NGUY6NTHUQU»NH 38 ^ CAC NGHI LE TRONG CHU KY DCH NGlTdl CUA NGU'cn BRU - VAN KIEU d QUANG TRI NGUYEN THU Q U V N H * Gidi thieu Nghi le chu ky ddi ngUdi the hien nhdng quan niem ve the gidi, ve giao due cOa cdng ddng thdng qua nhdng thdc hanh tdn giio true tiep len mdt ngudi de danh dau nhdng mdc thay doi, trudng thinh hoic gia biet tran the Vdng ddi cua moi c i nhan, t d sinh tdi tudi thieu nien, ve g i i va chet di, du nam hay nd, deu trii qua cic nghi le dinh dau cac mdc thay doi Idn lao cudc ddi Nghi le chi danh cho so phan mdt ngudi, nhUng sd phin ay dupc chdng kien bdi ca cpng ddng, ddng tpc, dupc sU bio trp cua than linh Bai viet xin dupc md t i nhdng nghi le dtpc ngudi 8ru -Van Kieu cung nhu phan tich nhdng budc chuyen tiep ay cua ngUdi c i nhan thong qua cic 1^ thdc sU cdng cdm, niem tin cua cdng ddng, trUdc su chinng giim cua cac Yiang Vai net ve Ijch sd nghien cdu vcin de, khung ly luan va phiftfng phap nghien cdu 1.1 Ljch s^ nghien ciJtu Cic nghien cdu md t i ddi sdng ton giio dupc thUc hien dudi quan diem cho ring cac thuc hanh tdn giao phin anh t u cua cdng dong, phin tich cic md thdc dd se tim dupc cau true, lich sd cua cpng ddng tpc ngudi Rieng md ta ve nghi le vdng ddi, Arnold Van Gennep, cudn Nghi le cua * ThS, Vieo Khoa hpc xa hpi vung Tnmg BQ sUchuyen tiep, d i cung cap ly luan phin tich kha siu sac nhdng nghi 1^ lien quan den nhdng thdi ky chuyen tiep, cd tinh quyS dinh ddi sdng x i hdi cua mpt ngucfl" d nudc, nghien cdu dan tpc hpc ve ngiii le d cac tdc ngudi thieu sd nhdng nam tmdc diy chu yeu mieu thuat ky lUdng nhieu hon ia phin i n h mdt quan diem ly thuyet ro rang Nghi le vdng ddi ngUdi theo GS.TS Ngo Ode Thjnh l i "nhdng nghi le lien quan den c i nhin, t d sinh den chet"' Nghi le vdng ddi i i each dng xd cua cdng dong ngudi ddi vdi mpt ca nhin, cung la sU dng xil ddi vdi t o i n bp xa hdi v i toan bp the giS tif nhien bao quanh ngudi Vi vay, nghi le vdng ddi khdng chi lien quan den mpt ngudi, ma lien quan den c i cdng ddng, si/ khang dinh, thay ddi trang thai, dja vj cua mpt ngUdi dupc dien sd thi/a nhin cua cpng ddng Rieng van hda, tin ngudng cua dan t6c Bru-Vin Kieu dupc the hien nghien cOn cua PGS.TS Khong Dien t i p cua cuon Cdc ddn tgc thieu so d Viit Nam Nim 1997, Tran Tri Ddi va Le Quang Thiem xuat bk cuon sich Odn fpc Bru - Van Kieu thUe trgng vd gidi phdp phdt trien ben vUng da ddng g6p mdt sd t u lieu cap nhat ve thUc trang phSt ' Ngo Due Thinh (Chii bien, 2001)), Tin nguong^ van hoa tin ngudng a Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xa WHaNoi,tr 23 ap chi Khoa hpc xa hdi mien Trung, sd 02 (34) - 2015 rien va tim giii phap phat trien ben vdng 'di dan tdc Bru-Van Kieu Nam 1998, Oxfam Hdng Kdng thuc hien Nghiin cUu ve Vdn hda :0a ngudi Vdn Kieu d huyin Darkrong, tinh "^uang Tri (Cultural study of the Van Kieu in Darkrong district, Quang Tri province) Nam >011, YThi xuit b i n cudn sich Vdn hda ddn jian ngUdi Bru -Van Kieu Rieng ve mat ngdn igO, khio cdu ky ludng cua Ly TCing Hieu :rong luin an Dgc diem vecdu tgo tUvd vevdn ^od Bru va Viit qua suso sdnh tUvUng cua hai ngon ngUndy (2007) da mang lai nhdng phin tich sau mang tinh so sanh 1.2 Van dely lugn Cho d^n hien nay, nghidn cdu nghi le i/dng ddi van chu yeu dda vao Iy luin ciia Arnold Van Gennep cdng trinh "Nghi le vesuchuyin ti^p"' Lip luan cCia dng chu yeu dda tren sd phan tfch cic nghi le danh dau nhdng budc trddng thanh/ thay doi quan trpng cCia cudc ddi de danh gia sUthe hien vai trd, vi the cua c i nhin ddi vdi xa hdi, cii nhin cCia xa hdi ddi vdi mdi ngudi thdng qua mdi giai doan chuyen ddi Vi viy, nhieu ngudi van djch t h u i t ngd la "chuyen tiep" de the hien mdt cich hiiu chinh xic c i ve ngd nghla va cac giai dogn khdc CLia tUng nghi le mdt Nhung vdi mdt tinh than nhin nhan tren mdt di^n rpng, mang tinh chu