TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 8(156)-2011 17 DO THI HOA VA TOI PHAM DO THI HOANG BA THINH TOM TAT Toi pham la m&t hien ttkyng xa hoi song hanh cung qua trinh phat thin Qua trinh thi hoa dem lai nhiiu tac dong tich cwc nhwng cung gay nen nhwng tac dong trai chiiu nhw nhiSm moi trwang, bat binh dang xa hdi, giao thdng, va tdi pham thj gia tang Sw dijng phwang phap phan tich tai lieu, bai viit di cap din tinh lich sO cua toi pham thj qua tac phim cua C Mac va Ph Angghen, tiip giai thieu nhwng biiu hien cua toi pham thi a nwac My va Canada, ddng thai lien he din toi pham thj a Vi$t Nam C^eh d§y han bay thap ky, Louis Wirth cho r i n g thj hda eo quan he d i n tinh trang tpi pham, roi loan nhSn each, benh tam t h i n , t y tCp, tham nhung va tpi pham nhilu han epng d i n g ndng thdn (Wirth, 1938, tr 23) Nhu-ng tu- lieu nghien CLPU cho thiy, ke tCp dd thj hda d i l n song hanh cung cong nghiep hda d chau Au tCp t h i ky XIX, van de tpi pham d dd thj dydng nhu ty le thuSn vdi quy md va mat dp dan sd dd thj C M A C - P H ANGGHEN VOI TOI PHAM DO THj VAN Trong t^c p h i m Tinh canh cua giai lao dOng a Anh D^ cung kho cua ngu-di lao dpng d Anh dd, Angghen cho t h i y hp khdng each lya ehpn nap t i t han la an c i p "Sy cung kho ehl cho ngudi lao dpng 6\jfgc lya ehpn: hpac c h i t d i n c h i t men vi ddi, t y sat ngay, hoac la l i y nhu-ng thCp gi e i n d nai nao c6 the l i y duge, ndi tring la an c i p Va chung ta cung khdng nen ngac nhien t h i y da sd thich an c i p han la chju c h i t ddi hocic t y sat" (C Mac va Ph Angghen, 1995, tap 2, tr 476) TCP t h i ky XIX, Angghen da nhan m l i quan he song hanh giu-a quy md dd thj va phat trien tpi pham "nhu-ng p h i Idn ehl tao nhu-ng d i l u kien lam cho cac tdi ac da t i n tgi tCp t r y d e du cung d trgng thai manh nha du-gc phat t r i l n nhanh chong va d i y du han ma thdi" (C Mac va Ph Angghen, 1995, tap 2, tr 482) N g u d i lao dpng s i n g d cac thj ec nhu-ng bieu hien sai lech xa hpi, va bieu hien rd ret n h i t , eye doan n h i t cua s y coi thu-dng trat t y xa hpi la vipc pham tdi, va ty le d cac khu cong nghipp ( t i l n d l tao nen cac thj) ludn cao han vung ndng thdn "ty le giu-a t i t ca cac vu cip (1845), da c6 nhu-ng trang v i l t v6 cung sinh dpng ve v i n de tOi phgm d thj Phan tich d i l u ki§n pham tdi ndi chung vdi sd dan cac khu ndng nghiep la 1/1043 va cac khu cong x u d n g la 1/840; hien nay, toan n y d e Anh, ty le dd gin tai 1/660 (C Mae va Ph Angghen, 1995, tap 2, tr 497) Hoang Ba Thjnh Pho Giao su tien sT Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi v^ NhSn van Dai hpc Quoc gia H^ Npi Mac, bai viet Dan so, so pham tgi va sw bin cung hoa (1859) da dua eon so 18 HOANG BA thong ke day SLPC thuyet phijc v l moi quan hp giu-a tpi pham va sy bin cung hda d Anh va Oen-xg Khi so sanh so lieu ve sy bien dpng cua dan so, so pham tdi va sy bin cung hda, ong da di den kit iugn ring "Tat phai c6 cai gi thdi nat long cua Cell ehl dp xa hpi da tang them sy giau CO cua minh nhyng ddng thdi khdng giam bdt sy ngheo kho, cai che dp xa hpi dd so tpi pham tham chi tang nhanh han d§n so" (C Mae va Ph Angghen, 1995, tap 13, tr 636) Vi vgy, khong c6 gi ngac nhien, ma cong nghipp hda va dd thj hoa dien cung la sd tdi pham d Anh tang len ding thdi vdi sp ngydi vd san va "dan too Anh trd dan tpc c6 nhieu tdi pham nhit the gidi" (C Mae va Ph Angghen, 1995, tap 13, tr 695) TO! PHAM DO TH! TREN TH^ GlOl: HOP NyOC MY VA CANADA TRU-ONG Khi d l e§p den nhyng v i n d l xa hpi dd thj, Louis Wirth (1938) cho ring thj hda cd quan hp d i n tinh trang tpi pham, roi loan nhan each, bpnh tam than, ty tCp, tham nhung va tpi pham nhieu han epng dong ndng thdn (Wirth, 1938) Mot so nghien CLPU kh^e de cap d i n nan xa hpi d cac dd thj hay edn gpi la cac xa hpi ngim (xa hpi den), ec the ke nhy: Bang nhdm (The Gang, 1927), Ba