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Gop phSn tong ket mpt s8 VM\ de ly luan - thyrc tien /VE CON DUONG LEN CHU NGHiA XA HOI VA TIEP TUC DOI MOI LY LUAN XAY DUNG XA HOI XA HOI CHU NGHJA VIET NAM NHiN LAI GAN 30 NAM DOJ MOI Lfch surphdt trien cua xd hpi, dii & mPt qudc gia, ddn tpc hay tren quy mo Wan the gi&i, phdt trien mpt each tu nhien vd tdt yeu, nhung khong tg- t/tdn Lfch sir cua su nghipp xdy dung chu nghta xd hgi & Vipt Nam cung vgy B&i ^ Id s^ nghian dgi kiin tgo "thien nhiin thu hai** cua ddn tgc Vipt Nam, n cdng cupc in dgi gidi phong ddn 0c, gidi phong nguei, du&i nggn c&xd hpi chd nghm Gan 30 ndm qua, su nghi^ da dot nhung thdnh tgv quan trgng, c6^ nghia lich su to ldn, trin du&ng phdt triin tit yiu cua ddn tpc vipt Nam T Hy*C tidn hon 84 ndm qua trdn dudng xd hdi chfl nghia, nhdt Id gin 30 ndm thye thi sy nghipp ddi mdi, vi ehfl nghTa xa hOi, dudi ngpn cd cfla Ddng, da vd dang cho chflng ta thiy mpt cdch tiiuyet phyc rSng, chfl nghTa Mac - Le-nin mdi chi vgch nhung dgc trung chung, het sflc khai qudt eho mpt xa hgi xd hpi chfl nghia tuong Iai, chira vgch m^t cdch ro net vd ti mi nhitag dudng cy thd dd cdc qudc gia, dan tde tidn tdi chfl nghia xa hpi; Igi cdng chua cd dieu kifn chi tiigt cy till, ti mi dilu dd cho mpt nudc lgc hgu d phuong Ddng, nhu Vift Nam Vipc tim kiim, khai phd, kiin tgo eon du&ng qud dp Idn chfl nghia xd hpi vdn da rat khd khdn, song ddi vdi nudc ta, dirdng di ldn chu nghia x3 hpi lgi cdng khd khdn gdp bgi, vi chiing taphdi tif Um nhimg ldi thodt, diiu kifn cda chung ta Va, hon Ifle ndo hit, tfiyc tien hifn ddi hdi cin thidt phdi sodt xet vd t6ng kit mpt budc 30 ndm ddi mdi, theo tinh tiiin iy, dua dit nudc tilp tyc phdt triln dung hudng, ngdy cdng mgnh me, ben vung vd nhjp budc cimg thdi dgi Bifn chimg ph^t triin cua dvdng di ldn chu n ^ a xS h$i d Vift Nam 1- Tie eon ducmg xd hgi chii nghia Vip Nam diem khai thify vd su vgn dpng tru&c ddi m&i Tilp thu va hifn thyc hda ehfl nghTa Mdc Ld-nin tren mdnh dit Vift Nam, mdi ddi, xudt phat tfl thyc tidn phdt triln ddt nudc, Dang ta da khdng djnh, mue tiiu cita du&ng pfidt triin nu&e nhd Id di lin chit nghia xd hpi vd bdng cupc cdch mgng khdng ngung, md tnrdc het phdi tam each mang tu san ddn quydn rdi tien Ien chfl nghia xd hpi bd qua ehd dp tu bdn chfl nghTa Ddng thdi, Ddng tien lieu, sy phdt trien cfla cdch mgng Vift Nam nhat djnh sS hda nhdp vdo trdo Iuu cdch mgng vd sdn todn tiid gidi, dd nhdt djnh se dupc flng hp va giflp do, de cdch mgng * Phd Tdng Bien t^p T^p chi Cpng san So 862 (thdng nSm 2014) 41 Gop phan tong ket mot so vmi de ly Iuan - thyc tien Vift Nam tidn tdi myc tieu, Iy tudng cfla minh Sy khdng dinh muc tidu chu nghia xa hdi xet v l lo-gich Id mpt tdt ylu Ididch quan; xet vd Uch 5U- Id