ky: c i vdng ddi, cupc ddi cDa mpt ngudi t d sinh, den td (va hi vpng se t i i sinh kiep khic), chung tdi xin sd dung td "nghi le vdng ddi", v i sd dung ly thuyet cua Van Gennep de lam he quy chieu, phin tich cac nghi le Van Gennep cho rang: Cupc i?d/ cOa moi cd nhan d bdtkyxa hoi ndo cung fa mgt chuoi sU chuyen tiep tU mdt gial dogn ndy sang giai dogn khdc^ nhdng thay doi • Arnold Van Gennep (2004), Rttes of London: Roulledge ' Arnold Van Gennep, (2004) Sdd, tr.3 passage 39 trang thai (cua ngUdi) lam khuay ddng cudc sdng c i nhan va xa hdi dda tdi mdt sd nghi le chuyen ddi ddi Hau het nhdng nghi le chuyen doi dupc chia ba giat doan chinh: phdn ly (prellminal), chuyen tiep (Hmi nai) va hdi nhgp (postliminal) Giai doan phin ly bao gdm nhdng hinh vi bao hieu sU tich rdi cua mdt ca nhan hay mdt nhdm ngddi khdi vj tri cd djnh trudc cau true xa hdi hoac cic dieu kien van hda; giai doan gida, ngddi dd dupc chuyen tiep d trang thai rat mP ho, khdng cd nhdng thudc tinh cOa trang thai d i qua ma cung chua cd nhdng thudc tinh cua trang t h i i sap den; d giai doan cudi ngddi thu 1^ hoin nghi thdc, tai hda nhip vdi mdt tam the, vj tri xa hdi mdi Van Gennep khdng quan tam den chi tiet cic nghi thdc ma chi phan tich y nghfa chu dgo va nhdng tinh hudng, trinh tu nghi le, chi phan ly, ben le va sum hpp, ly cic Idp nghi le 1.3 Phitdng phdp nghien cihi Trong nghien cdu nay, chung tdi sd dung phuong phap dae trung eua Nhan hpc - quan sit tham gia va phdng van siu v i phin tich ngd eanh, dien ngdn Phuong phip tdng hpp, phan tich tai lieu dupc thuc hien dua tren nguon eae bio eio, van b i n cua dja phuong va eac nghien cdu lien quan d i 6uac thuc hien eung nhU nguon tai lieu phin hdi td cac kenh thdng tin dai chiing Phuong phap phdng van sau, quan sat tham gia dupc tri tren nguyen tic eae cupc phdng van dien mpt each tu nhien, ngudi ke ehuyen ddpc "ndi chuyen" chd khdng phai "bj hdi" de cau ehuyen tiep tuc, ddpc phat trien hay ngdng lal theo tuong t i e cua ngUdi ddi dien, kheo leo khoi gpi tiep theo hoac chuyen hddng hp quay trd ve vdi mach chinh cua ciu chuyen neu hp Id di qua xa, lan man sang chuyen khac Chung tdi d tai 40 I nhi cua ngudi din tai dja bin nghien edu va cung tham gia mpi hoat ddng vdi gia dinh ngUdi dan, quan sit ddi sdng thudng ngay, nhdng dng xd, chuyen trd, vui choi cua hp de hieu dupc phan nao nhjp sdng Chung tdi da dien di tai xa cua huyen Hudng Hda, bao gdm: xi Hudng Viet, HUdng Lap vaxa Hue vao thing nim 2013 Day la xa dai dien cho hai die diem kha khac biet ve sU phit trien van hda xi hpi eCia ngudi Bru - Vin Kieu Neu nhU xi HUdng Viet, Hudng Lap sit Lao, tuong doi tich biet, ngudi dan it ed ca hdi tiep can vdi nhieu bien chuyen cua xa hdi each trd vung nui xa xdi, thi xi Hue lai cd dieu kien gan thj tran, ed nhieu thay doi ddi sdng kinh te - xi hdi Trong dd, sU thay doi ve mat ton giao, tin ngUdng dien nhanh ehdng cd su gdp mat cua tdn giio mdi - dao Tin linh Vai net ve van hda, tin ngUdUg cda ngudi Bru-Van Kieu Thiet che truyen thong Din tpc Bru - Vin Kieu cd cie nhdm dja phuong gom Vin Kieu, Tri, KhCia, Ma Coong, sinh song chCi yeu dQuing Binh, QuingTrj va ThdaThi^n Hue.Tat ca cic nhom dja phuong d^u cd ti^ng noi thupc nhom ngon ngd (\/ldn - Kho me (ngd he Nam A), gan gui vdi tieng Ti Oi, CoTu Chd viet mdi hinh theo each phi§n im bang chd cai Latinh Ten gpi dan tdc Bru - Van Kieu hien dupc thong nhat toan bd cic van bin hanh chinh' Don vj xi hpi truyen thdng cua ngUdi BruVin Kieu di dupc thiet lap vdng chic la \ T u y vay, t^i vung chiing toi khao sat, nguai dan cho rang Bni la ten tu gpi, day mcri la ten cua ho Nhung toan bp nghien cuu nay, chiing toi vln thong nhat lay ten ggi: Bni - Van Kieu theo th6ng nhk cac van ban hien ma chua ch^m tin cuoc tranh lu?n soi noi ve ten ggi, ten tu ggi NGUYEN THU QUVNH ling {vii) M6i vii cd the gdm nhieu hoac mol ddng hp (mu) cu tru, nhdng ngudi cung mot mu cd cung nguon goc huyet thdng tinh theo ddng ho cha, hay noi xa hon la co chung mot dng to - td tem TrUdc day, mgt lang hau nhu chi cd mpt mu^ nhung cung vdi qua trinh bien dpng cua Ijch sd, sU thien di cua nhieu dong tdc td cac vung khac da khien moi lang trd noi cpng cU cua nhieu dong hp, La ket qua cua qua trinh thien di, cpng cava hdn nhan, den nay, cac lang Bru -Van Kieu6 Quing Tri vin CO moi quan he rat mat thiet, ca vequan hexa hpi va quan he huyet thong v6i ngudi ddng tpc d ben bien gidi cua Laova cic tlnh lan can nhU Quang Binh, Thda ThienHue Gia lang {Ariayh VU) co vai tro quan trpng, la ngudi nam vdng nhieu phong tuc tip quan, nghi le va thudng ddng phan xif nhdng trudng hpp vi pham luat tuc cua lang, Hogt dpng sdn xudt Truac day, ngudi Bru -Van Kieu canh tac lua ray {sa ray) vdi nhdng ndng cu don gian: riu, dao quam, gay tria, nao cd co ludi cong Quy trinh lam riy gom cac cong doan: danh dau {sa kol), phat rdng {tai), dot {chang) choc 16 gieo hat gidng {choat choi) lam co, tuot Ilia bSng tay vdi dae trung canh tac luan khoinh, chi lam mot ray td den nam sau tim manh dat khac Hien nay, d cac * Dieu the hicn rat ro tr ten va licli sir ciia cac lang ngucfiBru - Van Ki^u Vi d y Lang CO Bai, xa Huong Lap tfir thua khai khan chi c6 mot dong ho mu Apai va d^t ten lang Vii Apai (thuc ra, liic d4ii fen ciia mu Apai la mu Beng, nghla la ong bo ve, su bi6n dong, nham § n nhieu lan dong ho bi goi nhSm thanli Apai, ve sau, nguoi Kinh ky am Cii Bai) Cho den hi0n Vii Apai da tiap nhan them dong hi) tir ncfi khac tcri nhung dong hp dong nhit van la Apai Tuong tu khu virc xa Hiic buoi khai ngisyen chi c6 mu H i e lam chii qua trinh cgng cu sau da mang theo nhieu dong ho khac tai, tham chi co ca cac done hg nguoi Kinh Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hpi mien Trung, so 02 (34) - 2015 x i Hudng Lip, Hudng Viet, ed hai hinh thdc trt dam ray da dupc khai hoang, mot la da phan cac hp dan van tri canh t i e ray luan khoinh vdi tat c i nhdng hinh thdc, nghi le truyen thong Hoac d i m ray sau trdng liia n i m dau se dupc tai canh san hoac cay edng nghiep (ea phe, bdi Idi) NgUpe lai, ngudi d i n xa Hue khdng canh t i e luan khoinh ma sd dung dien tieh dat ray sau Itia cho tai canh sin hoic ca phe Hi^n nay, dien tich liia nUde cang dupe md rpng va cho nang suat cao, liia ray thu hep dan*, ngoai ra, cac ciy trdng mdi nhU ca phe, bdi ldi ngiy cing chiem vj tri quan trpng hpn ddi sdng kinh te, va di^u ddng nghla vdi viec dat dau chim dan dan cho kieu canh t i c luin khoinh va nhdng le nghi ndng nghiep truyen thdng tren nhOfng minh so ray Tin ngudng Ngudi Bru-Van Kieu thd ciing to tien, hien t h i n cua"linhh6n"caethin nhan qua cd(/cu muiq, yiang ka nia) ngu tai nhdng chiec chen hoac bat dat cic ban thd nhd dung rieng va gan vao eae vich eua cin nha Bin menh mdi ngudi {yiang chiet) gia dinh eung dupe thd nhdng ban thd nhd tuong tu NgUdi Bru -Van Kieu rat tin va cac "than" {Yiang) tupng trung eho eac the luc sieu nhien: trdi {Viang Sorsi), than liia {Yiang * Theo cac bao cao Kinh te, van hoa, x3 hgi thang dSu nam ciia cic xa khao sat, di?n tich liia ray so voi di?n tich Ilia nuoc lan lugt nhu sau: xa Hue liia rIy 70ha, lua nuoc 162ha; xa Huong Lap: Iiia ray 50ha, Ilia nudc 11 Oha; rieng xa Huong Vi$t, di?n tich liia rly nhifiu gSp doi liia nuoc: liia ray SOha, liia nuoc 42ha Di?n tich saray thu hgp khien dg ph6 rgng cua Yiang 4b6n (thSn liia) gidm dSn vi Yiang Abon chi ngir tri a lua rSy, cac nhifim mau ciia th4n liia khong hien hiiu rugng Ilia nuoc cung nhu nguoi dan khong thi^c hifin aghi le gi tren cac manh rupng tiiy 41 Abdn), than niii {Yiang Su), than nUdc {Yiang Pd) v.v cd the bao ve hoac de dpa ddi song eon ngudi, sd phan cCia mdi ngUdi