CHAU MY NGAY NAY VAI TRO CUA LAO D O N G NHAP CLT DOI VOI NEN KINH TE MY Le Thi Van Nga* L ao dpng nhap cu la mot bp phan chiem mpt ty le dang kk lire lugng lao dpng a My Theo cac so lieu thong ke of My hien nay, lao dpng ttiiap cu cang c6 nhimg dong gop quan trpng doi vai sir phat trien cua n^n kinh tk My nhu: thiic day tang tuong, tao cong an viec lam, thiic day su doi moi, Tuy nhien, cfing CO nhiiu y kien cho ring lao dpng nhap cu, dac biet la lao dpng nhap cu bat hpp phap dang tap nhiing ganh nang ve chi tieu va an sinh xa hpi doi vdi nuoc My, gay bat binh dang xa hpi, lam giam nhung gia tri van hoa truyen thong ciia My S4c lenh vk cai each nhap cu ciia Tong thong Obama da dupc dua vao thang 11/2014 nham tao co hpi cho hang trieu ngudi nhap cu b4t hpp phap hda nhap vao nen kinh te My, nhien sac l?nh da vip phai su phan ddi gay git va viec thuc hien dang phai ddi mat vdi rat nhieu vln dk thach thirc Khai quat ve lao dong nhap cu & My Theo cac quy dinh phap ly ve nhap cu d My, nhung ngudi nhap cu den mot qudc gia va tham gia vao luc Iuang lao dpng cua quoc gia dupc gpi la lao (•) Vlin Nghien ciru Chdu My dpng rtiiap cu Da so cac tai lieu va so lieu thdng ke d My deu dk cap din lao dong nhap cu la nhiing ngudi sinh d nudc ngoai va tham gia vao luc lupng lao dpng d My Ccr cau nhap cir theo khu vitc Theo sd lieu nam 2004, hon 21 trieu ngudi lao dong, chilm ty le 1/7 tdng so lao ddng d My la ngudi sinh d nudc ngoai, va khoang 50% sd dd nhap cu vao My tu nhiing nam 1990 Gan 40% so iao dpng sinh d nudc ngoai den tu Mexico va Trung My, 25% la den tu chau A (bao gdm ngudi An Dp, Phillipines, Trung Quoc, Han Quoc va Viet Nam) So cdn lai chii yeu den tir cac khu vuc khac d ban cau Tay va chau Au' Nam 2009, Cue Thdng ke Lao dpng thuoc Bo Lao dong My dua bao cao, tdng luc luong lao dpng dan su ciia My la 153 trieu ngudi Trong sd dd, lao ddng nhap cu (nghia la nhfing ngudi lao ddng sinh d nudc ngoai di cu tdi My) la 23,3 trieu ngudi, chiem 15% tdng so luc lupng lao dpng d qudc gia nay^ Ngudi nhap cu dang lam thay doi ca cau sac tpc cua nudc My 17% cong dan My la ngudi noi tiing Tay Ban Nha Hau het so la tu Mexico va nhieu ngudi la ngudi nhap cu hoac 34 cai cua ngucri nhap cu Nhung nguai nhap cu noi tieng Tay Ban Nha ciing la dan tpc tliieu so gia tang voi toe nhanh nhat, va tham chi neu nhu sau nuoc My cim nhap cu thi nguoi nhap cu va cai cua hp theo du bao se van tiep tuc tang va chiem toi 30% dan so cua My vao nam 2030 Hon 5% cong dan My, tuong duong voi 15 trieu nguai la nguai My goe A va cong dong ngucri nhap cu ciing dang gia tang voi toe dp nhanh chong^ Lao dgng nhap cu bffp phdp va lao dong nhap ctt bat hop phdp Lao dpng hop phap duac quy dinh theo luat bao gom tat ca nhung nguai la eong dan My {hoae duoc sinh o My, hoac sinh a nuoc ngoai nhimg co cha mf la cong dan My), tSt ca nhung nguoi smh nuoc ngoai da nop don va da dupc tra cong dan My, tit ea nhung nguod khong phai cong dan My CO tinh trang thuong tni lau dai, tit ca nhimg nguoi khong phai cong dan My dang eho dupc cap visa va tat ca nhung nguai khong phai cong dan My thupc nhom duae bao ve tam thai khoang thai gian nhat dinh tinh trang bat on dinh a dat nuoc que huong hp va nhimg nguoi duac cap phep lam viec khoang thai gian nhit dinh va tam thai nhung hoan canh cu thi Nhu vay, lao dpng nhap cu hcrp phap la nhung nguai lao