Đặc điểm dậy thì của học sinh 9 17 tuổi ở các dân tộc kinh, thái và HMông tại tỉnh điện biên

Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd3 - 2012 D^C mtU DAY THI CUA HQC SINH - 17 TU6l Of CAC D A N T O C K I N H , T H A I VA H M O N G TAI TiNH BIEN BIEN DAO HUY KHU£, NGUYEN BAO e6NG Q Viet Nam, vdi chyc ndm gdn ddy, khdng cd nhilu cdng trinh nghien cuu, dieu tra, ddnh gid ve sy tdng trudng vd phdt triln cda tre em, nhdt Id doi vdi tre em ddn tdc thilu sd (DTTS) vd cdng viec ndy khdng dugc tien hanh thudng xuyen Tuy nhien, cd the kl din nhftng diln hinh vl cac nghien cdu phdt triln thi chdt trd em nhu mOt so cdng trinh cua Dinh Ky va Nguyen Vdn Khoa (1974), Dao Huy Khue (1991), Mai Vdn Thin (1991), Thdm Thj Hodng Diep (1992), Cao Qudc Viet vd Nguyen Phii Dat (1997), Nguyln Yen vd cdng sy (1997), Nguyen Thj Lan (1998), Ddo Mai Luyln (2001), Trdn Thj Loan (2002), Do Hong Cudng (2009) Cdc cdng trinh ciia nhthig tac gia neu tren dd sd dyng phuang phdp nghien cdu truyln thdng nhdn trdc hpc, sd lugng ddi tugng dieu tra tuong doi Idn, nghien cuu cdt ngang hodc nghien cdu theo chilu dpc, cac kfch thudc dac vd md td tuemg ddi nhilu chd ylu ddi vdi d trd em khu vyc thi vd viing ddng bdng, nhung cdn hilm nhftng nghien ciru vl vdn dl ndy d miln nui va ngudi DTTS danh dau sy thay dii Idn cd vl hinh thai va sinh ly ngudi Q nude ta, nhthig ndm 60 vd nda ddu thap ky 70 ciia thi ky trudc, nhieu tdc gid da nghidn cdu vl tuli c6 kinh idn ddu cua cdng nhfin, ndng dfin, hpc sinh ndng thdn va thj Nhftng kit qud ndy da dugc thong ke "Hdng sd sinh hpc ngudi Vidt Nam" (1975) Cac kit qua nghien cdu cho thdy tuli cd kinh idn dfiu cang din sdm qua cdc thap ky ciia thi ky trudc, vi du thdp kj" 50 Id 15,8 tuli, thap ky 60 la 15,53 mdi, thdp ky 70 Id 14,9 tuli, thap ky 80 Id 15,27 tudi vd thfip ky 90 Id 13,5 tudi Ddo Huy Khud tu kit qua nghien cuu ve tuli cd kinh idn ddu ciia nft sinh Ha Ddng (1989) Id 13 ndm 8,6 thdng, da suy tudi trung binh ddy thi chfnh thdc khoang 14 ddi vdi nft vd 15-16 ddi vdi nam d Hd Ddng Trong cudn "Cdc gia hj sinh hgc ngudi Viet Nam binh thudng tiifip ky 90 - thd ky XX" (2003), cdc tdc gid cho rdng tudi cd kinh idn ddu d trd gdi thay ddi theo vdng miln, d nOi Hd Ndi la 13 ndm thdng, d ndng thdn Id 14 nSm, d ndi thdnh Hue Id 13 ndm thdng, d thj xd Ddng Hd Id 14 ndm thang, d ndng thdn Thda Thidn Id 15 ndm thdng, d miln niii Thua Thien Id 14 ndm thdng Nghien cdu ddc dilm day thi d ngudi Id mOt ndi dung rdt quan trpng nghien cdu phdt triln thi chdt bdi thdi ky day thi Kit qud td cdc cdng trinh nghidn cuu cho thdy c6 su khdc biet vl mOt so chi sl chdc ndng gifta cdc dan tOc, sy khdc biet vl Dat van de Ddo Huy KhuS - Nguyin Bdo Ddng phdt triln CO thi ciia hgc sinh