deu gan chit vdi sU bio trp eua eie than linh, t h i m chi c i niem vui ndi budn, nhdng mong dde gian dj eung cd cac than chdng giam Vdi niem tin van vat hdu linh, hp quan niem rang eae loai cay coi, v i t deu cd linh hon {Yiang) cua minh gidng nhUcon ngUdi Mdt so ngudi Bru - Van Kieu d xa Hiic theo tdn giao mdi (dao Tin lanh) deu bd thd eung to tien, bd ban thd va cic nghi le cCi va chuyen sang ton thd Ddc Chua trdi, tin vio toan nang eua Ngudi', niem tin van vat hdu linh van tdn tai nhung cac Yiang khac ngoai Yiang Sorsi he thdng than linh dupc cic tin Tin linh cho l i than linh xau, l i m hai ngUdi Hp cung xda bd cae nghi le lien quan den vdng ddi ngudi, thay vao do, moi can den su trp giiip cua dang thieng lieng, hp t i p trung lai v i cau khin Ddc Chiia trdi Cac nghi le vong ddi cda ngUdl Bru Van Kieu 3.1 Cdc nghi le lien quan den sinh de Kiing ki mang thai vd sinh de Ngudi phu nd Bru - Van Kieu mang thai phii kieng cd de d i m b i o sdc khde b i me tre em, ddng thdi trinh xa mpt so khu vuc thuc hanh tdn giao niem tin ve su"ue tap"dthai, sin phu cd the i n h hUdng tdi ti'nh "thieng" Mpt sd kieng kt van duac ngudi phu nd Bru - Vin Kieu tri thdi ky thai san: khdng dupc an hoa chudi, thjt te te ^ Theo loi ran ciia dao Tin lanh cuon Kinh da dugc dich sang tifing Bru - Van KiSu (diing he chu Latinh de bieu am), Dire Chiia troi chinh Ih y^ang Sorsi Su linh hoat truyen dao dua tren tin nguong truyen thong nguoi Bru - Van Kifiu khifin ngucri dan cang ciing co mem tin vao Due Chiia troi 42 I tran, thjt cac vat bj mac bay, khong duac bade qua cay nam ngang dadng, di nifa chCrng khong dUOc quay trd lai Mpt so kieng cit la ket qua cua suy nghiem ve dinh diidng, mot so 1^ sir ket hgp nhQng kien thiJc da dagcthuc nghiem nhieu ddi va quan niem ve the gi6i sieu nhien Rieng vdi nhufng thai phu gap han nhu 6m dau, co le thufc cung giai han trudc sinh thay cung xem bdi va xin Yiang (yiang nao thuoc vao ket qua xem boi) bio tro Sin phu sinh nd dudi gam san nha hoac ngoai vudn, sinh xong phSi tSm rda de trut mpi ban thiu, ue tap khdi CO the rdi mdi duoc len san nha nam canh bep Sau sinh nd xong, ngudi me bf mat chdn cua dUa tr^, dupc dat vao mdt qua bau cung vdi tre hoac nda cat rdn va chdn xudng vdi niem hi vpng giuf dupc goc gac cho trS Khi nhk cd ngudi 6k, phia dau c^u thang cd treo mdt Ccinh la hoac cai mdat Iian (dan bJng lat giang) lam dau hieu cam ngudi la va thay mo vao nha (3 xa Hudng Lap va Hudng Viet, nhufng kieng kj va viec sinh de tai nha gan nhu van dUdc giuf nguyen Cac ba me dp tudi sinh nd va mang thai deu dupc tram y te cap nhdng minh nilon sach, v i i xd, dao iam tiet trung, day budc rdn de can thiet, hp vSn cd the sinh dieu kien ve sinh tdi thilu (S xa Hue, nhufng kieng kj duoc bd hoac thay ddi nhiSu sU tac ddng cCia cac chuong trtnh truyen thdng, truyen hinh, benh vien Cdn nhufng ngudi theo dao Tin lanh deu bd cac le cung sinh nd va chi cau nguyen DUc Chua trdi phu hp gap nhufng true trac ve sdc khde trpng thai ky Nghi li rCfa mat dgt ten (ra ddp) Mpt dUa tre mdi de chua dupc coi la mdt thinh vien chinh thUc, chi sau trai qua NGUYfNTHUQUVNH nghi le dau tien cudc ddi dufa tr^ mdi dupc gia nhdp vao xa hpi, dupc bao tro bdi cic Yiang cung nhu su cdng nhan ciia cdng dong Oda tr^ sau chao ddi se trat qua le ddp (rda mat, dat ten) de khai bao vdi to tien, hp hing cd them mpt vien nijfa gia dinh Theo quy djnh, de lim 1^ radap, trai phai cung ca, g i i cung ga, ngoii ra, le vat gom cd: - lang ca, binh; bd, (moi bd cil lam tis gao nip, bupc ti/ng bd cii lai vdi v i phii lam td lua ray) L l cung dupc l i m tai nha dda tr^ Le vat niy diJng de dang len Yiang bio trdcfio linh hon dUa tre {Yiang ddp - thudng dUcfc hieu l i Yiang d nudc) ddng thdi, ngudi thay cung se ndi tdi td tien (yiang ka nia, ku muiq]- "Tdi Idm gd ndy bdo vdi