dpng nhap cu va dap img difiu kifin la lao dpng hpp phap thep quy dinh cua phap luat My CHAU MY NGAY NAY Theo so lifiu nam 2011, c6 12,2 trifiu nguai dupc sinh cr nuoc ngpai s6ng a My vai tu each la nguai thuang tru mang "the xanh" Co 15,1 trieu nguoi hien dang song a My sinh a nuoc ngoai va duae nhap quoc tjch My Theo nghien ciru eiia to chire Pew, tren ca so phan tieh cua Cue Difiu tra Dan so My nam 2011, chi rang co 11,1 trifiu nguoi nhap cu bat hp^) phap song My, 55% so la nguoi Mexico, 25% la til cac quoc gia My Latinh khac va khoang 10% la nguoi chau A"* Lao dpng nhap cu bat hap phap theo luat la nhimg nguai khong phai cong dan My song va lam vific a My ma khong duae phep cua chinh phu, hoac la nhung nguoi khong phai nguai nhap cu song khong duac phep lam viec My (thuang la khach du lich hoac nhimg nguoi tai My vi mue dich kinh dcanh hay eong viec) khong dii difiu kien dfi tham gia luc lupng lao dpng hop phap Nhung ngucri nhap cu bat hpp phap den My, thucmg dupc nhie dfin cac phuong tifin thong tin dai chung la nhiing nguai nhap eu khong cc giiy ta (undpcumented immigration), theo luat la nhiing ngucri tir nuac ngoai di eu tai My ma khong dupe sir cho phep ciia chinh phu (nghla la khong co visa) va vi pham luat nhap cu cua My, hay o lai My vupt qua thai han duac quy dinh visa Nam 2012, chinh quyen cua Tong thong Obama da chi 18 ty USD vao cac chupng trinh cuang chfi doi voi dong nguai nhap cu, eon so ldn han so CHAU MY NGAY NAY voi ngan saeh danh eho tit ca cac ca quan thuc thi luat khae ciia chinh quyfin lifin bang cpng Iai Da phin nguai nhap cu bit hap phap la tu Mexico va cac quoc gia My Latinh khac (chu yfiu la Tnmg My), phin lai la tir chau A, chau Au va chau Phi Mpt xu huang noi lfin tir nhimg nam 1990 la so lupmg nguoi nhap cu bat hpp phap tang vcri tfle dp nhanh chong va vupt qua s6 lupng nguai nhap cu hap phap dfin My MQt so dong gop tich cii'c ciia lao d9ng nhap cu doi vol nen kinh te My Kich thich tdng tru&ng kinh te Trong mpt nghien ciiu nam 1980, cac nha kinh tfi ehp ring lap dpng nhap cu (trong co nhap cu bat hpp phap) CO tac dpng tich c\tc dfli vai nfin kinh te Nha kinh te hpe James Smith chp ring, nguai nhap cu dong gop khoang 10 ty USD vao nfin kinh te mfli nam Theo bao cao eua flng, mac du luc lupng lao dpng nhap eu (dac biet la lap dflng nhap cu tir My Latinh) da gay tpn thit vfi thufi, song nguoi nhap cu nhin chung co thfi dem lai lpi ich dpi voi nfin kinh tfi My su gia tang tifin cong chp lao dflng ky nang cao, gia ca thip ban dfli vai cac hang hoa va dich vu lao dpng nhap cu san xuat, hieu qua cao hem va thu nhap thap hem dpi voi mflt so nguai sor huu von Stephen Moore mflt bai bap dang tren Tap chi Wall Street da chi ring, su gia tang cua dpng ngucri nhjp cu hai thap ky tit 1986 dfin 2006 tuong img vai ty lfi thit nghifip giam tir 7,3% xuong 5,1% Mpt nghien cim khac nhan dinh, hau hfit nguci nhap cu lam cpng vific ma nguai My khpng lam Mpt bao cao cua Pew Hispanic Center nam 2006 ling hp y kifin va ehp rang su gia tang lap dflng nhap cu khflng gay ton hai tai trifin vpng vific lam cua ngucri lao dflng cr My Nhifiu y kifin cho rang, nfiu xem xet tren bmh difin chung, nguai nhap cu co the cai thien muc sflng eho nguai lao dflng a My bang each thue day eau va tang nang suit lap dflng, dong gop vao doi mcii va giam gia hang hoa tieu diing Nam 2009, mpt