DTTS so vdi hgc sinh ngudi Kinh Tuy nhidn, v§n rdt cdn nhftng nghidn cdu c^p nh$t tren tre em cdc DTTS dang sinh sing tgi mien nul, viing sdu viing xa cd nude Vdi djnh hudng dd, bdi vilt ciia chiing tdi l$p trung vdo d$c dilm d§y Ihl ciia hgc sinh ngudi Thdi, ngudi Hmdng vd ngudi Kinh d tinh Di^n Bidn Id mOt phdn kit qud dl tdi nghidn cdu phdt triln thi chdt ciia hgc sinh - 17 tuli d mOl so lOc ngudi tinh Di?n Bien' Kit qud nghidn cdu ndy nhdm gdp phdn bl sung s l liOu cho h? thing dft li?u vl phdt triln ihl chdt tre em nude la, ding thdi cung cdp cdc ludn cd cho vi^c hogch djnh cdc chfnh sdch bdo ve, chdm sdc vd gido dye tre em ndi chung vd phdt triln thi chdt ndi ridng d viing Tdy Bdc nude ta Vdi net vl tinh Dien Bien Didn Bien Id tinh miln niii, bien gidi, nam d phfa Tdy Bdc nude la, gidp vdi tinh Lai Chau vd cd dudng bien gidi tiep gidp vdi hai qudc gia ddi 398,5km; bien gidi vdi Ldo ddi 360km, vdi Trung Quoc ddi 38,5km Din ndm 2009, tong dien lich ty nhien ciia tinh Dien Bien Id 9.562,9km^ \xon% didn tich ddt ndng nghiep ft (I08.158ba, ehilm 11,3% dien tfch ty nhien) va dat chua sd dyng cdn nhilu (528.370ha, chiem 55,3%) Dien Bien cd don vi hdnh chfnh gom: Thdnh phd Di§n Bien Phu, thj xfi Mudng Lay va huyen (cd huy?n nghdo dugc hudng chinh sdch theo Nghj quylt 30a); 112 xd, phudng, thj trdn Ty 1? hg ngheo cda tinh Id 34,6% (6/2009) Ndm 2009, dan so ttaing ' D^ tai cap tinh Di^n Bien, Nghien cuusvphat triin thi chdt cua hgc sinh tir din 17 tudi & mdt sS tdc ngudi linh Di0n Bien vd nhiing yeu to tdc ddng (2010) TS Dko Huy Khue 14m chii nhi?m de tii binh todn tinh Id 491.172 ngudi, dd thdnh thj 75.059 ngudi, ndng thdn 416.113 ngudi Todn tinh cd 21 dfin tOc, dd dfin tOc Thdi chilm 40,4%, dfin tpc Hmdng - 28,8%, ddn tOc Kinh - 19,7% dfin sl, cdn Igi Id cdc ddn tOc khdc (Xinh Mun, Kho-mu, Khdng, Ldo Tdy Mudng ) Sy da dgng ddn lOc d DiOn Bifin cQng di liln vdi sy da dgng, phong phd vl vdn hda lOc ngudi, d^c biOl Id dii vdi cdc dfin tOc cd dfin sl Idn tfnh nhu Thdi, Hmdng, Kinh, thudng cd dnh hudng Idn dii vdi cdc dfin lOc khdc sing trdn ciing dja bdn Ting s6 trd em dudi 16 tuli dong tinh Id 147.141 ngudi, dong dd 2.575 tre cd hodn cdnh ddc b i ^ khd khdn Tinh Di^n Bien d& dugc cdng nh$n dgt chudn quIc gia vl phi c§p gido dye THCS; 102/112 xd, phudng, thj trdn dgt chuan c|p gido dye tilu hgc dung dO tuli Di^n Bien vdi nhftng ddc dilm ch&ih ve ty nhien, xd hOi neu ddn, chdc chdn dfi vd s2 cd tdc dOng khdng nhd tdi sy phdt trien thi chdt cua Ihl he trd cgng ddng cdc dfin tOc Dja bdn, doi t i r ^ g vk phinrag phdp nghien cihi Nghien cdu dugc tiln hdnh tai 22 trudng phi thdng gIm tilu hgc, THCS vd THPT d cdc huyOn Di^n Bien, Tudn Gido vd Tiia Chda Hpc sinh dugc chpn