Những tương đồng trong nhận thức và hành động chiến lược của một số nước ASEAN về phát triển và quản lý phát triển xã hội

TLfdNG DONG TRONG NHAN THLfC VA HANH DONG CHIEN LUdC CUA MOT SO NJCJC ASEAN VE PHAT TRIEN VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA HOI NHCTNG TRANKHANH* TEUNH THI K inh nghiem thtfe tidn cho thay, mdi qud'e gia - dan tfc cd cdch tiep can dac trtfng cua minh phdt tridn vd quan 1;^ phdt tridn xa hgi Vi vay vifc phdn tieh, so sdnh nhflng net ttfdng ddng vd khac bift cua qud trinh tren d cac ntfde ASEAN, d l ttf dd danh gia dflng mtfe hdn nhung thdnh cong vd h a n ehd' cfla chflng, gdp p h i n dtfa r a giai phap thflc day phdt trien ngtfdi vd xa hdi eua tffng ntfde cflng nhtf hien thtfc hda Cdng dong ASEAN ludn la nhu cau eua thtfc tidn Trong khudn khd bdi vid't nay, chung tdi ehi de cap mft each khdi quat nhflng ndt ttfong dong nhan thtfc vd hdnh dpng chid'n Itfge eua mft sd' ntfdc ASEAN vi phat tridn vd quan ly phat t r i l n xa hpi T i t d n g d n g t r o n g n h | t n thu^c, e a c h tiep c^n Thvt nhat, la chia se gid tri chung vi An ninh Todn diin^^\ dd ngdy cdng H6A** coi trgng an ninh ngi£n^^'^ phdt triin vd quan ly phdt triin xa hdi Cdch tie'p can ve an ninh vd phat trien qud'e gia cfla Indonesia ehiu anh htfdng sau bdi Khai nifm "sUc di khdng qud'e giadan tpc, tu ci£fng qudc gia- ddn tpc" (Ketahanan National) Day la mdt hgc thuydt phdt t r i l n Idn dtfge ghi Bf ludt Nha ntfdc Indonesia ttf ndm 1972 Trong Bf luat ndy, hgc thuyd't Ketahanan National dtfdc didn giai rang ' ^ chi, long quyit tdm, tinh ki^n dinh mgnh me kit hgp vdi khd ndng tgo dung sUc mgnh ddn tdc di ddi mat vd vitgt qua mgi de dga bin vd bin ngodi, true tUp hay gidn tiip gdy nguy hiim cho bdn sdc dan tpc Indonesia hay phong cdch song cda ddn tpc vd ngudi ddn Indonesia"^^\ Nhtf vdy, hge thuye't "Ketahanan National" da vach mft phtfdng phap quan ly xa hdi dam bao an ninh mft edeh da chieu va todn * PGS TSKH Trdn Khdnh, Vifn Nghien cffu Bong Nam A ** Ths Trinh Thi H6a, Hpc vifn Chinh tri Qudc gia Ho Chi Minh - Bdi viS't ndy la k&'t qud nghiSn cflu thufe Dl tdi KX.02.13/11-15 "Phdt trien xd hdi vd qudn ly phdt triin xd hdi cdc nitdc Bdng Nam A- Kinh nghiim cho Viit Nam tham gia xdy dung Cdng dong ASEAN" Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 11/2014 ASEAN viftig manh va boat ddng co hieu qua; Thu: ba, xay dtfng mft dd't ntfde Malaysia an ninh vttng vang*^' Caeh nhin ndy eung dtfde ctfu Thu ttfdng Maharthia Mohamet chia se rdng: "nin an ninh quoc gia khdng the tdch rdi sU 6n dinh vi cliinh Trong thap nidn gan day, Indonesia trd tri, thdnh cdng vi kinh ti vd hod hgp vi nen Unh boat, dieu chinh each tidp can ve xd hpi Khdng ed nhtfng yd'u td thi ta't an ninh, tiong nhah manh din yeu td ca cdc Ioai sung tren thd' gidi diu khong hay ddi ttfgng ngtfdi Dilu dtfge thd t h i ngdn chan hay danh