nghien ciiu ciia Cato Institute lap luan rang, vific hpp phap hoa nhiing nguoi lao dpng cu tni bit hp'p phap CO trinh dp thap a My se lam tang GDP a My 180 ty USD hon 10 nam Nghien cim khong xem xet tac dflng dfli vai thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi eua phin ldn ngudi dan My Jason Riley luu y rang, thue thu nhap liiy tifin d My, 1% nhirng ngudi eo thu nhap cap nhat phai ddng 37% thue thu nhap cua Chinh phu lien bang (mac dii tren thuc te hp ddng gdp thip hon so vdi thu nhap cua hp), 60% ngudi My (trong bao gflm dai bp phan nhiing ngudi nhap cu) duac cung cap cac dich vu xa hpi nhifiu ban so vdi tien thufi ma hp nop* Tuy nhien, trfin thuc tfi, theo du bao, ngudi nhap cu va cai cua hp se phai ddng gdp nhifiu ban 80.000 USD suflt cupc ddi, nhieu ban so vdi CHAU MY NGAY NAY gia tli cac dich vu cflng cflng ma hp dupc eung cap Chinh sach nhap cu hop phap se dat muc tifiu tci da hda thue rdng cua Chinh phu Ufin bang Nhung ngudi nhap eu bit hcrp phap cd xu hudng duac cung cap dich vu nhifiu hon la tifin thufi ho phai npp Dflng thdi, thfi he "baby boomers" vfi hiru, nhung ngudi nhap cu se cang ddng vai tro quyfit dinh dfli vdi su tang trudng kinh tfi va dam bao cung cap ngufln lao dpng fln dinh chp nfin kinh tfi Nfiu khflng cd nhirng ngudi nhap cu, nudc My se khflng du cung cap eho nhu ciu vfi lap dpng ngudi My d thfi hfi trude dfiu gia di 70 nam trudc day, cir 150 ngudi dp tufli lap dpng thi cd 20 ngudi d dfl tufli ve huu 10 nam trudc, cir 100 ngudi dp mpi lap dpng thi c6 20 ngudi d dp tufli vfi huu Theo d\r bao, dfin nam 2050, ty lfi se gidm xuong cdn 56 ngudi lao dpng/20 ngudi d dfl tufli huu tri Haa Ky cin nhiing ngudi ddng thufi mdi dfi ddng gdp cho hfi thdng an sinh xa hpi va cham soc siic khde, va Hoa Ky can luc lupng lao dpng mdi dfi bii dip cho su thifiu hut vfi lao dpng trpng nhung nam tdi day' Ngudi nhdp cuse co nhihig dong gop quan nhdm lap ddy khodng trdng vdo nhiing cong viec md Ihi trucmg lao dong My thieu hut Theo mflt nghifin ciru eua Vifin Brookings va Quan hfi dfli tac vi mflt nen kinh tfi My mdi, mac dii ngudi nhap cu chi chifim 16% luc lupng lap dflng d My sang hp chifim tdi hpn 20% lire lupng lap dflng d eae linh vyc nflng nghifip, xay dung, dieh vu an udng va cflng nghe thpng tin, la nhung ITnh vuc ma thi trudng lap dpng d My tuong dfli thifiu hut Ngudi nhap cu chifim ty lfi eang tang va cd vai trd cang quan trpng trpng Itfc lupng lap dpng d My Theo Cue Difiu tra Dan sfl My, ty lfi ngudi nhap cu dp tuoi lao dflng cang cao 60% dan sd smh d nudc ngoai d dp tufli 25-54, trpng chi cc 38% dan SP sinh d My trpng dp tufli Ngudt nhdp cu gop phdn thuc day viec tdng cu&ng quan he hap tdc liinh te quoc te ciia My Phan ldn ngudi nhap eu d My hifin la ngudi gflc My Latmh, the hien cp hpi vfi kinh tfi diy tifim nang sir phat trifin kinh tfi manh me eiia khu vuc Nhimg ngudi nhap cu cc mci lien he chat che vdi que nha ciia ho va tao nhiing trifin vpng mdi cho Hpa Ky de tan dung sir tang trudng kinh tfi ciia My Latinh, cu thfi la tfle dfl tang trudng kinh tfi d khu vuc nam 2012 la 3%, gip dfli so vdi tdc dfl tang trudng kinh tfi 1,5% ciia Hoa Ky Ngpai ra, 11 trpng sd 20 hifip dinh thucmg mai tu ciia Hoa Ky hifin dang ed hifiu luc la eae hiep dinh ky vdi cac nudc My Latinh Cac doanh nghifip nhd thupc quyfin sd hilu cua ngudi nhap eu cd rat nhifiu ca hdi dfi