biin vang va khu chuQt (The Gold Ceast and Slum, 1929), Gai nhay chuyen nghiep (The Taxi-Hall Dancers), v.v 2.1 Tpi pham dd thj d nyde My Ty Ip tpi pham d cac dd thj Idn thydng nhilu han d cae dd thj nho, theo dd c^c vung dd thj Idn c6 ty le nan nhan khoang 10/100.000 dan va cae ben THjNH - DO THj HOA VA TQI PHAM DO THj ngoai vung dd thj Idn c6 ty le Id 5/100.000 dan nyde My ndi chung, tpi pham gilt ngydi phin Idn xuit hien d cac bang phia Nam, khdng chi vi d nhu-ng bang nSy tsip trung qua ddng dan so, ma d nhu-ng vung sd hu-u va SLP dung sung va cac vu khf khac nhilu hgn cae nai khac (Diana Kendall, 2004) Ty le pham tpi cygng dam dygc bac cao khac theo khu vye dja ly, vdi hiu hit cac vung ddng dan thupc cae bang phia Nam chilm khoang 40% tong so trudng hgp cygng dam moi nam, tiep theo la cac bang thupc miln Trung Tay (Midwest), miln Tay, va Ddng Bic t i t ea cac vung, ty Ip cydng dam la khoang 80 ngn nhan/100.000 phu nCi- ddi vdi cac vung thj Idn (metropolitan areas), 77/100.000 a cac ben ngoai cae vung dd thj Idn, va 51/100.000 phu nu- ddi vdi cac vung ndng thdn (Diana Kendall, 2004) Xem xet mpt vai logi hinh tpi pham theo khu vye dja ly, thiy rang: so lygng cac vu tpi pham d dd thj nhieu hgn vung ngoai 6, va d khu vye ngoai sd lygng tpi pham nhilu hgn vung ndng thdn Nhy bang s6 lipu dydi day cho thiy, thdi gian hai nam 1999 va 2000, sd vu tdi pham d vung dd thj thydng nhilu g i p tCp Iin den 4,4 Iin so vdi vung ngoai thanh; va gip tip 16,6 Iin d i n 17 Iin so vdi vung ndng thdn So vu tdi pham d vung ngoai cung cao han vung ndng thdn tCp 3,7 Iin den 4,3 Iin Dang chu y la logi tpi phgm Sn cudp va hanh ludn chilm sd lygng rit cao (xem Bang 1) Nghien CLPU cung cho thiy, c6 mpt mCpc dO khac bipt Idn ve ty Ip tpi pham giu-a cac thj Nhin chung, tpi pham dac biet cao a H O A N G BA THjNH - DO THj H O A VA TOl PHAM DO TH| cae ngheo va nho Vi du, nam 2001 "ty le gilt ngydi d phi Oakland, California, khoang 20/100.000 cy dan Ty le cao hgn nhilu so vdi ty le binh quan toan lien bang la 6,1/100.000 cung nam 2001" (Steven va cpng sy, 2006, tr 522) Da s i mpi ngu-di d i u quan niem cac bang dang la san pham cua cac khu o chudt cac phi, cac dy an nha d thu nhap thip Nhu-ng hien nay, heat ddng cua bang dang dang di chuyin ve cac vung ngoai d Mae dCj hau hit cac bang dang la d cac phi Idn, nhu-ng chung cung trd nen phd biln han d cae khu vye c6 quy md dan so nho (xem Hinh 1) Bang 86 lugng tdi pham bao lu-c theo vung, 1999 v^ 2000 Lo^i tOi phgm VCing 06 thj 2.2 So sanh tdi pham thj va ndng thdn d Canada Theo mot nghien CLPU mdi tCp sd lieu bao cao cua canh sat Canada nam 2005, thi vin d l tdi pham khdng ehl la mpt hien tu-gng tai cae dd thj Idn nhu* d nu-dc My Nghien CCPU phat hien thiy rang cac vung dd thi nho cd ty le tdi pham cao han ea nhu-ng vung dd thj Idn va ndng thdn rpng Idn, va ty le pham tdi gilt ngu-di cao nhat la d cac vung ndng thdn Ty le pham tdi d cac vung dd thj nho cao han cac vung dd thj Idn 43,2%, va cae han d cac vung ndng thdn 58% Trong 657 tpi Bang Loai hinh toi pham theo vijng cu- tru, Canada nSm 2005 Vung So luxyng Tyl$/100.000 din Tdng so ciic loai pham toi Nam Giet Cif&ng An HSnh T6ng ngiFccI dSm CLfap Do thi Ib-n 1.543.869 7.305 Do thj nho 588.136 10.461 N6ng thdn 364.713 6.626 1999 113 446 5.609 6,200 12.368 2000 107 400 5.234 6.130 11.844 24 200 765 1.793 2.782 Toi pham giet 16 206 929 1.818 2.969 Do thi lo-n 427 2.0 Ngo^i thdnh 1999 2000 N6ng th6n 19 ngut/i 1999 53 128 560 744 Do thj nho 95 1.7 2000 46 148 491 692 Nong th6n 135 2.5 Do thj lo-n 24.967 118 Do thj nho 2.932 52 Nong thon 756 14 Ngudn: Department of Law & Public Safety; New Jersey State Police Hinh B^o Ccio cua tea an v l hogt dpng cua cdc being dang Trdm cSp D6t nhap vao nha Do thj lo-n 162.457 769 Do thj nho 51.907 923 Nong thon 43.917 798 TrC>m bcinh xe md to Vtingnaigttitn Clct>ianhph6nli6 Ngo«l6 C