bai dtfge ke thu hien khd ro qua cdc bdi phat bieu cua Tong efla minh"'^' Malaysia thap nidn gan ddy trd thdng SuUIo lidn quan ddn xay dtfng cfng ddng an ninh ASEAN, rang ngdy "khai nen mIm deo hdn, ung hf xu htfdng de cao nifm an ninh da dtfge md rgng nhieu hdn quyen eon ngtfdi Dieu ndy dtfge t h i hifn Kh6ng cdn chi Id bao vf Td qudc chdng lai qua ldi phat bieu cfla ctfU Thu ttfdng xdm Itfdc cfla quan ddi ntfdc ngodi , ma Badawi nhan dip ky nidm 39 nam thdnh khai nifm an ninh dtfge md rpng tdi cdi lap ASEAN rang "nhiem vu quan trgng dtfge ggi la "an ninh ngtfdi" Do vay, nhdt cda chinh phd cdc nUdc ASEAN Id nhd ntfdc "c6 trach nhifm chung bao vf stf phdi ndng cao tri thitc vd ky ndng cho thi todn ven ngtfdi ve the chat vd phim gia he tre, ldm cho hg trd thdnh ngudn lUc cd cfla hg, dfl hp ehi cd mdt minh hodc la mft chdt lugng vd gid tri " vd "an ninh cda hp phan cfla mdt nhdm, ehdng lai eae cufe cpng dong se dUgc cdi thiin ddi ngheo t&i c6ng, du chflng Id bpn khung bd', tfi vd dich binh dUgc kiim sodt"^'^\ Cdch tidp pham thdng thtfdng hay cum gia elm hodc cdn theo htfdng tren dtfge Thu ttfdng Najib sdng thin" Tid'p dd'n, Susilo cbn di xa hdn, Razak (ttf 2009) ehfl trpng hdn va eho rang, cho rkng: "Con ngtfdi phai dtfge bao vf Malaysia mudn phat t r i l n ben vflng thi ngay, vd dac bift Id ke tan edng la can phai tid'p tuc md rdng dan ehfl hda mpi mat ddi sdng xd hpi, dd vifc dam chinh quydn nhd ntfde"'** bao quydn ttf ed ban cua ngtfdi'^' Tidp den Id Malaysia, ntfdc lu6n nhdin manh den an ninh todn dien Ctfu Phd thu Trong sd cae ntfde ASEAN tM Thai Lan ttfdng Datuk Musa Hitam da dtfa Hgc Id nudc dng hp mgnh me nhdt khdi niem thuyit vi an ninh todn diin cda Malaysia An ninh ngUbi, nhdit Id ttf thdi Chuan ttf ndm 1984, cho rang, mudn cd Leekpai ldm thu ttfdng Thai Lan Id ntfde an ninh, cflng lflc phai coi trgng phdt triln khdi xtfdng "Hfi nghi Bg trtfdng Ngoai giao kinh td', thd'ng nhat qudc gia-dan tdc va ASEAN vl an ninh ngtfdi" dtfge td chtfc eai tiiien cdc md'i de dga phi quan stf D l dau tien tai Manila cua Phihppin ndm dat dtfde dieu ndy c i n tao tru eft; Thit 1998 Tai didn dan ndy, ngdi Surin, Bf nhdt, bao dam an ninh cho Ddng Nam A; titfdng Bf ngoai giao Thai Lan luc dd da ThU hai, dam bao eho mdt cdng ddng nhaii manh ddn an ninh ngtfdi va cho didn, bao trum tait ca cdc khia canh ddi sdng, dd mgi xung dft giffa nhom xa hpi, gitfa cae qud'e gia cd t h i quyet dtfge thdng qua ede bien phap binh nhtf do'i thoai, tham van roi di dong thudn cua cac giai hda dd'n Trdn Khdnh - Nhitng tuang dSng nhdn thitc vd hdnh dgng rang "biin dpng kinh ti vd xd hpi, ngheo kho, binh tdt, mil chit, sU xa Idnh, mdt phuang hudng ciia ngUdi chdc chdn se ddn den bgo luc, phiin logn, bdt on dinh vd thieu an ninh Tdt cd nhitng diiu trin se dnh hudng din nhitng thdnh tUu md chung ta dgt dugc tU trUdc tdi Vd nhitng diiu