hoan todn phfl hpp vdi su van ddng tiln len efla cdch mang nudc ta va xu the cdch mang thi gidi; xet vd nhu cau Id hodn toan xuit phat tfl didu kien cu the cfla mdt nudc thupc dia, nfla phong kiln vd nguydn vpng chay bdng cfla nhdn dan V e t Nam Gdn ba nam sau Cach mang Thdng Tam nam 1945 thdnh edng, frong hodn canh ddy khd khan cua cudc khang chidn chdng thye dan Phdp, vdi phuong cham "vfla khang chien, vua kiln qudc", nhdm dua each mang dan tpe dan ehu tien len, Dang ta y thflc ro vide chuan bi dudng Idi budc tdi chfl nghTa xa hdi Ndm 1951, Dang ta vach rd: "Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam nhdm hoan sy nghiep giai phdng dan tde, xda bo di tich phong kien va nua phong kidn, phat trien ehe dp dan chu nhan dan, lam cho nudc Viet Nam ddc lap va thdng nhdt, ddn ehfl va tu do, phfl cudng, tien Ien chu nghia xa hgi"'" Day la nhiing dot phd ly lugn vd thuc tien hit sue quan trong viec nhgn dien vd chudn bi dieu kien cho viec kien tgo duang di lin chu nghia xd hoi Sau thdng lgi cua cudc khang chien chdng thye dan Phap (nam 1954), mien Bdc hoan toan giai phong Tren ea sd phan tieh thuc te va nhung dac diem cua each mgng, tham khao kinh nghiem cua eac nudc xa hdi chu nghia anh em Dang ta tung budc hinh dudng ldi xay dung chfl nghTa xa hpi Dai hpi III cfla Dang (thdng 9-1960) ddnh ddu su hinh thdnh du&ng loi ca bdn vi cdch mgng xd hpi chu nghia d mien Bac va dau tranh giai phong mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nude Ndi bat la, quan diem mien Bdc bd qua che dp tu ban chfl nghTa, tien Ien chfl nghia xa hdi, Iam hau phuong cho mien Nam, bao ham hai mat cai tao xa hdi chfl nghia vd xdy dung chu nghia xa hdi Nhin khai lugc qua 45 nam (1930 - 1975), Dang ta da nd lyc tim toi va hinh mdt each eo ban, cd he thdng nhung quan dilm vl chfl nghia xa hdi tten nfla nudc ttong didu kidn ca nudc cd chien franh Dd la net rdt dgc thii Sd 862 ( t h a n g n a m 2014) T«p chf C^ngsdn Ndu ndm 1930, dudng Idi tiln Idn chfl nghTa xd hdi duge hmh tiianh nhu mdt myc tieu Iy frrdng, till khoang tiidi gian 30 nam sau dd dugc phac tiiao vd bd sung nhiing net dgi cuong vdi nhung nhifm vu cu till, tdi Dgi hdi III cua Dang, th$t su till hifn mdt budc tidn quan trpng^ frong hf quan dilm Iy lugn va td chflc thyc tidn ve dudng di Ien chu nghia xd hdi, va 15 ndm tiep flieo frd tfianh chgng dudng quan trpng de Dang vd nhdn dan ta trai nghifm, tilp tuc tim tdi dudng di ldn chu nghTa xa hpi phu hpp vdi didu kifn efla nudc ta vdi tinh tiian ddc lap, ty chu Nam 1976, chung ta phdt triin mpt budc niea dudng Idi each mang xa hdi chfl nghia dugc xdc dinh tfl Dai hdi III va dugc bd sung frong qua trinh thyc hifn, dua ca nude tidn Ien chfl nghTa xa hdi Diem phat trign mdi dupc Dai hpi IV cua Dang nhin manh, phai