manh Het, dang hien hien trudc mat va dang lam nghieng nga can can cua cac cupc dau tranh nghi trudng Va khdng sdm thi mudn, tat yeu che dp xa hdi chii nghia se chien thang l y LUAN CHiNH TR! 11 - 2009 Ve vdn de thit hai ciia noi dung thai dai Ke thii tu tudng ciia chiing ta cdng khai tuyen bd rang, chii nghia xa hdi d Lien Xd da sup dd thi gia tri ciia Cach mang Thang Mudi cung cham het Day la mdt ket luan vpi va va hd Danh rang qua ma Cach mang Thang Mudi dem lai da bi vd tai que huong cua nd, nhung dd quyet khdng phai la sir cham dirt ly tudng cao dep cua Cach mang Thang Mudi Va chang, lich sir da td rd, khdng cd mpt cupc each mang nao, ke ca cac cupc each mang vT dai nhat, lai du kha nang ket thuc cdng viec xda bd xa hdi cu va xay dimg xong xa hpi mdi Qua trinh chuyin tir xa hpi phong kien len xa hpi tu ban chu nghia da phai trai qua hang tram nam vdi nhieu cupc each mang tu san: Cach mang Anh nam 1788, cac cupc each mang tu san Phap vao cac nam 1830, 1848, 1871 Sir phat trien ciia xa hdi loai ngudi tir sau nam 1917 da chung td rang, ly tudng Thang Mudi Nga da khdng chi la ngpn den pha dan dudng tda sang, ma cdn cd nhung ddng gdp thuc te to Idn Cach mang Thang Mudi la tieng chuong danh thuc lich sir, bao hieu mpt trang sir mdi ciia the gidi The gidi vao thdi diem trudc Cach mang Thang Mudi la mpt thdi ky u me, an phan, la thdi dai ciia chii nghla tu ban Sir dot pha Thang Mudi lam cho chu nghia tu ban bi dd vd mpt mang Idn The gidi bimg tinh, bung vdi sue manh mdi cua su hinh va phat trien chii nghla xa hpi, lam sup hoan toan he thong thudc dia, giai phdng xa hdi, giai phong ngudi Thanh qua ciia Cach mang Thang Mudi da tao cho loai ngudi cd kha nang kim giii sir long hanh cua chii nghla tu ban, lam thay doi ca nhOng yeu td 17 ben cua chu nghia tu ban Chii nghla tu ban da khdng the sdng tu nd niia ma da phai cd gang vi sir tdn tai cua nd Nhiing thay ddi chien lupc kinh te, chinh tri de thich nghi, nhirng thay ddi cac chinh sach phiic Ipi xa hdi, dam bao xa hdi d cac nude tu ban phat trien hien deu ket qua dau tranh ciia nhumg ngudi lao ddng va sau xa hon la dupe anh hudng ciia Cach mang Thang Mudi Tir nhiing phan tich tren day, chiing ta cang thdng nhat vdi nhan dinh rang, mac dii tinh hinh the gidi giai doan hien va thdi gian tdi cd nhieu thay ddi, cd la thay ddi khdn ludng, nhung ban chat ciia thdi dai khdng thay ddi Tinh hinh cu the timg thdi ky ciia the gidi cd nhiing bien ddng nhung dieu dd khdng lam thay ddi ndi dung ciia thdi dai; loai ngudi van dang thdi dai qua dp tir chu nghia tu ban len chii nghia xa hdi Cac mau thuan CO ban tren the gidi van tdn tai va phat trien, cd mat sau sac hon, ndi dung va hinh thuc bieu hien cd nhieu net mdi Dau tranh dan tdc va dau tranh giai cap van dien dudi nhieu hinh thire Nhirng van de hien Nhip dp chuyen bien ciia the gidi nhanh chdng den muc khd hinh dung Qua trinh lam cho tinh chat cua thdi dai cang phiic tap them bdi nhiing bieu hien mdi ciia nd Sau Lien Xd tan ra, chii nghla tu ban thay ddi chien lupc, sue Ipi dung qua trinh qudc te hda va toan ciu hda dl tu ban hda toan thi gidi Dd la su ap dat gia tri, ddng hda the gidi theo mau sic tu ban chii nghia; la su de dpa, cha dap, pha vd cac gia tri truyln thdng ciia cac dan tdc va cac quoc gia cd chu quyln Vi thi, vin dl ndi bat ddi sdng 18 chinh tri qudc tl hien la cac ting Idp, giai cap bi ap buc, bdc Ipt va cac dan tdc, cac qudc gia ddc lap quylt tam chdng lai su ap dat va can thiep, bao ve chii quyen, bao v? gia tri truyen thong va dinh hudng phat trien xa hdi ciia minh Trong bdi canh ay, dinh hudng xa hpi chii nghla la xu hudng phat trien tit yeu cua xa hdi loai ngudi Qua trinh toan cau hda, mdt mat, tao dieu kien cho su hdi nhap va vuon len ciia tat ca cac nude, nhung mat khac, nd ciing la su phan chia hai thai cue giau ngeo, tao the ddc quyen chua tung thay cua cac trung tam cdng nghiep phat trien cac linh vuc tai chinh, ky thuat cdng nghe Do dd, mdt sd nude "sinh sau de mudn" budc vao qua trinh cdng nghiep hda gap rat nhieu khd khan Ban than cac nude tu ban phat