ndy chdc chdn se de dog todn khu vUc ndi chung" Khi ASEAN thdng qua tuydn bd' chung ve va'n de nay, ten hdi nghi da dtfge ddi thdnh "Hdi nghi Bd trtfdng Ngoai giao ASEAN ve mang Itfdi an todn xa hdi" Didu ndy eho thay mdt sd' ntfde ASEAN luc dd khdng thoai mai lam vdi mft vdi ndi dung cua khai nifm "An ninh ngtfdi", ddc bift dd dd eao n h a n quydn vd chfl quyen ea nhdn*^* dodn kdt gitfa eae tdc ngtfdi vdi mue tigu cflng ed stf thd'ng nha't qudc gia-dan tde, tao stf hai hba vd edng bang xa hpi Ttfrfng d d n g t r o n g h o a c h dinh v a thiic thi c h i n h s a c h Thit nhat, hdu hit cdc nUac ASEAN diu dUa cdc chuang trinh, ki hogch hdnh dpng ddi hgn, trung hgn vd ngdn hgn Phdt trien qude gia ndi ehung, xa hdi ndi ridng d cac ntfdc ASEAN thtfdng theo kd' hoach hay chtfdng trinh ttf ndm (trung han) va ttf 10 ddn 20 nam la (ddi han) Thai Lan la ntfdc diln hinh thtfdng theo ke' hoach nam, bat dau ttf nam 1960 Ttf cud'i nhffng ndm 90 eua thd ky XX, kM Thai Lan lam khung hoang tM Thdt hai, hau hd't eac ntfdc ASEAN deu ntfdc tie'n hdnh dieu chinh trig't ly kit hgp gida tdng tritdng kinh ti di ddi vdi phdt trien "ttf phdt t r i l n htfdng vao tang cdng bdng oca hdi vd thd'ng nhdt quoc giatrtfdng sang phdt t r i l n htfdng dd'n ddn tpc Vi du nhtf nguyen t i e eua ngtfdi" Kd hoach ndm lan thtf (2002Pancasila ldi md dau cua Hien phdp Indonesia ghi ro rang "edng bang eho ta't 2007) vdi tridt Iy "nen kinh td du" vd cho ca mgi ngtfdi dan Indonesia"; Hay rang phat t r i l n tiem nang eon ngtfdi va ban Tuyen bd Rukunegara (He ttf bao vf xa hdi la mpt nhflng nMf m ttfdng Qudc gia) cua Malaysia da ghi ro vu hang dlu'^^' Cung vdi ke hoach trung rang dat ntfde can "tao mdt xa hdi md han, Thai Lan eung dtfa nhflng cMdn dd cua cai cua qud'e gia se dtfge cMa Itfge dai han VI du nhtf vdo nam 1997, se mdt each edng bang" Didu ndy eung ntfdc ndy da dtfa "Tam nhin eho xa hdi dtfge ghi rd eae chtfdng trinh, ehinh Thdi Lan den ndm 2020", dd nhdn saeh phat t r i l n qud'e gia cua Malaysia Vi manh dd'n an ninh ngtfdi, mdt du nhtf "Chinh saeh phdt tridn Qud'e nhflng dieu kifn cd't ldi de phdt t r i l n ben gia" (NDP) (1990) va "Tim nMn vtfng eua dd't ntfdc Vao ndm 2003, dtfdi Qud'e gia" (NVP) (2000) ma chinh phu thdi cam quyin cua Thu ttfdng Thaksin, Malaysia dtfa ra, vain de cdng bang xa hdi cMnh phu ntfde dtfa "Chien Itfge dtfge dtfa thdnh mue tidu hdng dlu*^*'^ G i n Phdt t r i l n va Cdng cufc eai each nha dky Thu ttfdng Najib Razak len ldm ntfde", dd ehfl trgng tao mdt tang Thu ttfdng (2009), dng dtfa khdi nidm ve ldp danh nhan mdi, eoi trgng phat tridn "Mdt Malaysia" , dd dd cao giao due, cae vung sdu, vung xa kem phdt tridn hdn, dung n h a n tdi, t a n g ctfdng quan hf, nhd't la khu vtfe Ddng Bde, tftf dai tin dung Nghien eihi Ddng Nam A 1112014 cho ngtfdi ngheo, trg cap vide san xuait, thu mua ndng san va eae khoan trg cd'p xd hfi nhtf ca'p bao hiem y td' mien pM cho ngtfdi ndng dan, v.v.'