khdo sdt hdu hit dang hgc phi thdng gom 2.807 ngudl (1.392 nam vd 1.415 nft), dd cd 949 em nguin Kinh (463 nam va 486 nft), 893 em ngudi Thdi (442 nam va 451 nft) va 965 em ngudi Hmdng (487 nam vd 478 nft) M5i Ida tuol, gidi tfnh vd dfin tOc dlu cd s l lugng dii Idn dl tfnh todn thong kd, ft nhdt Id 43 vd nhilu nhat Id 54 em Phuong phdp nghien cdu vl d§y thi: Doi vdi ddu hi§u dfiy thi chfnh thdc d nam Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd - 2012 vd nft, ddng phuang phdp phdng vdn hdi c l dl hdi ngdy thdng ndm cd bilu hidn xuat tinh idn ddu (vdi nam) hodc thdng ndm cd kinh Idn ddu (vdi nd) Cdc ddu hieu sinh dye phu (thd cdp) nhu sy phdt triln tuyin vu (d nft), ldng mu va Idng ndeh (d cd nam vd nd) dugc ddnh gid lam sdng tiieo chudn cua cdc nhd nhan chdng hpc Lien Xd (cu), trich dan theo ludn vdn Phd Tiln sy ciia Dao Huy Khud (1991) Ddc diem dgy thi cua hpc sinh - 17 tuli d cdc dfin tOc Kinh, Thdi vd Hmdng tai tinh Dien Bien 4,L Vdi net vi dgc diim ddy thi cua tri em ViitNam Day thi Id giai doan biet hda gidi tfnh Idn nhat, bien ddi co quan sinh dye, phdt triln dac tinh sinh due phu, thay ddi kfch thudc hinh thdi co thi Thudng day thi d nam dien cham hon so vdi d nu Tdng thi tich tinh hodn la ddu hidu ddu tien, nd bdt dau khoang nam trudc xuat hien x:dc dau hidu sinh due phy, trung binh khodng 12 tudi vd phdt trien nhanh ndm ddu ciia day thi, sau cham ddn nhung keo ddi ndm Sau phdt trien tinh hoan, ducmg vat bat ddu phat diln trung binh d 13 tudi (sdm Id 10,5 tudi, muOn la 16,5 tudi), chua ddy ndm sau c6 thi dgt kfch tiiudc culi cdng Ldng mu bdt ddu phdt triln sau duang vdt vd blu phdt triln dugc vdi thdng, nd phdt triln cham ban, - ndm ddu ciia day thi long mu hinh tam gide, sau lan rpng dan vd sau - ndm trd tiidnh hinh thoi Ldng ndch cdn chfim ban, chdnh l^ch so vdi ldng mu ti-ung binh nSm Xudt linh Id ddu hidu sinh due chfnh ddnh ddu thdi ky day thi chinh thdc d nam Thudng tuli xudt tinh trung binh khodng 14 tuli thdng ± thdng Dii vdi nft, phdt triln tuyin vu Id ddu hidu ddu tidn ciia ddy thi vd khdc tiiy timg ngudi, nd phdn dnh hoat tinh Estrogen ciia budng trdng Ddu tien id niim vti nli len, d dp tuli binh 10,5 -11 tuoi Sau vti to Idn ro, nhOng thdng ddu cd thi chi mOt ben, khdng ddi xung Num vii to Idn, qudng vii rOng vd thdm mau hon Vii phdt diln day du - nam Ldng mu thudng xudt hidn sau vu phdt-trien vai thang, ddng thdi d mu vd cac mdi Idn, nd phdt triln ddy du vdng ndm va cung trai qua giai doan phdt trien (PO - P4) tuong tu Idng mu ciia nam Ldng ndch phat triln sau long mu khodng 12-18 thang, sau - nam thi dgt muc nhu ngudi Idn K^' kinh nguyet lan ddu la mdc chac chdn nhat ciia day thi nu, trung binh sau phdt diln tuyen vu khoang nam Ldng