to tiin cd diia chdu mdi chdo ddi, xin to tien tdm cho hdn sOc khie, Idn khdn, dixng gap xul xio" Ngay sau lam le ddp, ngudi trudng hp se cd trach nhiem lam le cung "chdm mif tai nha trudng ho de khai bao vdi to tien cua ddng hp mpt cich chfnh thdc, tnnh vdi le vat gdm thjt g i , trau cau, rupu Ong tri/dmg hp khan mdi than tien (ku muiq, yiang ka tti v l du le, ong dot den, ngdi trudc mim le khan bao vdi t h i n tien, cic Yiang rang t8t hp da them mot vien mdi:'Ten cuadHa tri Id "x" ke tCf ddy, "x" seldmdt thdnh vien chinh thiic cOa gia dmh, xin to tiin ddng to cdgdng bdo ve cho chdu" Nlu dufa tr^la trai thi dupc trpng vpng hon vi ddng ho them mdt ngudi thUa ke v i chju trach nhiem thd cung to tien sau niy Nhan djp nay, h! hang v i hang xdm lang gieng tang qui cho dda tre Ngupc iai, nhijfng ngudi mdi thep daoT» lanh d xa Hue khdng cung ddp hoac chain mufchodufa tre mdi sinh, Sau ngudi pbv Pap chi Khoa hpc x i hdi mien Trung, sd 02 (34) - 2015 i d sinh, gia dmh chi mdi tat c i nhdng ngudi :ung theo dao Tin lanh thdn, x i tdi nha 5e cau nguyen cho dda tr^ 3.2 Nghi lea/cfi Hdn nhan d ngudi Bru - Van Kieu t r i i qua nhieu khiu, nghi le phdc tap va mang tinh mua ban Nam nd nien ddi muoi deu tu bi m i t tim hieu nhau, hen Udc, trao v i t lam tin va cd g i i ung thuin, ching trai se nhd vai ngudi (mdt nam, mdt nd) lam mai mdi {kun karna, kun rand) den ndi vdi cha me cCia minh Vdi su ddng y cua cha me, ehang trai se nhd ngudi mai mdi den gap cd gai de ngd Idi va dat eCia lan thd nhat iprg tik) vdi sd tien td den 10 ddng bac trang^ Neu Ung y, cha me cd g i i se mdi dng cau den hdi y kien va ban bae, ngUpc lai, neu khdng chap nhan hp se cho mdi mai moi cua ben trai den t r i cua Neu gia dinh ddi ben deu nhat tri thi mdt vai thing sau, chang trai se "dat cCia" lan thd hai {Achol vaan), cua th#m {vaan atdm) vdi so tien tang them va kem theo khan io, v i i vdc Ca hai l i n "bd cOa" deu dupe tien hinh vao budi toi (khdng ddpc ddt d^n) Li beng (rude ddu) Be to chdc dam eUdi, nhi trai phii mdt l i n nda cd mai moi sang nha gai de ehpn tdt l i m le beng (tam gpi l i d i m cudi l i n 1) Ngiy dupc chpn thudng la chin, td 16 den 20 am Ijch, khdng chpn nhOmg cudi thing Den beng, nhi trai cd mpt phii doan di sang nha g i i , bao gom mpt ehu hdn {thdu ki, thudng la tde trUdng), hai phit ngdn vien cua ehu hdn {mo sUq), cha me ben trai, chii re v i cae phu re {rapOn) Rieng chu r^ phii mang theo mpt cii ndi ' Ngay so bac van dugc d^t Ifi Prg tik ihung chi c6n mang ^ nghia bieu tnmg thay vi mang jia tri kinh te nhu qua khii I 43 mdt eai gUPng Khi ddi ben gap trUde san nha gai, ben gai se hdi ben trai: dl dau, cUdiai.-.rdi mdi nhin sinh leva cho ben trai v i o nha Le v i t thUdng l i bac nen, ndi ddng, chuoi hat cudm va mdt kiem Liic trao kiem eho nha gai, nha trai phai dUa dang chudi trUdc; neu l i m ngUpc lai, cudc hdn nhan se bj xoa bd Ben nha gai chuan bj binh day vdng den, v i y ("son"), 10 cii i o , khan, cai chieu, cai gdi, cai chan bieu tang n h i trai Ngoai ra, bo me cho g i i nhdng v i t pham nhu son ao, khan rieng de mang ve nhi chdng Sau do, cd d i u d i cijng vdi cac cd phu d i u {kdn tring) theo doan nha trai di ve nha chong Khi theo len nhi trai, ngUdi chdng di sau, ngudi vp di trUdc, gia dinh mdng cd dau len nha bing tieng edng chieng, (nhi nio cd dieu kien thi danh chieng, cong, khdng cd thi thdi) Den nha chdng, trudc su chiing kien cCia hai hp, ed dau phai lan lupt thUe hien cac nghi thde: rda ehan {po tin) trUdc len cau thang v i o nhi chdng, i n com chung vdi chdng {cha chUm) va bic bep Sau hp hang hai ben ndi chuyen, hat td up/ Doan dUa d i u ngu lai d nhi trai mpt dem Sing hdm sau, hai doan cCing trd lai nha g i i , mang theo cii bit, tupng trUng cho sU vda y ciia nhi gai Khi hai doin v^ den nhi g i i , nha gai se tien hanh nghi