phat huy manh me quydn Idm chfl cua nhan ddn lao dpng; tidn hanh ddng thdi ba eufc each mang, frong each mgng khoa hpc - ky thuat Id then chdt cdng nghifp hda xa hdi chfl nghia la nhifm vu trang tam frong sudt thdi ky qua dp Dai hdi V (thdng 3-1982) efla Ddng dilu chinh mpt budc dudng Idi phat triln xd hdi Vi§t Nam theo dinh hudng xd hpi chu nghia, xac dinh nudc ta dang d chang dudng ddu cua fli6i ky qua dp vdi nhfing ndi dung cfla thdi ky qua dp Va, Dang nhdn mgnh, day la mdt qud trii^ lieh sfl - ty nhien, tuang doi ddi, trai qua nfiiiu chgng duang, khdng the chfl quan, ndng vpi, khdng the bd qua nhung budc di can thiet Ifin chfl nghTa xa hdi 2- Tai su phdt triin biin chieng cua du&ng ay tdm nhin ddi m&i Vdi Dai hdi VI cfla Dang, cdng cudc ddi mdi toan difn ddt nudc la sy danh dau budc ngo|t vd phat trien dudng ldi xay dyng ehu nghTa xa hpi, ddnh ddu budc chuyen rdt quan ttpng nhan thflc va td chflc th^rc tien dudng di len chfl nghTa xa hpi dung dan, hgp quy lugt vd hop (1) Dai tudng V6 Nguyen Giip (Chii bien); Tu ludng H6 Chi Mmh vd du&ng cdch mang Viit Nam, Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia Hi Npi, 1997, tr 97 Gdp phan tftng ket mgt so van de ly luan - thyc tien ldng ddn "D6i mdi Id mdt chidn lugc Idn dl hifn tiiyc hda ly tirdng xd hdi chfl nghTa Dd Id sy phat triln chu khdng phdi Id sy bdc bd each mgng." Ddi mdi tu duy, mpt mat, Ddng ta eu thd hda quan diem mdi ve ca edu kinh tl, vd cdng nghidp hda xa hpi chfl nghTa frong chgng dudng dautifin,chu truong didu chinh ca ciu san xuat va CO edu ddu tu, xdc dinh "ba chuang trinh kinh tl idn"; mat khac, dd xuat quan didm mdi ve cai tgo xa hdi ehfl nghia, coi day la nhifm vu tiiudng xuydn, lien tue, lau dai vdi nhiing budc di thich hop, thira nhgn sy tdn tgi cfla nhieu tiianh phan kinh tl, sy tdn tgi khach quan cua san xuat hang hda va cua thi trudng Dac bift, nhgn thflc mdi ve van de xd hdi vdi quan diem khdng chi Id chinh sdch giflp dd, frp cdp, ddu tu ma cdn Id cham Io todn difn, phdt trien vd phat huy nhan td eon ngudi dd dua chflng ta tien nhiing bude quan ttpng Do vdy, dfl chua tiie hinh dung het nhiing van de se phai tim tdi, nhung Dang ta ma khdu dgt phd vdi nhflng quan diem mdi ve chfl nghia xa hdi va dudng xdy dyng ehfl nghTa xa hpi d Vift Nam mpt each dpc dao va sang tgo Thyc tien phat trien cfla dat nudc xac nhgn tinh dflng ddn va hifu qua cua sy tim toi, khai phd cdng cua Dang ta Mge du dat nudc vdo cudi ndm 1990 ehua thoat khdi eude khung hodng kinh te - xa hpi, nhung chflng ta vdn dgt dugc nhung tuu budc dau rat quan frpng, tgo nhung tien de khdeh quan vd ly ludn va tiiyc tien cho viec xdy dyng Cuang linh xdy liipig ddt nu&c thai ky qud dp lin chu nghTa xd hgi Ndm 1991, vdi Dai hdi VII efla Dang, chiing ta tilp tyc