triln Cling gap nhieu thach thire Idn Do tu ban tap trung cao dp, su phu thudc lan qua trinh "toan cau hda" cang di vao chieu sau, dd cac thi chi thudc kien tnic thupng ting van chua vupt khdi pham vi cac qudc gia, dan tdc tu san, nen mau thuan vdn cd giira lire lupng san xuit va quan he san xuit xa hdi tu ban khdng he giam, ma cang tang Cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia sap nhap, lien kit chat che vdi vl td chuc, vdn diu tu, ky thuat, quan ly dk chi phdi thi trudng qudc tl, lam cho cac dao luat, quy tic, trat tu ciia cac qudc gia tu ban chii nghia bj pha vd, khdng kilm soat dupe Trong dd, long cac nude tu ban giau cd nhat van chua dung sir ngheo ddi va dac biet la su bit cdng Tit ca nhirng dilu dd thuc su la nhung qua bom nd cham, de dpa xa hdi cua cac nude tu ban phat triln Cupc l y LUAN CHINH TRI 11 - 2009 khung hoang tai chinh - kinh te toan cau dien tir 2008 din bit diu tir My va lan toan the gidi da chung td nhiing mau thuan ndi tai ciia nen kinh tl cac nude tu ban chii nghia khdng hi diu di ma cd phan sau sac hon, khimg hoang kinh te la can benh tram kha khdng thi thoat dupe cua cac the che kinh tl tu ban chu nghia Qua trinh toan cau hda dupe gin vdi viec tap trung tu ban thi ddng thdi ciing lam cho quy md bdc lot ciia chii nghia tu ban md rdng, lam cho mau thuan thdi dai them sau sac Vi the viec giai quyet nhirng mau thuan thdi dai ddi hdi phai cd sir tu giac cao, ddng thdi can cd sir phdi hpp khu vuc va qudc te, can cd npi dung, phuong phap thich hpp Chinh bdi canh the gidi phiic tap nhu vay, cac dan tdc cang phai ddc lap, t\r chii va khdng ngimg sang tao, cang hdi nhap thi cang can phai phat huy ban sic dan tdc, gia tri chuan muc ciia dan tdc de "hdi nhap ma khdng hoa tan" Diing la the gidi phat trien theo quy luat cua nd, nhung each thiic phat trien va budc di la vd cimg phong phii, da dang Moi nude phai tim dinh hudng phat trien cho minh tren co sd nhiing xu hudng van ddng cua thdi dai Dang Cpng san Viet Nam va nhan dan Viet Nam dang sue phat huy nhiing tuu da dat dupe, tiep tuc dua su nghiep ddi mdi len budc phat trien mdi, sang tao md hinh phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi dam net Viet Nam, dua nude ta tien budc viing chac tren dudng xay dung chii nghia xa hdi, phii hpp vdi xu the thdi dai Ly LUAN CHiNH TRI 11 - 2009 NHAN THl/C Vr^ QUnN DI6M (Tiep theo trang 35) - Ket hpp chat che giiia ciing cd qudc phdng - an ninh vdi phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, phat trien kinh te - xa hdi vdi cung cd qudc phdng - an ninh; ket hpp chat che xay dung vdi bao ve, qudc phdng - an ninh va ddi ngoai Tang cudng tiem luc, siic manh qudc phdng va an ninh ciia dat nude, day manh xay dung cac khu vuc phdng thii tinh, phd Dau tu xay dung va phat huy hieu qua ciia cac khu kinh te - qudc phdng - Tang cudng va cd co che phdi hpp nghien ciru, phan tich, danh gia, du bao tinh hinh giiia quan dpi, cdng an va ddi ngoai de tham muu cho Dang va Nha nude mdt each kip thdi, dung dan, cd hieu qua cac van de ve qudc phdng va an ninh qudc gia Tang cudng tinh doan ket, hiru nghi vdi cac nude tren nguyen tac ton trpng dpc lap, chu quyen, khdng can thiep vao cdng vi?c npi bd cua Tang cudng sir lanh dao cua Dang va nang cao hieu qua quan ly, dieu hanh ciia Nha nude doi vdi qudc phdng - an ninh qudc gia (1) DCSVN: Vdn kien Dai hpi Ddng thai ky ddi mdi, NXB Chinh trj qu6c gia Ha Npi, 2005, tr.291 (2),(9),(10) Ban Tu tudng - Van hoa Trung ucmg: Tdi li?u hgc tap Nghi quyet Hqi nghi lan thir tdm Ban Chap hanh Trung ucmg Ddng khoa IX, NXB Chinh trj quoc gia Ha Npi, 2003, tr.45-46, 56, 44 (3),(4),(5),(6) Sdd, tr.47-48, 48, 46, 47 (7) DCSVN: Vdn ki^n Dai hgi Dai bieu todn quoc Idn thir IX, NXB Chinh trj quoc gia Ha Ngi, 2001, U.117 (8) DCSVN: Vdn ki^n Dai hqi Dai bieu todn quoc Idn thirX, NXB Chinh trj quoc gia Ha Npi, 2006, tr.llO 19 ... thuat, cdng nghe N^i dung thoi dai Theo quan diem cua Lenin, ndi dung thdi dai mdi - thdi dai nay, la xda bd chii nghia tu ban ddng thdi thiet lap nhiing CO sd cua xa hdi xa hdi chu nghia va