ket ndi vdi thi tnidng tpan ciu Hpn 7% dpanh nghifip cua ngudi nhap cu xuit khau hang hda va dich vu, trpng chi cc han 4% dpanh nghiep cua ngudi My khcng nhap cu la dpanh nghifip xuit ^ H A U MY NGAY NAY khau Hifin Mexicp la nen kinh tfi ldn thli hai d My Latinh va cd tdc dp tang trudng kinh te 4,0% nim 2012 Ngudi gflc Mexico chifim 29% tflng so ngudi nhap cu d My va chifim 58% tong sfl ngudi nhap cu khdng cd giay td d My, dieu vfi mat nhan khiu hpc da md dudng tir My tdi mpt trpng cac qupc gia cd tdc dp tang trudng nhanh nhit d khu v\tc My Latinh Tao cong an viec ldm Ngudi nhap cu da lap mdi va sd huu nhieu doanh nghifip nhd tao edng an vific lam cho ngudi lao dpng My Lap dflng nhap cu tri su tfln tai va phat trifin cua cac dpanh nghifip trpng nudc, tri viec lam fln dinh chp luc lupng lap dpng d My Ngudi nhap cu cd kha nang kinh doanh va lap nhifiu dpanh nghifip mdi, tap cflng an viec lam eho nhiing nhiing ngudi sinh d My Theo sfl lifiu thflng ke, ngudi nhap cu lap 28% tong sfl cae doanh nghifip mdi nam 2011, su dung 10% lire lupng lao dpng ngudi My Ngudi nhap cu dai dien cho 18% chu sd hiiu doanh nghipp nhd d My, vupt qua so vdi ty trpng dan sfl cua hp (13%) Cae dpanh nghifip nhd ngudi nhap cu sd hilu su dung khoang 4,7 trifiu ngudi lao dpng va tap ude tinh 776 trifiu USD doanh thu nam 2007 Ngudi Mexico la nhiing ngudi sd hOu nhieu doanh nghifip nhd ban bat cii cflng dflng nhap cu nao d My' Trong hon hai thap ky qua, ngudi nhap cu ddng gdp 30% vao su gia tang sd lupng eac dpanh nghifip nhd Ngudi nhap cu la sang lap vifin cua 18% sfl 500 cflng ty theo danh sach xfip hang cua Fortune nam 2010, tap vific lam cho 3,6 trifu ngudi Nfiu tinh ea ngudi nhap cu va thfi hfi cai ciia hp, sfl cdng ty nhiing ngudi cd gdc gac nhap eu lap danh sach 500 eong ty ciia Fortune len tdi 40%, sir dung 10 trieu lao dpng d My Chi sfl hpat dflng doanh nhan theo danh gia cua tfl chirc Kauf&nan Foundation doi vdi nhirng ngudi nhap cu cao hon gin 40% sp vdi ngudi My ban xir^ Ca luc lupng nhap cu cd ky nang cap va l(ic lupng nhap cu khdng ed ky nang cao dfiu tao thfim nhieu vifie lam cho nfin kinh tfi My Thflng qua chinh saeh cai td nhap cu, nhiing ngudi lao dflng nhap cu cd thfi tao cae khoan chi tifiu mdi dil dfi ho tra cho 750.000 den 900.000 vific lam Moi sinh vien sinh d nudc ngoai tdt nghifip cac nganh khoa hpc, edng nghfi, thifit kfi hay toan hpe hifin van dang sdng tai My tap trung bmh 2,62 vific lam d My Lap dpng khflng CP ky nang cap la luc lupng lao dpng can thifit dfi bfl trp cho nhirng lao dpng ky nang cap ciia nfin kinh tfi Vific thcng qua Luat DREAM se lam tang thfim 329 trifiu USD chp nfin kinh tfi My va tap 1,4 trifiu viec lam mdi vao nam 2030' Thuc day su doi m&i 38 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Lao dpng nhap cu vdi vai trd nha khoa hpc va cac ky su, cd nhirng ddng gdp quan trpng vi?c trien khai cac ky thuat cdng nghe cao, van hanh cac doanh nghiep cong nghe cao cac nha khoa hpc Lao ddng nhap cu chiSm 50% tien sT khoa hpc cac ITnh vuc toan hpc va khoa hoc may tinh, 57% tien si 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Trong thdi gian qua, lao dpng nhap cu cd nhimg ddng gdp quan trpng viec phat trien cac cdng nghe tien tien Theo mdt bai viet cua Ca quan Nghien ciiu Kinh te qudc gia (National Bureau of Economic Research), ngudi nhap cu ddng gdp vao 1/3 