^^' Ngoai ke hoach ddi ban, trung ban, d Thdi Lan cbn cd cdc Chtfdng trinh hay Dtf dn ngdn han ve phdt trien vd quan ly phat trien xa hpi Vi du nhtf "Dtf an hdi phuc cho ngtfdi ndng dan-FRP" dtfa cho nam 2001-2002 vdi muc tieu hoan ng cho ngtfdi nSng ddn; hay Chtfdng trinh cho vay ifti ddi vdi viec lap "Quy lang", "Ngan hdng phue vu eac xi ngMf p nhd vd vtfa" v.v dtfdi thdi cam quyin cfla Thaksin la nhtfng minh chflng rd net'^^l Malaysia ttf nam 1966 bat diu dtfa Ke' hoach nam phat triln da't ntfde vd Men dang thtfc Men ke hoach nam lan thtf 10 Cac chinh saeh ddi han nhtf "Chinh sdch kinh te mdi-NEP" cho giai doan 1971-1990 (cung hay dtfge gpi la "Kd hoach Trien vgng Mft - OPPl"), "Chinh sdch phdt trien qudc gia - NDP" (19912000) (hay thtfdng dtfde ggi la "Ke hoach Trien vgng Hai-0PP2") vd "Tam nhin qudc gia 2020 - NVP" (2001-2020) (hay dtfge ggi Id "Ke hoach Trien vgng Ba-0PP3'' Ve kd' hoach ngan ban cho phat trien xa hdi eung dtfde chinh phu Malaysia dtfa khd thtfdng xuydn cho ttfng van de cu the Vi du nhtf vdo tiong Ke hoach nam l i n thtf (2001-2005, Chinh phfl ntfdc da dtfa "Chtfdng trinh phdt trien eho ngtfdi ngheo - P P K T , "De an Phat trien phuc lgi nhdn dan - SPKR) hay "Chinh sach Xa hfi Qudc gia - NSP" (dtfa vao nam 2003) Indonesia cflng dtfa ke' hoach phdt triln nam, b i t dau ttf 1969 Ke' hoach ndm 2010-2015 dtfa r a muc tidu Id dtfa Indonesia mdt ntfde thinh vtfgng, dan chu, cdng bing, dd dam bao an ninh ngtfdi, mdi ngtfdi dan ddu tham gia tieh ctfc vdo qua trinh phdt triln vd dtfge htfdng thdnh qua ttf qud trinh dd Ttf nam 2004, ntfde ndy dtfa chidn Itfde phat triln dai han eho 20 ndm tdi (2005-2025) Trong Unh vtfc xd hdi, kd hoach dai han dtfa muc tigu Id bie'n Indonesia vdo ndm 2015 trd thdnh mpt ntfde phdt triln, ttf ctfdng, dan ehfl, ddm bao ve an ninh eon ngtfdi dtfa trdn nin tang Pancasila Bgn eanh dd, ntfdc ndy cung dtfa cdc chtfdng trinh hdnh dfng cu the, ngan han nhtf "Chtfdng trinh hpc bing cho cho hpe sinh gia dinh nghdo" (2001), "Chtfdng trinh thdc gao eho ngtfdi nghfeo" (2002); "Chtfdng trinh bao hiem y td cho ngtfdi ngheo" (2005) "Chtfdng trinh Hy vpng gia dinh" (2005),v.v. Thii hai, la thuc ddy cdi cdch chinh tri, nin hdnh chinh quo'c gia, md rpng ddn chu vd thuc ddy tdng trudng kinh ti Trtfde het la la Thai Lan, kM khflng hoang tai chinh 1997-1998 vtfa no ra, Qudc hfi Thai Lan da thtfc hidn tu chinh Hid'n phap (thang 9-1997), theo quy dinh tat ca eac vien eua Thtfgng vien phai dan bau gid'ng nhtf & Ha vifn (trtfdc dd la nha vua cM dinh); Neu cac nghi sy cd chan nfi cae chinh phu tM phai thdi ghe nghi sy Hidn phdp mdi nhah manh nguyen tae "tam quydn phan lap" vd tdng nMeu quyen hdn cho Nghi vifn dd giam sat cde hoat dgng efla Chinh phu, dong thdi trao nhidu quyen ttf tri hdn cho eac dia phtfdng, dd