ho ndch: Quan sat thuc trang long ho nach va khoanh tron vao cacrnijcduoi day: AO: Chua co long; AI: Co long roi nhung la long to, thira; A2: Long da sam mau, ram hem, nhung thay phdn da dudi chan cac long; A3: Long sam mau, ram, phu kin, khong nhin thay chan long, dat muc ciia ngudi trudng Ldng tren mu: Quan sat thyc tr^g long tren mu va khoanh tron vao cacrniJcdudi day: PO: Chua co long; PI: Co ldng rdi nhung la ldng to, thua; P2: Long da sam mau, rdm Hon, nhung cdn nhin thay p h ^ da dudi ch§n Idng; P3: Ldng sIm mau, rim, phu kin, khong nhin thdy chdn ldng, dat mdc cua ngudi trudng thanh; P4: Ldng r|m, phat trien rdng hon phan mu, tham chi mpc ISn ron, nguc • Tuyin vu: Quan sat thyc trgng tuyin vii va khoanh tron vao cdc mdc duoi day: MaO: Tuyin vu chira phdt triln; Mai: Bdu vu bdt ddu phat triln, co hi?n tugng simg d qudng thdm num vii, nhu chiim cau; Ma2: Bau vii phat trien hem, nhS cao tr6n ling ngyc; Ma3; Bau vu phat trien Icm, nhiSn bdu vii chua du Idn de tgo dudng gly net gifta chdn bdu vii vdi be mat ngyc; Ma4: Bau vd phat triln Idn hon, tgo dudng gay net gifta ch§n bdu vu vdi bl m3t ngirc, dat mdc ciia nguoi trudng Ddo Huy KhuS - Nguyin Bdo Ddng Tuli d^y thl chju dnh hudng ciia cdc yeu to ben nhu gidi tfnh, ylu l l di truyln, chiing lOc, gilng ndi, bOnh t§l, vfin hda, mdi trudng sing ho^c cdc dilu ki§n bdn ngodi bao gIm ddi sing kinh te, dinh dudng khf hau thdi tilt, dja 1^ Trd d viing cao dfiy thi muOn hon so vdi cdc viing khdc, giai doan dfiy thl keo ddi hon (trong dilu ki?n dinh dudng giong nhau) 4.2 D^y thi cua hgc \inh - !7 tu6i a cdc ddn tpc Kinh, Thdi vd Hmdng tgi tinh Di^n Bien 4.2 i Dii)' thi cm hpc sinh nam 9-17 tuoi Day thl chinh thuc is nam dya vdo thdi dilm xudt tinh idn ddu Liic - 1 tuli chua thdy hpc sinh nam d cd dan tOc day thl chinh thdc tuoi 12 dd cd nam ngudi Hmdng day thi chfnh thdc, cdn nam ngudi Kinh vd nam ngudi Thdi tuong ung d 14 tudi Ty Id hpc sinh nam day thl chfnh thdc d cd dan tOc tdng dan theo tudi Luc 14-17 ludi ty le hpc sinh nam ddy thi chfnh thdc d ngudi Hmdng ddu cao hon ngudi Kinh vd ngudl Thai; cdn d ngudi Thdi vd ngudi Kinh gan nhu Ddn tuli 17 ty le nam day thi chfnh tilde d cd dfin tOc gdn nhu vd dgt cao nhfit, d ngudi Hmdng Id 98,1%, ngudi Kinh - 95,3% vd ngudi Thdi - 91,7% Ldn xudt linh ddu tien (thudng Id mpng tinh) Id mdc chdc chdn nhdt ciia day thl chfnh thdc d nam Theo kit qua nghien cdu thyc ll, tudi dgy thi chfnh ftidc ciia hgc sinh nam ngudi Hmdng la 14 nam I thdng ± I nam thdng, ngudi Kinh - 14 ndm tiidng ± I nam thdng, ngudi Thdi 14 ndm 8,4 thdng ± I ndm 1,4 thdng Nhu vdy, tuli day tiii chinh tiiuc cua nam ngudi Hmdng sdm hon - thdng so vdi nam ngudi Kinh vd nam ngudl Thdi, sy khdc cd ^ nghTa thing ke (p