sd lupng gia tang bang phat minh sang che nhfing nam 1990, va nhfing sang kien ddi mdi ddng gdp vao 2,4% toe tang GDP d My Theo so lieu thdng ke tu Cupc Digu tra Quoc gia ddi vdi nhfing sinh vien tdt nghiep dai hoc va cao dang, ngudi nhap cu chiem chua den 14% sd nhung ngudi lao dpng cd bing dai hpc trd len, nhung cd tdi 29% dd la Cac nha khoa hoc va cac ky su xay dung ciing cd ddng gdp tich cue vao su gia tang muc tien cdng d My Theo mot nghien cuu cua trudng Dai hpc California, ty le tang 1% cac nha khoa hoc va ky su luc luong lao ddng d My se lam tang muc tien cdng ctia lao ddng ban xii cd trmh dp dai hpc hoac cao ding trd len khoang 4-6%, va khdng cd tac ddng dang ke ddi vdi miic tign cdng va viec lam ciia nhfing ngudi lao ddng ban xii cd trinh dudi bac cao ding" Mdi nam, cac trudng dai hpc d My tien hanh mdt cupc tim kiem cac nhan tai tren quy md toan cau de tham gia vao eac chuang trinh dao tao ciia hp va cang cd nhieu sinh vien qu6c te dupc phat hien cac cupc tim kigm So lieu tu Cudc dieu tra ciia Quy Khoa hpc Qudc gia My da chi rang, giai doan tu nam 1960 den cudi nhiing nam 2000, ty le bang tien sT khoa hpc ve toan _CHAU MY NGAY NAY hpc, khoa hpc may tinh va thifit kfi dupc trao cho eac smh vien nudc ngoai tang tir 20% dfin 25%, va eac lihh vuc ddi sflng ty Ifi tang tu 20% len dfin 50% Cac khoa trudng dai hpc d My, noi cd nhieu sinh vifin nudc ngoai theo hpe va tot nghifip da xuat ban nhifiu edng trinh hpc thuat va cd nhifiu cflng trinh duac trich din thudng xuyfin Dp vay, eae phd cua My, nai thu hut duac nhifiu ngudi lao dflng nudc ngoai trinh dp cao, da phat minh va san xuat mpt sfl lupng Idn cac san pham dien tu, may mde, dupc pham, hda chit va eac san pham cdng nghfi cao khac'^ Ndi mflt each don gian, ngudi nhap cu cd trinh dfl chuyen mfln cao da cd vai trd thuc day manh me qua trinh dpi mdi Mpt lpi ich kinh tfi khac dfli vcii nudc My la nhiing ngudi nhap cu cd trinh dp ky nang cao cd kha nang ddng thufi nhifiu ban rit nhifiu so \ai cac dich vu cflng ma hp sir dung, difiu tao su ddng gdp tieh cue cho ngan sach cua chinh phil Nhirng thach thii'c doi vol lao dgng nhap cy d My Cimg vdi cae vin de kinh tfi, tai chinh, ngan sach va cac van dfi khac thi cai each nhap cu la vin de dupc Tdng thong Obama coi la mpt nhung uu tien hang dau nhiem ky hai cua dng Xuit phat tit nhirng ddng gdp tich cue cua lao dflng nhap eu dfli vdi nfin kinh tfi My va trudc nhung nhu cau mdi cua nude My vfi lao dpng, nhifiu y kifin chp ring nudc My can mpt ke hoaeh cai tfl nhap cu toan difin Theo Raul HinojsaOjeda, chuyfin gia vfi chinh sach nhap cu eiia trudng Dai hpc California, vific hap phap hda di trii cho ngucri lao dflng nhap cu d My se giup nen kinh tfi tang trudng manh ban Mflt nguyfin nhan ly giai cho dieu la su gia tang ve cau lao dflng cd trinh dp cao nfin kinh tfi My sau khiing hoang va nang suat lao dflng cao lao dflng tri thirc nhap cu tao va vific tang lucmg cho ngudi lap dflng nhap cu hcrp phap dupc eflng nhan se la nhan tfl thiic day nfin kinh tfi tang trudng manh me hem Hop chiing quoe Hoa Ky dupe cci la dan tpc ciia nhiing ngudi nhap cu Tuy vay, nhung nam gin day, cang cd nhifiu quan difim khdng img hd ddi vdi nhung ngudi nhap cu, dae biet la nhimg ngudi nhap cu bit hop phap, van dfi ciing la mpt ehu dfi quan trpng chien dieh tranh cu Tdng thdng nam 2012 Quan difim vfi ehflng