cd quyen ve nhdn Stf, tai chinh vd td chtfc hanh chinh Ben canh Men phap mdi Ifp ngn "l!ly ban Tran Khdnh - Nhitng tuang dong nhdn thitc vd hdnh dgng bau ctf" vdi nMdm ky ndm Tidp den Id Indonesia, sau ehinh quyen cua Tdng thd'ng Suharto sup dd (1998), didn cufc cai cdch dan chu kha sau rdng Cu t h i la ttf 1999 de'n 2004, da't ntfdc da Ian stfa ddi Hidn phdp va ban hdnh hdng loat Dao luat b l sung, ed vifc bai bd stf kilm duyft bao cM, cho phep Ifp cac chinh Dang mdi, tang ctfdng quydn ltfc cho cd quan lap phap, giam bdt quydn ltfc cua Tdng thd'ng, han chd' quyen ltfc eua quan ddi, md rdng quydn ttf tri vd tdng thu n h a p cho cae ddn vi nhd hdn tinh nhtf quan, huyfn vd cdc thi trd'n'^^* Dieu ddng ehfl y, Tong thdng Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono da Idp ndn "Ban ehdng tham nhung nhd ntfdc"'^^' rang trtfde dd da ed "Uy ban ehd'ng tham nhung" dtfge ldp ttf ndm 2002fi''> ngudn nhan ltfc chd't Itfgng cao, dam bao tdng trtfdng ben vOng*^^' Con d edc ntfdc khae nhtf Philippin, Campuchia, Myanma v.v eiing didn qud trinh dan chu hda, cd eai each chinh tri, kinh td' O Philippin, sau kM nhan dan ntfdc dflng len Idp ehg' chuyen quyen quan stf Macos lanh dao (1986) vao ndm 1987 da ban hanh Hiep phap mdi (Hid'n phdp 1987), dd eho phep Nghi vidn cd quyen lufn tfi Tdng thdng, Phd Tong thd'ng, Chanh dn Toa dn td'i cao v.v Tat ea nhiing ngtfdi ddng diu cd quan cdng quyen ttf tinh tdi lang xa deu ddn bau Cung vdi dd, Nghi vifn ntfdc ndy den ndm 1991 thdng qua "Lugt cai qudn Bia phuang (Local (jovemment Code) O Campuchia didn cae cufe bau ctf dan ehfl, nhat Id ttf ndm 2003 Chinh phu mdi nMfm O Malaysia cung didn qua trinh cai ky III cua Thu ttfdng Husen dtfge thdnh Idp each ddn ehu vd h a n h chinh khd manh ndm 2004 da dtfa Ctfdng Iinh Chinh tri me, nhat la ttf kM Thu ttfdng Abdullah gdm 73 didm, dd nhaii manh de'n vide Badawi Idn e l m quyen thay Mahathir hdi theo dudi ndn kinh te thi trtfdng ttf vd cudi ndm 2003 Didm ddng ehu y Id tff thdi chd' df ehinh tri da dang Cdn Mianma, gian ndy, vai trd cua ngtfdi phu nff Hdi giao ntfdc trtfde day dtfdc coi la bao thu, tMd'u xa hfi Mfn dai dtfde nang eao'^^l Ttf dan chu n h i t ASEAN cung da tidn nam 2009, kM Thu ttfdng Najib Razak Idn hanh cai cdch dan chu Tien trinh diln nam quyen, ntfdc dtfa "Chitang trinh manh me ttf nam 2010, dd co vifc Chuyin d6i Quoc gia", dd ddng chu xda bd che df ehuyen quydn gidi quan stf y Id "Chtfdng trinh Chuyin ddi Chinh phfl lanh dao, ehuyin sang chinh t h i ddn chu GTP" (dtfd vao thdng 1/2010) va Tdng thd'ng toan dan b i u len, tieh hanh "Chtfdng trinh Chuyen ddi kinh te - ETP" cai each kinh te' thi trtfdng vd md ctfa hdi (dtfa vdo t h a n g 3/2010) Diim ddng chu nhap the gidi, v.v y la GTP, chinh phu chu trpng dd'n ThA ba Id chu trgng din an ninh vd dau tranh chdng t h a m nhung, cai thidn ket quyen ngi£n., cd quyen