thdc "cim bep" {chdt tapih), lay guom c i m vao gida bep rdi tudi mpt it nudc la An uong xong xudi, nha g i i mdi tien hanh ddi cua {torn praq), thudng nhi gai ddi cCia nhieu den mdc nhi trai khdng the tra v i trd mdn np de ddi eua ddi d i u re (phii t r i le koh - eddi lan hai) Sau le rabeng, co dau trd ve nha chong, hdm hoac sing 44 I hdm sau, trudc sU chdng kiln cua cac ba cd, bic hp nhi trai, cd d i u phai di xuc ca d l doan diem tot xau Nhufng vat xuc duoc trudc su chUng kien cda cpng ddng bilu hien chp sutien lupng v l so phan cua cudc hdn nhin, tdt nhat la xuc duoc c i (ca trang l i diem tdt, xuc dupc ca da tron l i cd d i u khdng biet gifl cua), xuc duoc cua bio hieu gia ffinh giau cd, neu dupc tdm nghla l i rat xau Ke tu lUc cho den tien hanh I I kol, ngudi vp dupc xem l i mdt vien ddng hp nha chong nhdng ddi ben cdn phii tuan thep nhflng kieng kj ngit nghep: ngudi vp va nhi trai tuyet dpi khdng dupc len nha gai, k l c i song t h i n ben g i i qua ddi; ddi ben gia dinh khdng dupc ngdi cung mpt mam d l chudi, banh diy Trau bd cua ddi b^n cung khdng dupc t h i chung mdt ndi hay lija mdt lan; chdng va vp d i u kieng an chudi Ipariat), binh diy [ayah), mia [katau) va he (skiu) cua cha me hai ben chp Trong thdi gian chua lam le kol, nlu khdng may nhi gai cd ngudi dau dm va xem bdi cho thay Ku muiq, Yiang Kania nhi gai ddi dn le kol, nha g i i se bio cho nha trai biet d l lo lieu Nlu chua chuan bj kjp, nha trai phii dem ga sang nha g i i xin khat, t h i m chf, nlu vi qui ngheo m i cha me cho den lijc chit van chua l i m dupc le kol cho minh thl den ddi cpn chau phii lam thay Kol dupc to chdc tai nha g i i vdi su ddng gdp cua nhi trai Kol l i I I Idn, phii dam triu, heo hay ft cung bd de v i vi tdn kem nen cd t h l lam chung cho nhilu cap vp chdng Nhi trai phii dua them le vat gdm mdt ndi ddng, mdt riu, siu cii b i t an com va mpt sd le vat khac cho dng cau de dng ta cung yiang nha gii Ong cau cung t i n g lal ddi dau r l mdt vii vat phSm NGUYSN THU QUVNH nhu quan ap, vai vdc Viec trap tang pham dien luc tien hinh nghi thdc dam trau Chi tfl do, ngudi vp mdi thupc hSn ve nha chpng Chung tdi ghi nhan dupc rat nhilu trudng hpp hing chuc nam sau hai vd chdng m^ cd the lam le kol hoac cha me chit di rdi cai mdi cd the lam le koh Bieu niy cho thay rang, tam thflc cua ngudi Bru - Van Kieu, cho den tan ngiy nay, n l u khdng lam le koh, hp van chUa chfnh thflc dupc sucdng nhan cua xa hpi trd mpt cap vp chdng vdi day dd nghi thflc Ho v i n phii chju di/ng mdt sd kieng ki, tich biet vdi nha gii Bieu cdn lien quan tiep tuc tdi dam ma ci!ia bo me vp ma chung tdi se trinh bay ben due* Nhflng nghi le cd sfl lien he mat xich vcii nhau, nlu khdng the hoin thinh chi mot le mpt giai dpan cua cudc ddi, thi nhttng giai doan sau, ngudi khdng the tiep tuc lam cac nghi le khac, chi ngudi dd hoan thinh nghi I I cua giai doan trudc, dupc ca cdng ddng cdng nhan, hp mdi du tucich de hoan t o i n bd cic nghi le vdng ddi cua minh Cd ngudi den chet khdng dupc len bd me Neu bd me chet di rdi, thi cl, phii l i m kol mdi duoc Ign nhi dng b i ngoai Dan ling hang xdm cung se ndi cho, nghet6i lam.Trong thdn Ti Pang: cd ngudi din chit cung khdng duoc ISn n h i bd me, thdn Tri co nhi den dng b i rdi mdi dupc I6n nhibdme Phdng van dng Hd Thap Khim, xa Hudng \riit, ngiy 14 thing nam 2013 , Dudi day la mpt hinh d i m kol dflpc ghi chep lai phan i n h nhflng mdi quan hi giila cac m i t xfch nghi le dd cupc ddi cCia mpt ngudi, nhflng rang budc cCia Tap chf Khoa hpc xa hdi miln Trung, sd 02 (34) - 2015 luat tue, su chdng giam cua than linh Bd dng Ho Chu lay vp, di lam each mang v i ngheo qua nen khdng the lam d i m kol dupe, den dng va tat c i cae anh ehi em khac gia dmh da Idn roi mdi lam dam kol Bd me dng mdi tat c i ba eon d ddng ben ndi va ben ngoai, nhdng