tidn Idn bdng vifc khang dinh kien tri dudng di Idn ehfl nghia xa hdi, xae djnh sdu dde trung, bay phuang hudng eo ban chi dgo qud trinh xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi thdi ky qua dp; xae dinh nhung dinh hudng Idn chinh sdch kinh tl, ddng thdi d^i mdi hf th6ng chinh tri, phdt huy nen dan chfl xd hfi chu n ^ a Ddng ta cho ring, rihiing quan dilm dd chua thd coi Id da hodn tdt ma cdn dang qud trinh hinh thdnh va phat Tipp chf C^ng s d n tridn Hdi nghi dgi biSu toan qudc giua nhifm ky khda VE cfla Dang (thdng 1-1994) tilp tye kien gidi dudng di Ien chfl nghia xd hpi d nudc ta bdng nhftng chfl tmong cy thd, phdt tridn nhftng quan diem efla Dgi hdi VII^ tmdc hdt Id nhftng van dd ve chuyen dieh co cau kinh te theo hudng cdng nghiep hda, hifn dgi hoa; ve chinh saeh doi vdi n^n kinh te nhilu tiianh phan; ve eo ehe thi tradng cd sy qudn Iy cfla Nhd nudc, theo dinh hudng xd hdi ehfl nghTa; ve Nhd nudc phap quyen xd hdi chfl nghTa Vet Nam cua nhdn dan, nhdn ddn vd vi nhdn ddn; ve xdy dyng Ddng ngang tdm cdng cudc ddi mdi; ve giu vung ddc lap, ty ehfl vdi md cfla, hdi nhgp kinh t% qudc te Cd tiie ndi, tien trinh 15 nam ddi mdi (1986-2000) la su tiip tuc van dpng eua nhieng quan niim m&i vi chu nghta xd hpi vd eon dieang di lin ehd nghia xd hgi eua Ddng dua trin nhieng nguyen ly cda chu nghia Mde - Le-nin, tu tu&ng Ho Chi Minh, cd ki thiea nhiing nhgn thuc dung ddn md Ddng ta da tich lOy duac sudt qud trinh ldnh dgo each mgng Viet Nam tie ndm 1930, bat nguon tru&e hit vd chu yeu tu thue tiin Viet Nam Dgi hdi VIII efla Ddng (ndm 1996), fren co sd ddnh gid tmh hinh thyc hifn 10 nam ddi mdi khing dinh: thi va Iyc cfla dat nudc ta da ed sy biln ddi rd ret vl ehdt Nudc ta khdi cufc khflng hodng kinh tl - xa hdi nghiem frpng va keo ddi hon 15 ndm, edn mpt sd mdt ehua vung ehde, song da tgo dugc tidn de can thilt de ehuydn sang thdi ky phat tridn mdi: "ddy manh cdng nghifp hoa, hidn dai hda dat nude", va "con dudng di len chfl nghTa xa hpi d nude ta edng dupe xde dinh rd hon" Va Dgi hpi IX (nam 2001) efla Ddng mdt ldn niia khdng dinh tilp tyc phat frien eon dudng di len ehfl nghTa xa hdi d mdt quy md mdi vd trinh dp mdi Sdu dae frung cfla xa hdi xa hpi chu nghTa Vift Nam, hai phdt kien va quyet sdch ehinh hi quan frpng fren hai ITnh vuc frung tam va then chdt: Kinh ti thi tru&ng dinh hu&ng xa hpi ehu nghia vd xdy dymg Nhd nuac phdp quyin xd hpi chu nghia cua nhdn ddn, nhdn ddn vd VI nhdn ddn dugc thyc thi Day Id budc Sd 862 (thaiiii ndm 2014) 43 Gop phan tong ket mgt so vaui de ly lugn - thuc tien , T v p chf C ^ n g sAn tien mdi vd tu l;^ lugn va td chuc thyc tien dudng Id sy van ddng hifn thyc ddt nudc vuoif xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi Ndi nhu ddng chi tdi muc tieu