nhap cu xuat phat tii nhung lo ngai vfi tac dpng cua ngudi nhap cu dfin eae gia tri cua qudc gia va dfin y thitc thflng nhit ciia dan tpc My Cuflc khung hoang tai chmh nam 2008 eang khifin cho quan difim chflng nhap cu gia tang Nam 2009, cd den 50% dan sd My ung hp vific giam ddng ngudi nhap cu, SP vdi ty 16 39% nam 2008, nguyfin nhan chii yfiu la dp su gia tang sd luong ngudi nhap cu va ngufln gflc phirc tap eua nhiing ngudi nhap eu se gay mdi lo ngai ve tac dpng eiia vific nhap eu dfli vdi nfin van bda My Mpt sfl du bap chp rang, dfin nam 2050, ty lfi cu dan da trang khflng sir CHAU MY NGAY NAY dung tifing Tay Ban Nha d My se giam manh sp vdi hifin nay, ty lfi nhiing ngudi cd xuat than tii My Latinh chifim 25% dan sfl, ngudi My gdc Phi chiem 14% va ngudi My gflc A chifim 8%'^ Dau nam 2013, Tflng thdng Obama da dfi xuat cai each luat nhap eu, md co hfli chp nhiing ngudi nhap eu hpp phap hda quyen cu tni cua minh Tuy nhifin, dua Qudc hpi, du luat da gay nhifiu tranh cai, cac vifin dang Cflng hda da Ifin tifing ddi thay ddi va gidi han mflt sfl difiu kbpan Mflt trpng nhung difim bat ddng 1cm nhat du luat la viec kiem scat an nuih bifin girji eo hang trifiu ngucri nhap cu tir nude ngoai cd thfi d lai lam vifie tai My, hoac tham chi trd cdng dan My khflng ed giay td hpp lfi Mflt sfl vifin dang Cflng hda cho ring ehinh phu cin kiem soat bifin gidi chat che han nila va cho hdi huang tat ea nhung ngudi nhap cu bit hpp phap trudc thong qua du luat cai each nhap cu Dfli vrii hang trifiu ngudi nhap cu trai phep hifin dang sflng va lam vific tai My, dii cpn eai ciia hp cd thfi trd cdng dan My song ban than hp cd thfi bi true xuat bat cir luc nao Mac dii cd nhieu y kifin img bfl du luat cai each nhap cu cua Tong thflng Obama vdi lap luan eho rang hang trifiu cdng dan mdi se la ngudn lire ddng gdp cho su tang trudng ciia nfin kinh tfi My, tay nhifin, thue tfi cho thay vific cai each chfi dp tihap eu ciia My se rat ton kem eho Chinh phii My Diu thang nam 2014, Tflng thdng Obama da dfi nghi Qudc hpi duyfit chi ngan sach 3,7 ty USD dfi giai quyfit van dfi tre em nhap cu bat hop phap vap My Trong khoan ngan sach 3,7 ty USD cd 1,53 ty USD danh cho Bd An ninh nfli dia (DHS) nham tang cudng an ninh bifin gidi va day nhanh qua trinh hfli hucmg ciia tre em nhap cu; 1,8 ty USD sfi danh dfi eung cap dich vu cham sdc y tfi va cbd d cho nhiing trfi em nhap cu khcng cd ngudi than di kem Thep bao cao cua Quy Heritage 6/5/2014, Hoa Ky se phai ddi mat vdi cae ehi phi phiic loi xa hpi khflng lfl cho cac cflng dan mdi, bao gom cac chi phi cham sdc y tfi, an sinh xa hpi, bao hifim that nghifip va giao due eflng Cac chi phi sfi gdp phan lam tram trpng them tinh trang tham hut ngan saeh ciia chuih phii trpng dai han, mflt vin dfi thach thirc ldn ddi vdi nfin kinh tfi My Theo bao cao nay, mac dii nhiing ngudi nhap cu bat hpp phap phai nflp thufi thu nhap ca nhan sau trd cdng dan My, song khoan tifin khflng thfi bii dap chp chi phi an sinh xa hdi tang thfim Ngay 20/11/2014, Tong thflng Obama da cflng bfl ban du thao luat di trii va sir dung sac Ifinh banh chinh ciia Tflng thflng dfi thuc thi Du luat da dap tat mfli de dpa true xuat khoang 4,7 trifiu ngudi nhap cu trai phep va eho phfip nhifiu ngudi sfl hp cc thfi tim vifie lam va gia nhap xa hpi My Day duac eai la bifin phap eai tc sau rpng doi vdi van dfi nhap