ngudi d i mat thl mdi chau hp, d ei Quing Binh, Quing Trj va ben Lao ve du dam kol Dam kol phii ddng hai rap, mdi gia dinh ngoi d mdt budng rap dd tdi dem Sd lupng ngudi tham gia dam kol ldn tdi hang tram ngudi Trong dd, ngudi phuc vu rat ddng, dupc phin cdng nau nudng, bdng be, dpn dep dem, va mpi ngudi khieh td ling hay phuong xa den cd the yeu cau dugc phuc vu an udng bat ed liic nio, du dem khuya hay sang sdm Bd dng mua mpt triu to, mo c i chuc eon Ipn, de va rat nhieu g i Mpi ngUdi d^n dU vao hoan eanh khic ma dem theo g i , Ipn, chieu, gao Ai mang tien thi kep tidn v i o gida chiec b i t an com xep ehong len Ngiy thd nhit, nha trai mang Id v i t gdm triu, gao, kiem, mam ddng, chieng ddn nhi gii Cdn nha g i i mang ei tram t i m v i i vdc, quan i o , trang phuc cua phu nd dua cho nha trai de c i m on, lam k^ niem, nhdng loai v i i i/de ddpe nha trai nhan ve va phin phdi :ho eae vien gia dinh, ddng hp ihung rat it mac tdi Sau hai gia dinh trao le v i t xong, ngudi ta bat dau d i m trau Vidt t r i u to, khde, sdng dai nhpn hoat Huge bude v i o ciy neu, ea t r i m ngUdi du Jam koi ehdng kien v i t hien ding eho fiang Khi tieng cong chieng vang len, ngudi Jan dng khde manh, gidi glang nhat cam lao Jim v i o t r i u va nhdng ngudi khac eiJng Jim Khi t r i u chet, ndu d i u ngi ve phia 145 Tay, chin nga ve hudng Ddng la tdt, ngUpc lai, neu khdng may, dau n g i ve phia Bdng, Nam hoac Bic ddu la khdng tdt, du bao hai ddng hp se cd true trie Phan dau, chin v i dudi triu dd sdng dung de te yiang su (than ntii sdng) Toan bd eac mdn chin gdm thit nudng, thjt luoc, chao, lap (mdn canh thjt bam va rudt non triu) eiing cho Yiang A Bon v i Yiang ka nia Ong trudng hp trjnh trpng b i o eio vdi eac Yiang: "Ngdy hdm hg chdng tdi Idm ddm kol, cd ben ngi, ben ngogi, mdi cdc yiang xuong, mong cdc yiang cho hai vg chong dUdc song ben Idu, eon chdu sinh sdi ndy nd ngdy edng ddng" Sau i n udng xong, ngUdi ta ca hat, nhdng dieu sa ndt h i t ve nhin tinh the thai cude sdng b i t dau vang len, cung cd ngudi ta ke ve Ijeh sd hinh trai dat, Ijeh sd thien di cua ddng hp, lang Ddm d lal vui chpi, ngiy hat giao duyen td buong nhi sang nha khic, den het ngiy thd hai, tdi sang ngiy thd ba khich khda mdi luc tuc ve Mpt dam kol ddpc ke nhu tren, diJ da dupe giin tien nhidu so vdi q u i khd, nhUng d i tai hien day du nhdng quan niem, dem den mdt hinh anh sinh ddng ve quan niem eua ngudi Bru - Vin Kieu vd su lien ket cua cic m i t xieh nghi le vdng ddi Neu d i m kol ay khdng xay ra, bd cua dng Hd ChU va me cCia dng khdng bao gid ddpc bude chan len nha sin cua ba ngoai dng, khdng bao gid dupe to chUc mot d i m rap pUp cho bd me vp 3.3 Nghi le tang ma Le tang (chut loam) Cd hai hinh thde an t i n g ddi vdi ngUdi d i khuat: Hoic ehdn cat sau chet bang cich bd chieu hay dat xic vao hdm NGUYENTHUQUtNH 46 : nhung khdng day nap, hoae khim liem ehu dio hon va quan linh cdu lai de lam d i m tai nha Trong trudng hpp sau, thi hat se ddpc d i t vao hom la mdt t h i n eiy to khoet rdng, diy nap, quan gida sin khoang trudc chdn Thay mo se doe mdt bai te (aruai) bang van van de tien dda v i cau xin ngUdi chet phiJ hd cho chiu, mpi ngUdi danh chidng nhiy mua Ba ngiy sau mai tang, gia dmh se dem gid dung Yiang Chiat cua ngudi mdi dat vao nha md, rdi bo ma Khi quay vd nha, de hon ngUdt chet khdi theo ve, mpi ngudi phii chay va dung chay, re {reh) dat ngang trdn dudng vd nhi de chan hdn ma Ngudi chet dddi 16 tuoi va chet bat dae ky td thudng chet d i u ehdn do, khdng dupe mai tang theo nghi thdc tren va khdng rUdc ma ve.Trong nam sau chdn, c i ling deu nghi vide, khdng di ray, cung khdng lam viec nha (ehi ed the di xiic ca de lam thdc in) Cae ling xa Hudng Lip v i HUdng Viet van gid nguyen t i p tuc ma chay cd ngudi chet d xa HUdng Lap, khu rdng ma {so rung ku muiq) van gid