bao qua hge dtfdng, ndng cao mtfc sd'ng cua cdc dam vifc lam va thu nhap, quyen dtfge hgc hd ed thu n h a p thaip va thtfe Men "CMnh hanh va bao vf stfc khde da vd dang trd phu md va minh bach",v.v Cdn ETP thdnh muc tieu va hdnh ddng cMen Itfdc lai nhd'n m a n h nMeu hdn de'n xay dtfng eua cac ntfde ASEAN Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 1112014 VI du nhtf d Malaysia, Bd Phdt triln Ndng thon va Khu vtfe ket hgp eac Bp khac dtfa vd thtfc Men "Be dn Phdt triin phuc lgi cpng dong", dd bao gdm 05 chtfdng trinh nhtf 1) Chtfdng trinh hd trg nhd (gdm ca giflp xay dung nha mdi vd stfa chtfa nha cu); 2) Chtfdng trinh tang thu nhap cho ngtfdi ngheo; 3) Chtfdng trinh phat tiien ttf duy; 4) Chtfdng trinh Dao tao ky nang va nghe ngMfp cho ngtfdi ngheo vd 5) Chtfdng trinh giao due tfu viet Hay "Bi dn Phiic lgi xd hpi cho ngUdi ddn" eflng dtfge dtfa tiong Ke hoach nam lan thtf (2001-2005) nhah manh dg'n cung cap dich vu gido due eho tre em bi tMf t thbi va tre em nhflng hg ngheo v.v O Indonesia ttf sau khung hoang tai chinh tiln te 1997-1998 cung dtfa "Chiin luge vi gidm ddi ngheo" (dtfa vao nam 2004) va cae "Chtfdng trinh mgng ludi an sinh xd hpi cho ngUdi ngheo", gdm cac chtfdng trinh cu the nhtf "Luaggo cho ngUdi ngheo", "Bdm bdoy techo ngi£n ngheo",v.v O Thai Lan cung cd cac chtfdng trinh, de an ve chdng ddi ngheo d cdc ntfdc tren VI du nhtf dtfdi thdi cam quyen cua Thfl ttfdng Thaksin (2001-2006), Chinh phfl ntfdc dd dtfa ehtfong trinh xda ddi, giam ngheo, phat trien kinh te' -xa hfi nhtf 1) Chuang trinh cham sdc sUc khoe 30 Baht; 2) Quy Ldngl triiu Baht vd 3) Moi ldng mdt sdn phdm Muc tidu chinh cua Chuang trinh 30 Baht la cung cap dich vu y te' gia re, tfu dai cho ngtfdi dan vdi mdt l i n kham cM 30 Baht Trtfdc kM ed chtfdng trinh ndy, cMnh phfl Thdi da thtfc Men "ChUOng trinh Thi y te cho ngiidi ngheo" vd "Chuang trinh Phuc lgi y ti cho nguai tdn tdt" Cdn Quy Ldng Mpt trieu Baht la ehtfong trinh cho vay vdi sd vd'n nho nhtfng dtfde thtfc Mfn rdng Idn ca ntfdc, nhat Id eho vflng Ddng Bae Thdi Lan (mdi lang dtfge eho vay khoang 24.000 USD) Cdn ddi vdi chtfdng trinh "Mdi ldng mpt sdn phdm" dtfge dtfa thtfc Mfn ttf nam 2001 Nhd ntfdc hd trg ve vd'n vay idi dai cho cac dia phtfdng chu ydu san xud't cdc mat hang thfl cdng, my nghd vd ndng san'20) ThiJt tu Id ndng cao chdt lUgng vd thich nghi nguon nhdn lUc cdng nhU tdng citbng bdo trg xd hpi cho ngiM ngheo Trong so cac ntfde ASEAN thi Singapore Id ntfdc chu trgng hdn ed vl nang eao chat Itfdng ngudn nhdn Itfc Dd tao thgm nguon vd'n eho ndng eao chit Itfdng vd thich ngM nguon nhan ltfc phfl hdp vdi tien trinh cdng nghifp hda, hifn dai hda, eMnh phfl Singapore da ldp nen "Quy phdt triin ky ndng"^^^\ Ben canh dd, Singapore cflng stf dung cMnh sdeh "Cudng bUc tiit kiem" nhtf mdt cdng cu ldm tdng stf phat triln cd cdng bang Mdi ngtfdi dan Singapore