Iy tudng dd;fti"con dudng la hi^ C A Ksd-ip, Uy vien Bp Chinh tri Ddng Cdng tiiuc cdn sa khai, gimi luoc t&i dudng ngdy san Li-bang: Didu chflng td hdn khd cdng rd net ddn tdi gan myctieuhan thdng qua ndng cfla Ddng cac ddng chifrongvide xfl ly hang logt qud trinh phfl dinh bidn chung: phu nhftng ddi thay dfrongnudc, khu vyc va nhdn chfl nghia tu b ^ vdi tinh each la mpt ch^ fren the gidi, ddng thdi gift gin ban sac cdch dp xa hpi, phu nhgn sy dot chdy giai dogn, pfad nhM md hinh xdy dyng chfl ngjila xd hOi kilu mgng ed vd thyctidnva ly ludn ^ Dgi hgi X (nam 2006) efla Dang quydt djnh cu, kidn tgo md hinh mdi Nd Id ket qud tdt diy mgnh cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda gan ydu cua qud trinh phat trien bifn chung tii ^h vdi phdt tridn kinh te tri thflc, md cdc khau dot hu&ng xa hpi chu nghia tdi dinh tinh xd hpi cfm phdtidptue ddi mdi the che kinh tl thi tradng nghia va dinh hinh chu nghta xa hpi Viet Nam, dinh hudng xd hdi chu nghia, ddi mdi he thdng tren nen tdng chii nghta Mdc - Le-nin, he tudn chinh tri, dao tao ngudn nhan Iyc chit Iupng Ho Chi Minh, phu hap v&i xu the phdt triin tat cao, chfl ddng vatichcue hdi nhap kinh ^ qudc yeu cua th&i dgi td, ddng thdi md rpng hap tdc qudc tifrdncdc Nhin khdi lugc sy phdt tridn dudng xS ITnh vyc khac Md hinh xa hpi xa hpi chu nghTa hdi chfl nghia Vft Nam qua gin 30 nam ddi Vft Nam gdm tam dge trung, bay phuang mdi, noi bgt nhung binh dien ca bdn: > huang l&n Ia ket qua tim tdi, thfl nghifm, Ve mi^c tiiu du&ng xd hpi chit nghta: thdm chi ed vip vdp vd sy trd gid cua mat Phdt trien mdt each thyc tl, bidn chflng va hay mgt khacfronghon 20 ndm ddi mdi; Id hifn thdng nhit tu xdy dung mdt nudc ""Viet Nam than sflc sdng cfla chfl nghia Mac - Le-nin, tu dpc lap vd thong nhdt ddn chu vd tyt vd gic tudng Hd Chi Minh d Vet Nam vl chfl nghia mgnh " di Ien chfl nghia xa hdi qua "Ddn gioii xa hfi Con dudng xa hpi chfl nghia din dugc nuac mgnh, xa hpi cdng bang, ddn chu, van bd sung vd ngdy cang hodn thifn minh " yd tdi "Ddn gidu, nu&c mgnh, ddn efm Mdc dfl vgy, nhftng vin dl ldn, ddi hdi sy cong bang, vdn minh" sang tgo mdi me, dflng ddn va hidu qud vl Ve md hinh dgc trung duang xd hpi cfm dudng xa hfi chfl nghia Viet Nam vdn la cau hdi nghta: dgt hirdc Dai hdi XI (nam 2011) cfla Ddng -Tren phuong dien chinh try Ddi mdi nhan Tdm dge trung cfla xd hdi xa hpi chfl nghia, thflc vd ly Iuan va thyc tidn vin dl Ddng lanh tdm phuang hu&ng ca ban, tdm mdi quan hi dgo cdch mang tdi Ddn^ cdm quyin gift vi tiie l&n cd tinh mdng cpt, ba khdu dgt phd chiin tru cpt cfla cdng cudc ddi mdi,frongdidu kifn luac, ba tru cot cfla sy nghifp ddi mdi, chd Nhd nudc phdp quyen xa hgi chfl ngMa cda dpng vd tich cue hpi nhgp qudc ti cd till ndi,nhdn dan, nhdn dan, vi nhdn