nguyen vj tri td hing tram nam nay, td ddng hp dau tidn tim ve day sinh sdng va dat rdng ma, toan bd eae ddng hp ling ddu chdn ngUdi chet d diy Khu rdng ma nam dudi chin day mii Ta Ping, noi cd rat it ngudi qua lai, cay coi ram rap, khdng dupm mau huydn bi v i b i t kha xam pham Ndu cd bat ky ngUdi nio dat chin den sd giy tai hpa eho ca lang, gia lang se bat phat, neu ddng hp nao lang sau dd cd ngudi chet se phat va ke dam ei gan xim pham Hien tai d mdt so noi, dae biet l i nhdng lang dupc t i i dinh cu da cd nhidu thay doi tang ma nhU dan dan khdng chdn cat ngUdi q u i cd tai rdng ma nda m i chdn cat d nhdng noi thuin tien {bai dat bang gan dudng) de ngddi than de den tham vieng, cham sdc mo ma va khdng de t i m ly sp set cho tre em Le rgp pup Vai nam sau {tham chi vai chuc nim neu gia dmh khdng cd dieu kien kinh te) ngUdi chet dupe mai t i n g , ddng hp td chufc le rap pUp de dua linh hon ngUdi chet trd yiang ka nia va dupc thd nha Da phan eic ddng hp deu cd the lam rgppUp, nhi^g cd mdt sd ddng khdng the tam le nay, nghia la ku muiq m i i mai khdng the trd Yianq Ka nia VE du: Ddng hp "sdm" Nhdng dong ho hang nam van ciing gio nhe nhang bing g i vao dip tdt com mdi (khong q u i 15 am Ijch), ay cic ddng hp mdi sang dU Dong hp nao nam dd ngheo khdng the to chdc dupc cd the xin khat np den nim sau Le rgp pUp niy cd mdi quan he den le kol rat chat ehe Tat ea ngUdi eon g i i gia dinh ddu cd trich nhiem phii lam le rgppUp cho bo me de b i o hidu, nhu viy, ehdng nao ngUdi g i i gia dinh eon ehUa dUOc chinh thdc cdng nhan d i hoan thinh le kol, thi cd ay va chdng khdng the trd ve nha lam le rgp pUp cho cha me Vi the, cho du cd nd le kol den vai chuc nam, tham chi np sang ddi con, ddi chau thi van ed phai dupe tien hanh de dam b i o le rgp pup dugc dien ra, hoan tat nhCfng phan su bat budc eupe ddi mot ngUdl NhUng nhu tren da trinh bay, vdi siJ chuyen dpng khdng ngdng eua xa hpi ngi/di Bru -Van Kidu, dUdng nhU mpi mat xich nghi Id vdng ddi deu cd thay doi Dam cudi lan mpt va lan hai dupc nit gpn, difn kol chi edn ta thu tuc chu yeu de d i m bao nhu cau tam linh, cdn ca xa hpi chap nhan si; thay ddi, nhanh gpn va tien Ipi niy Khi do, 147 Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hpi mien Trung, s6 02 (34) - 2015 cac nghla vu thuc hanh nghi Id lien quan den cdn i n h hudng tdi cudc ddi ciia the he sau tang ma, sau tang ma ddu dupe hoan hoic the he trudc dd Mpt d i m kol Id hen nhanh gpn hPn Didu niy dang dan trd nen khdng chi khidn cil ciia cap vp chdng bien d xa Hudng Lap va HUdng Viet va chju dung nhdng kieng kj ma cha me cua rat phd bien d x i Hue hp cung khdng dupe hUdng rgp pUp Ket luan gai to chdc Ngiy nay, cung vdi nhdng bien Mdi c i nhin deu cd nhdng giai doan gan vdi vai trd, trich nhiem khic vdi chinh minh, ddng ho va xa hpi, de chuyen td vai trd sang vai trd khae, dudi su chdng kien eCia edng ddng v i than linh, ea nhan dd bupc phii trai qua nghi Id de chuyen doi Cae nghi te vdng ddi ddu cd mdi lidn he chit che vdi nhau, tao mdt vdng - chu k>' khdp kin DUdi sd b i o trp eua eae Yiang hidn than cho sdc manh cDa tU nhien hoic to tien, cae the he ke tiep phii d i m bio cac nghi le dien theo diing luat tuc Neu eae nghi Id ehu ky ddi ngUdi niy khdng dupc thuc hidn, cd thd se dan tdi hau q u i khdng chi ddi ngudi thue hien nghi le, ma doi chung vd mat kinh te - xa hdi, eie nghi Id vdng ddi da ddpc riit gpn nhidu, chl edn nhdng chi tidt chinh dupe tuu gid va thUe hanh NhUng tinh than cdt yeu cua nhdng thuc hanh ton giao khdng thay ddi, nd l i dau mdc dem lai nhdng nac thang thay doi d moi eon ngudi TAI Lieu THAM K H A O Ngd Ddc Thjnh {Chii bien, 2001)), Tin ngudng vd vdn hoa tin ngUdng d Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, tr 23 Arnold Van Gennep (2004), Rites of passage, London: Routledge €_25;i^f^$^f^