cu d My hong nhifiu thap ky qua Du luat ciia Tdng thdng Obama gianh dupc sir ung hd manh me tir nhiing ngudi nhap cu _CHAUMY NGAY NAY song cung cd rat nhieu y kien phan ddi nhiing lo ngai vk tac ddng tieu cue ma nhiing ngudi nhap cu, dac bipt la nhimg ngudi nhap cu bat hpp phap cd the gay doi vdi ngn kinh te My'" Khdng lau sau sac lenh duoc thdng qua, d4u thang 12/2014, mdt hen minh gom 17 bang cua My, chu yeu la nhung bang ung hd dang Cdng hda da ky dom kien chinh quygn Obama vdi ly sic lenh hanh chinh vi pham quy dinh cua Hien phap vg quygn han cua Tdng thdng' Nhfing tranh cai tiep tuc khign cho viec thuc hien chinh sach cai each nhap cu toan dien van la mdt van de thach 41 C Brett Lockard & Michael Wolf, 2012 Occupational employment projections to 2020 http.//www bis gov/opub/mlr/2012/01/ art5fijll pdf Carlos Holguin, 2001 U S immigration policies, U S labor and the role of immigrants in the U.S labor market http7/centerforhumanrights.org/labor%20pro posal.pdf Christopher J Goodman & Steven M Mance, 2011 Employment loss and the 2007-09 recession an overview http7/www bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/04/artlfijl l.pdf David Autor, 2010, The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U S Labor Market Implications for Employment and Earnings http7/economics.mit edu/files/5554 10 Eileen Appelbaum, 2003 The transformation of Work and Employment in the U.S.: Challenges, Opportunities and thiic ddi vdi nudc My va ddi vdi luc lupng lao dpng nhap cu d My Ddng thdi nhirng bat ddng xung quanh chinh sach cai each nhap cu cung gay nhfing bat dn nghiem trpng ldng nudc My • Tai lieu tham khao tieng Anh: L Audrey Singer, 2013 Immigrant Workers in the U S Labor Forces http://www.brookings ,edu/research/papers/2012/03/15-mimigrantworkers-singer Amy Dean, 2013 Why Immigration is a top priority for U.S labor http ://truthout.org/news/item/14896-Iabor-leaderinterview-why-all-workers-gain-fromimmigration-reform Barack Obama Strengthen Domestic Manufacturmg to Create Jobs and Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century http.//obama.3cdn.net/63b5b75c9975289277 _ftjhmvsfx.pdf4 Bureau of Labor Statistics (U.S Department of Labor), 2013 The Employment Situation, http://wwwbls.gov /news release/pdfempsit.pdf CBO 2005, The role of immigrants in the Labor Force http://www cbo.gov/sttes /default files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/68xx/doc68 53/11-10-immigration pdf 11 Raul Hinojosa-Ojeda (2009), "The Economic Benefits of Comprehensive Immigration Reform" http //object cato org/sites/cato org/files/serials/files/catojouraal/2012/l/cj32nl-12pdf 12 James Marschall Borberly, 2009 U S labor market in 2008 economy in recession http7/wwwbls.gov/opub/mlr/2009/03/artlful l.pdf 13 Gordeon H Hanson, 2012 Immigration and economic growth http7/www,cato,org/sites/cato org/files/senal s/files/cato-journal/2012/l/cj32nl-3.pdf 14 President Obama's American Jobs Act http 7/www whitehouse,gov/sites/de fault/files /amencanJ obs_act_factsheet pdf 15 Sari Pekkala Kerr, William R Kerr, William F Lincoln (2012), "Skilled Immigration and the Employment Structures and Innovation Rates of U S Firms", http://cep.lse.ac.uk/ seminarpapers/30-ll-12-SK.pdf 16 The White House, 2013 Immigration's Role in Building a Strong American Economy, http //www whitehouse,gov/sites /default/files/docs/factsheet-immigrations _role_inbuilding_a_strong_economy_final_ final_clean pdf 17 U S Department of Labor, 2012 The 201020 job outlook in brief http //www bis gov /opub/ooq/2012/spring/artOI pdf 42 18 Vernon M Briggs, Jr., 2010, Illegal Immigration and Immigration Reform Protecting the Employment Rights of American Labor Force (Native-Bom and Foreign-Bom) Who Are Eligible To Be Employed, http//wwwcis.org/sites/cis.org /files/articles/20I0/employment-rightspdf Tai lieu Internet: VOV, 11/2014, Chinh trucmg My "song gio" vi cai each nhap cu http7/vov.vn/thegioi/ chinh-truong-my-song-gio-vi-cai-cach-nhapcu-366I47,vov Then bao Kinh te Sai Gon Online, "My kho cai each lu^t nhap cu nam 2015" http7/www thesaigontimes.vn/124104/Mykho-cai-cach-luat-nhap-cu-trong-nam2015.html Chu thich: CBO (20004), 'The role of Immigrants in the U.S Labor Market" Vernon M Briggs (2010), "Illegal Immigration and Immigration Reform Protecting the Employment Rights ofthe American Labor Force (Native-Bom and Foreign-Bora) Who Are Eligible To Be Employed" Immigration is changmg the face ofthe U S http //www workpermit com/news/2012-12Il/immigration-is-changing-the%20face-ofthe-us www.workpermit.com Raul Hinojosa-Ojeda (2009), "The Economic Benefits of Comprehensive Immigration Reform", http7/object,cato org/sites/cato.org /files/serials/files/cato-joumal/2012/l/cj3 2nl-12.pdf CHAU MY NGAY NAY U S Departmentof Labor, US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012) Gordon H Hanson (2012), "Immigration and Economic Growth" Amanda Peterson Beadle (2012), "top 10 Reasons Why The U.S Needs Comprehensive Immigration Reform" http7/thinkprogress.Drg/justice/2012/12/10/1 307561/top-lO-reasons-why-the-us-needscomprehensive-iramigration-reform-thatincludes-a-path-to-citizenship/?mobile=nc Jason Marzak (2013), Immigrant factshcet Five reasons why the U S economy needs immigrants http.//voxxi.com/20I3/02/13/immigrant-factsheet-5 -reasons-economy/ 10 National Science Foundation and National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics 11 The White House (2013), "Immigrations Role in Building a Strong American Economy", 12 Sari Pekkala Kerr, William R Kerr, William F Lincoln (2012), "Skilled Imimgration and the Employment Structures and Innvation Rates of U S Firms" http //cep Ise ac.uk/seminarpapers/30-11-12SKpdf 13 Immigrations to the United States http7/en wikipedia org/wiki/Immigration_to_ the_United_States 14 VOV, 11/2014, Chinh tmong My "song gio" vi cai each nh^p cu http7/vov,vn/thegioi/chinh-tniong-my-songgio-vi-cai-cach-nhap-cu-366147 vov 15 Thai bao Kinh te Sai Gon Online, "My kho cai each lu^t nhap cu nam 2015" http7/www.thesaigontimes vn/124104/Mykho-cai-cach-luat-nhap-cu-trong-nam2015.html ... tich c c dfli vai nfin kinh te Nha kinh te hpe James Smith chp ring, nguai nhap cu dong gop khoang 10 ty USD vao nfin kinh te mfli nam Theo bao cao eua flng, mac du luc lupng lao dpng nhap eu... dfin My MQt so dong gop tich cii'c ciia lao d9ng nhap cu doi vol nen kinh te My Kich thich tdng tru&ng kinh te Trong mpt nghien ciiu nam 1980, cac nha kinh tfi ehp ring lap dpng nhap cu (trong... chung co thfi dem lai lpi ich dpi voi nfin kinh tfi My su gia tang tifin cong chp lao dflng ky nang cao, gia ca thip ban dfli vai cac hang hoa va dich vu lao dpng nhap cu san xuat, hieu qua cao