dan, phat triln la chinh the khd todn ven, diiu kiin ndn kinh tl tiii tiirdng dinh hudng xa hpi chu eho phep vd khd nang eo the, vd dudng xa nghia, hdi nhdp qudc tl; ddi mdi td chflc, bg hdi chfl nghia Vet Nam nhdmtiiychien tiianh mdy va phuong thflc hoat dpng cua Nha nudc cdng chien luac phdt triin nhanh vd ben vOngtu lmh chinh, tap tmng theo hudng xdy dpg ddt nudc tdm nhin nhilu thgp nien tdi Nhd nu&e phdp quyin xd hpi chu nghm cdk Nhin tdng tiie thyc tiln dudng di Idn nhdn ddn, nfidn ddn, vi nhdn ddn; xay dyng chfl nghia xa hdifrdidai hon sau thgp nidn (kl va phdt trien he thdng chinh tri dit nudc tfl ndm 1954), frong dd cd ba thdp nien ddi - Trenphuong dien kinh ti: Chuydn hin nin mdi, chflng ta ed tii§ nhdn tiiiy hinh hdi, vdc kinh td van hdnh theo ca che tap trung, quan dang cfla no hifn ddnraqua mdi thdi ky Iich sfl lieu, bao cap, khdp kin sang nin kii^ ti tH van ddng ddytiidngfrdm:Tie eon dudng vdi tu tru&ng dinfi hu&ng xd hpi chu nghia h^i nh|p each Id muc tieu ly tudng (ndm 1930) tin kinh td qudc tl Ddy Id mo hinh kinh te tor^ 44 So 862 (thang nam 2014) Gdp phan t5ng kgt mgt so van de ly luan thyrc tien qudt Id nhiem vu trung tdm cfla cd thdi ky qud d^ len chfl nghia xa hpi, trg cpt eua cdng cugc ddi mdi - Tren/j/«rt7Mg diin vdn hda: Chuydn nhgn thflc va thyc tien xdy dyng ndn van hda mdi, ngudi mdi xd hdi chfl ngbia sang quan diem xdy dyng ndn van hda V f t Nam tidn tidn, dgm da ban sac ddn tdc tdi xdy dyng ndn van hda vd ngudi V e t Nam ^ p ung ydu ciu phdt tridn ben vftng ddt nudc; vdi vi tiid la nin tdng tinh thdn xd hpi Id mOt frong nhftng trg cpt eua cdng cudc ddi mdi - Trdn phuang dien xa hpi: Tfl xay dung xd hdi Vft Nam phdt tiiln toan didn tren nin mdng doan kdt chat che gifia giai cip cdng nhdn vdi giai cap ndng ddn vd ting Idp tri thflc, dd giai edp cdng nhdn Idm ndng cdt tdi phdt trien hdi hda, mgnh me vd ben vimg tren nm tdng dgi dodn kit todn ddn tpc - Trdn phuang dipn ngogi giao: Tfl Vft Nam mong mudn rdi sdn sdng ldm bgn v&i tdt cd cdc nu&c tren the gi&i tdi chu dpng, tich cue hpi nhgp qudc ti; tfl hpi nhgp Idnh ti qudc ti tdi chfl dOng vd tich cyc hpi nhdp qudc ti Ve dac diim cua dvdug di Idn chu nghia xS h^i is Vift Nam Chflng ta da trdi qua gdn 30 nam ddi mdi, bl bpn nhflng vdn dd 1^ ludn va thye ti&i vl eon dudng xa hdi chfl nghia d nude ta, kl sau Dgi hpi XI cua Ddng, cip bach phdi giai quyet M§c dii vdy, ed thi ndi: Con dudng di Ien chu nghia xd hOi d Vet Nam dang di dflng hudng, chua nhanh nhu chflng ta mong dpi Tfl cWeu sdu cua sy van ddng phflc tgp, thdm chi cd mdt nan gidi, ehua thdt hodn thidn dy, ndi bgt ldn mdt sd net dde trung sau: /- Con duang di lin chu n^hia xd hpi a Vipt Nam la duang phdt triin xd hpi co tinh chat "nit ngdn" bipn chung, phdt triin ngdn h