ed thu nhdp bkng Itfong phai nop mft khoan tien ttf 20-30% Itfdng hdng thang vao "Quy Du phbng Trung Uan^' Quy Dtf phdng Trung tfdng da phdt tridn, vtfgt ngoai ranh gidi cua Quy htfu tri thuIn tuy, va thtfc te trd thdnh he thdng bao hidm va an sinh xa hfi mdt cdch toan didn Ngtfdi dan trd nen cd kha ndng ttf Itfc vd ttf tflc nhilu hdn cufc sd'ng, giam dtfdc ganh nang cM pM phue lgi xa hdi md nha ntfdc phai dam bao^^^* Vifc ndng cao ehait Itfgng ngudn nhan Itfe, dd cd doi mdi giao due, ddo tao dtfde chinh phu Malaysia quan tam ldn ttf kM gianh dtfge df c lap Ngay ttf thdi NEP, cMnh phu Malaysia da lap ndn ede "Quy Trdn Khdnh - Nhitng tuang dSng nhdn thdc vd hdnh ddng cda ngudi bdn dia" dd phdt t r i l n giao due, Sau 1998, kM ehe dp Trat ttf mdi hi sup khoa hgc va c d i ^ nghf Cdch tid'p can va do, nhieu td chtfc pM chinh phu dd'u tranh thtfc Mfn cMnh sach bdo trg vd an ninh xd eho ddn chu vd nhan quyen dtfge hpi ciia Malaysia cimg g i n gidng nhtf lap, so dd cd "Uy ban vi nhUng ngn Singapore Hd tho'ng bao trd dtfdc cau nh&n mdt tich vd bi bgo hdnh" (KONTthanh bdi thdnh to hay bg phan, dd Id 1) RAS), "Liin minh xd hpi ddn sU vi ddn Bdo hiim xa hdi bdng hitu tri vd cdc khodn chd" (YAPPIKA), "TochUc Diin ddn vi sU bdi thudng thiit hai cho ngtfdi lao ddng tham gia cua cdng chiing" (FPPM), "Biin chu thud iao ddng tra; 2) Quy Du phbng ddn ui sU tham gia cua Nhdn ddn'' cda ngudi lao dpng (kha gid'ng nhtf Quy Dtf (FPPM), "Biin ddn Thuc ddy Qudn tri phdng Trung tfdng cfla Singapore); 3) Quy Ldng xd" (FPPD) v.v Du phdng cua lUc lUgng vU trang; 4) la Quy Tid'p dd'n la cdc t6 chUc mang tinh trg gidp cpng dong va 5) la Quy an sinh xd nghiip dodn xd hpi, tdn gido, bdo vi moi hpi Ben canh dd, cMnh phfl Malaysia cung tri^mg v.v Trong so' e6 "Hpi nghien dl eac ehinh sach cu t h i cho ede dd'i cdu xd hdi, kinh ti, thdng tin vd gido dm", ttfgng khac nhtf Chinh sdch Qudc gia "Liin hiep cdc nhd bdo dpc lap", "Td chdc vi phu, nit, Chinh sdch Qudc gia vi ngUai dodn kit phu nit, "Biin ddn mdi tri&mg gid, Chinh sdch ve ngUdi khuyit tgt, Chinh Indonesia'", v.v Cae to chtfc boat dfng sdch vi tre em vd Chinh sdch Qu6c gia bdo chu yd'u dtfdi stf ddng gdp tai cMnh cua cdc ve tre em, v.v Day la cdch Iam kha phd ca nhdn tham gia va cac boat ddng kinh bie'n d nhieu ntfde Ddng Nam A doanh cfla hp r/tM* ndrriy Id phdt triin xd hpi ddn sU (civil social organization - CSO), coi trgng bdo vi moi triidng vd phdng ngita rdi ro thiin tai, dich benh d Indonesia, ntfde thap men g i n ddy cd nMeu btfde tid'n vd phat tridn xa hdi dan stf Neu nhtf trtfdc 1998, d Indonesia ehi e6 khoang 800 td chtfc NGO ddng ky hoat dpng tM dd'n nam 2009, sd dd tdng Ign hdn 2,5 lan vdi khoang hdn 20.000 td chtfc'^^ Theo mot ngudn tin khae tM Indonesia vao n a m 1996 da cd tdi 10.000 td chtfc NGO ddng ky hoat ddng va sd dd den ndm 2000 len tdi 70.000 td chtfc