Grammar 1 What is Verb? What does the term “verb form” refer to? Make a list of verb form in English and give examples (1) Definition A verb is a part of speech denoting an acton (2) In English there.
Grammar What is Verb? What does the term “verb form” refer to? Make a list of verb form in English and give examples (1) Definition: A verb is a part of speech denoting an acton (2) In English there are several different kinds of verbs All Verbs except modal auxiliary verbs have at least forms: - The simple/ base form: dance, play, move… - The 3rd person singular present tense form: dances, moves, plays… - The present participle and gerund form: dancing, playing… Besides, Verbs have past tense and P2 form Some are regular or irregular : ran, danced, wrote-written… simple Form Simple Form Regular help carry clutch Irregular cut bring run fall drink -s Form Past tense Form -ing Form helps carries clutches cuts brings runs falls drinks helped carried clutched cut brought ran fell drank helping carrying clutching cutting bringing running falling drinking helped carried clutched cut brought run fallen drunk What are the differences between (1)derivational/ inflectional morphemes (2) Free/bound morphemes Give example Derivational morphemes (HV phái Inflectional morphemes (HV biến sinh) hình) Both DM and IM are bound morpheme The same morpheme can be used as an DM and DM VD: travel (v)- travelling (n/v) - Change the part of speech of the - Doesn’t change the part of root or stem (make new words, speech of the root or the stem meanings or a new part of VD: learn/learns speech) - A more traditional term for DM is affixes (prefixes and suffixes) VD: unhappy, dislike Free morphemes - Can stand alone as independent words VD: Care (careful) happy (happiness) … Hot/ hottest Bound morphemes - Cannot stand alone in the language and only add the meaning or grammatical function of a free morpheme VD: -ful (careful), -ness (happiness), un- (uncomfortable)… What are the differences between coodination and subordination (từ nối đẳng lập từ nối phụ thuộc)? Coodination Used to connect words, groups of words or clause which are the same rank and independent on each other VD: but, so, and It’s cold now but my heart feels warm Subordiantion Used to connect a dependent clasue with an independent clasue VD: if, although I’m hungry now because I haven’t eaten anything this morning Describe the five-rank hierarchy? Sentences Clauses Phrase Words Morphemes - Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language and has no grammatical structure - Word is the smallest free form, uttered in isolation and with semantic content - Phrase is defined as an extension of a part of speech The name of phrase is decided by the name of the part of speech - Clause is group of word that contains a subject and a predicate It may be either a complete sentence (main clause) or sentence-like construction within another sentence (subodinate clasue) - Sentence is the largest independent unit of grammar It expresses a complete idea and includes a subject and a verb What are the differences among Complement, Attribute, Predicative Complement (bổ ngữ) - It’s a sentence element that gives further information about the Subject or Object - types: Subject complement and Object complement (SC that follows a link V such as TOBE is predicatve) VD: He is the chairman (SC) Our duty is that we must finish the problem (SC) They made Sam the chairman (OC) I saw her running down the hill (OC) Attribute (định ngữ) - It refers to an ADJ coming before a N/ NP in a sentence and modifies the meaning of the N/ NP - It can be express by mean of a word, a phrase, a clause VD: It’s a nationwide campain The girl with long black hair is my friend The girl who is standing by the window is my friend Predicative (vị ngữ) - It is the part of sentence, modifying the subject, and is usually headed with a verb - Predicative ADJ is a subject complement that follows a linkingV or TOBE and it modifies Subject VD: She got tired I have been sleepy lately She was ecstatic about her project State different types of phrase in English language on the ground of part of speech and on the ground of syntactic funtions (1) Noun phrase Fomular: (pre-modifier)+ Head+ (Post-modifier) VD: All the big + car + in garage Argument about abortion (2) Verb phrase (modifier) Fomular: (auxiliary)+ Head + (Object/complement) + VD: Everybody dies; Mr.Tom delivered a long speech; He stays up very late (3) ADJ phrase Fomular: (intensifier)+ Head+ (complement) VD: very difficult question, quite aware of the matter; (4) ADV Phrase Formular: (intensifier)+Head VD: carefully, very carefully (5) Prepositional phrase Formular: Head+Object VD: on the table, beyond the horizon… List different ways of forming compound adjectives This is a way to form new ADJ by combining or more free morphemes together N+adj: world famous, tax free, waterproof… N+P2: home-made, candle-lit, heart- broken… N+P1: time-consuming, labor-saving, far-seeing… Adj+ Adj: dark blue, light- brown… Adj+N: round-table, square-yard… Adj+N+ed: open-minded, warm-hearted… Adj+P2: good-looking, loose-fiting, easy going… Adj+P1: long-playing, hard-wearing… ADV+ P2: well-done, fully-furnished… …v…v What situations are conditional sentences used to talk about? When you want to talk about a possible situation and its consequence, you use conditional clasue (if-clasue) Sentences containing IF-CLAUSE are called conditional sentences (1) A situation which sometimes exists or existed If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards If he saw me in the street, he would just say hello (2) A situation which you know it doesn’t exist If England had a hot climate, the attitude would be different (3) A situation when you don’t know whether it exists or not If he is right it would be possible once more to manage the economy in the old way (4) A situation which may exist in the future If I marry her, we shall meed some money to live on ****9 what is the use of past subjective mood ? It is used in conditional and concessive clauses it is also used to express unreal condition VD: If she had time, she would have visited me 10 Gerund and infinitives? Give examples Gerund Infinitive Gerund can have the following function Functions of To-Infinitive - Subject: Learning English is - Subject: To live means to work easy - Object: I like to dance - Subject compliment: My - Subject compliment: My new summer job is working in the duty now is to study library - Attribute: The way to learn well - Direct object: He likes running is to study hard - Object compliment: The police - Adjunct: To speak English well, considered the offense speeding you should marry a native - Object of a prep in a phrase: speaker Paul like most sports except Functions of Bare-infinitive fishing A gerund often functions as uncountable N without an article or sometimes can be used as countable N - Used after modal V or imperative sentences VD: you can leave whenever you want Get lost! - Complement VD: That beard makes you look older than you are They run a bussiness 11 Compare (1)sentence & clause (2)clause & pharse ? Examples - Sentence Clause They both have subject and predicate (vị ngữ) Group of words that expresses a - Sometimes convey a complete complete thought thought Always convey a complete - Building unit of a sentence thought - Can act as a N,ADV,ADJ Made up of one or more clauses Do not act as a N, ADV or ADJ Clause - Contains a Subject and a predicate - Sometimes conveys a complete thought - Independent clause can stand alone VD: Tom likes the meat Phrase - Doesn’t contain a subject or a predicate - Cannot convey a complete thought - Cannot stand alone VD: After a long day The information age… 12 What is substantivized adjective (tính từ đc danh từ hóa) and how it used? It is a part of conversion or zero-derivation where an adj is used as a N and is often preceded by the definite article “the” and is followed by a plural V VD: the poor, the young 13 When is the passive voice used in English? - The writer wants to emphasize the receiver or the result of the action - The writer wants to make a statement sound objective (It is said that…) - The writer doesn’t want to be more polite by not mentioning the agent or cannot/ won’t identify the agent VD: She was given some bad advice about selecting course - When the passive is more appropriate than the active (usually in complex sentence) - When the agent is redundant VD: Apples are grown in Vietnam - When the theme is given info and the agent is new info - The writer wishes to retain the same grammatical subject in successive Clauses, even though the function of the NP changes from agent to theme VD: Tom beat Joe, but he was beaten by John 14 Can all ADJ be used predicatively and/or attributively? Most adj can freely occur in both the attribute and the predicative positions However, a small number of adj are restricted to position only VD: “Main” can be used attritively only The main idea >>attritive adj (old, little, live…) The idea is main>>predicate adj “Afriad” can be used predicatively only (alone, alive, alert, asleep…) I’m afriad of spider>>>predicate adj An afraid dog>>>attribute adj 15 Classify English conjunctions on the ground of their form (structural criterion) ? - Simple conjunctions: and, but, or, since, for, before… - Correlative conj: both…and, either or, neither…or, not only…but also, as…as… - Participal conj (converted from participles): seeing, supposing, provided … - Phrase conj: in case (that), as if, in order that, no sooner…than, as soon as… 16 Name different types of adverbial clause? In complex sentences, the AC is subodinate to the main clause They answer the questions WHEN? WHERE? HOW? WHY? (1) Comparision: as…as, -er than,… (2) Concession: they’re introduce an element of contrast into a sentence They’re introduced by conjunctions, such as: although, while, however, even if… (3) Manner: they answer the question HOW? And are introduced by conjunctions like: as, in the way, as if (4) Place: answer the question WHERE? And are introduced by conj like where, wherever, anywhere (5) Purpose: answer the question WHAT? And are introduced by conj like so that, in order that, in case… (6) Reason: answer the question WHY? And are introduced by conj like as, because, seeing… (7) Result: describe the consequences and are introduce by for example, that after, so+adj to answer (8) Time: answer the question WHEN? And are introduced by conj like when, after, as soon as… (9) Condition (câu đk) : talk about a possible situation and its consequences 17 Describe the uses of the impersonal pronoun “it”? - Empty subject: when “it” refers to time, the weather, temperature or distance It is callled” empty subject” because it carries no real information VD: It’s o’clock - Preparatory/ introductory subject: Sometimes sentences beginning with “it” continue with an infinitive, a gerund or a noun clause It’s possible to begin such sentences with an infinitive or gerund VD: It’s pleasant to lie in the sun - Formal object: VD: I bought a present and I gave it to my gf 18 Describe the classification of ADJ? - - - - Semantically Demonstrative adj (TT đinh) this/that/these/those Interrogative adj (TT để hỏi) Đứng trc N modify N Which doctor you see? Possesive adj ( TT sở hữu) My/you/his… Quantitive adj (TT số lượng) Many/much; little/a little… Quanlititive adj (TT tính chất) Màu sắc, kích thước… Distributive adj (TT phân bổ) Each, every Structurally - Short adj: one syllyble or has the ending letters: y, ow,et,er,le Happy, simple, quiet, clever - Long adj: syllybles or above Ending: -ed (bored, tired ) - Special adj good-better- the best many-more- the most… 19 Sate the use of reciprocal pronouns (đại từ tương hỗ)? - RP “each other”, “one another” are used to indicate that people the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship - RP functions as an object eg: They admire on another OR Prepositional complement Eg: They keep looking at one another and smilling - Each/either/neither/both are also used as RP expressing different meanings 20 What is the difference between the transitive and intransitive verbs? Transitive V - Must be followed by a direct object or sometimes indirect object - Can be used in the passive VD: give, tell,carry Intransitive V - Is not followed by direct objects VD: live, die, cry, smile ... subject and a verb What are the differences among Complement, Attribute, Predicative Complement (bổ ngữ) - It’s a sentence element that gives further information about the Subject or Object - types:... problem (SC) They made Sam the chairman (OC) I saw her running down the hill (OC) Attribute (định ngữ) - It refers to an ADJ coming before a N/ NP in a sentence and modifies the meaning of the N/... long black hair is my friend The girl who is standing by the window is my friend Predicative (vị ngữ) - It is the part of sentence, modifying the subject, and is usually headed with a verb - Predicative