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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION PHUNG GIA BACH INDIA - INDONESIA RELATIONS FROM 1991 TO 2018 Major: World History Code: 9229011 DISSERTATION FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY Ha Noi – 2022 THE DISSERTATION IS COMPLETED AT HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Supervisors: Assos Prof Ph.D Van Ngoc Thanh Ph.D Vo Xuan Vinh Reviewer 1: Prof Ph.D Nguyen Van Kim Reviewer 2: Assos Prof D.Sc Tran Khanh Reviewer 3: Ph.D Le Thi Hang Nga The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-level Thesis Evaluation Committee at Hanoi National University of Education at ….hour… date….month….year 2022 The dissertation can be found at: National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi or Library of Hanoi National University of Education LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION TOPIC Phung Gia Bach, “India - Indonesia Political, Security Relations from the Cold War to now”, Vietnam Journal for Indian and Asian Studies, No 11 (96), November 2020 Vo Xuan Vinh, Phung Gia Bach, “Indonesia in India's Act East Policy - A perspective from Vietnam”, NAM Today, ISSN 2347-3193, Vol CI, No 02, February 2021 Phung Gia Bach, “India - Indonesia Economic Relations from 2005 to now”, Southeast Asian Studies, No 3, March 2021 Vo Xuan Vinh, Phung Gia Bach, “India - Indonesia Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Region: Prospects and Problems”, Online International Conference on Indo-Pacific Construct A New Regional Oder and Implications, June 2021 Van Ngoc Thanh, Phung Gia Bach, “India - Indonesia Relations under Narendra Modi’s Government”, NAM Today, ISSN 2347-3193, No 04, April 2022 INTRODUCTION The purpose of the thesis After the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Yalta Bipolar Order, the world moved and changed drastically with its own laws The events of the past nearly three decades have given us a broader and clearer view of the so-called reordering of world order and restructuring of international and regional relations There, in accordance with their own perspectives, the relations between countries in the world have changed in their strategies and policies The relationship between India and Indonesia from 1991 to 2018 is no exception to that trend It is necessary to study the India – Indonesia bilateral relationship with landmark changes during this period, contributing to clarifying its impacts on related subjects as well as regions and continents India – Indonesia relations have a history of 70 years of formation and development Close geographical distance, cultural similarities, fighting spirit for democracy and Asian – African solidarity are the main pillars of India – Indonesia relations In the context of international and regional fluctuations, the India – Indonesia relations have undergone many changes On the basis of foreign policy adjustments, both countries have promoted new strategic thinking, moving towards establishment of a strategic partnership in 2005 The results achieved by the two countries in the Post-Cold War era has so far impacted and changed the situation in Southeast Asia In the face of expanding claims and actions from China in the region, Indonesia as well as ASEAN countries have been looking for counterbalance factors to balance their influence with China Strong cooperation moves with Indonesia between 1991 and 2018 are an indication that India has positioned itself as a new security partner in Southeast Asia It can be said that the changes in the India – Indonesia relations and the results achieved thereafter are the result of changes in the world and regional situation, and the advances in this bilateral relationship can explain the changes and impacts of the regional situation in the future Because of the above reasons, the study of India and Indonesia in general, and the cooperation relationship between the two countries in the period of 1991 – 2018 in particular, especially the results of cooperation in the fields of politics and diplomacy will contribute to supplementing and explaining many important academic issues, as well as understanding the nature of this relationship through specific research problems Indonesia and Vietnam are two countries with leading strategic positions in the region and the focus of competition for influence of great powers These are also key partners in the “Look East” and the “Act East” policies of India from the Cold War to the present Therefore, the implementation of foreign policy by India with Indonesia is of special significance to Vietnam, being an important and effective consultation channel for Vietnam in foreign policy making as well as in determination of its own strategic direction in the period of deep international integration On that basis, it is necessary to study the achievements and positive results of the India – Indonesia bilateral relationship in the period of 1991 – 2018 to draw lessons and summarize the experiences, helping Vietnamese policymakers to make the right and proper decisions in the current period With the awareness of objective and urgency of the topic, and in order to contribute to clarifying the gaps in this research problem in Vietnam, we decided to choose the topic: “India – Indonesia relations in the period from 1991 to 2018” as the research topic of the thesis Research purposes and tasks 2.1 Research purposes On the basis of reviewing the India - Indonesia Relations in the period 1991 – 2018, the thesis will clarify the background, goals and motivation of this relationship, thereby draw comments and make assessments on the impact of this relationship on each country, region and Vietnam 2.2 Research tasks To achieve the above purposes, the tasks of the thesis are: - Firstly, indentifying factors affecting India - Indonesia relations in the period 1991 – 2018 - Secondly, clarifying India - Indonesia relations in a number of main fields: political – diplomacy; security – national defense; trade and investment relations; culture, science and education through two periods of 1991 – 2005 and 2005 – 2018 - Thirdly, study out the characteristics of the India - Indonesia relationship in the period 1991 – 2018 and assess the impact of this relationship on India, Indonesia, the region and Vietnam Research scope and subjects 3.1 Research subjects The research subject of the thesis is India – Indonesia relationship period from 1991 to 2018 3.2 Research scope Regarding space, the thesis studies the bilateral relationship between India and Indonesia, and at the same time refer to a number of countries and mutilateral international organizations in the Indo-Pacific region Regarding time, the scope of the thesis’s research is from 1991 to 2018 The starting point is 1991, the time when the Yalta Bipolar Order disintegrated This is also a milestone making important transitions for India, from a turning point in economic, security and foreign policy to a change in perception of the world situation These fluctuations have a great impact on India - Indonesia relations 2005 was the time when the two sides announced to upgrade their strategic partnership This is an important milestone, marking a special stage in the India - Indonesia bilateral relationship as well as in the development of each country This is also a milestone to summarize, evaluate and review the development of this relationship since the end of the Cold War, give comments, assessments and experimental lessons For the above reasons, we choose 2005 as a divergent period in the development of India - Indonesia relations In 2018, during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s official state visit to Indonesia, the two sides officially announced the upgrade of relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership This is an important milestone, marking a new development in the bilateral relationship between India and Indonesia as well as for the development of each country For the above reasons, we limit the end of the thesis to 2018 Regarding content, the thesis focuses on researching the basis and factors affecting the India Indonesia relationship, the relationship progress between the two countries in the period 1991 – 2018 in the main fields: political – diplomacy; security – natinal defense; trade and investments relations; culture, science, education References To carry out the study, we use the following reference sources: - Original documents that provide the most accurate historical content include official documents of the Governments of India and Indonesia; Annual Report of the Ministry of External Affairs of India for the period 1991 – 2018 published by the Government of India; speeches of senior leaders of the two countries, Joint Statements, agreements on politic – diplomacy, trade, security – defense, culture, education, technology…, Memorandums of Understanding cooperation between the two countries; Statistics from the Ministry of External Affairs of India, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Industry of Indonesia, the Ministry of Finance of Indonesia… These documents include the original document published on the official website of the minitries and agencies of India and Indonesia, a number of regional and international cooperation organizations such as ASEAN, IORA, NAM… Data on trade, investment, defense… are updated continuously from time to time and confirmed by the competent authorities of the two countries - Monographs, journal articles, research articles on India - Indonesia relations published in specialized journals at home and abroad, reports presented at conferences are published in recent years - Doctoral theses related to some content in India - Indonesia relations, reference information of Vietnam News Agency - The documents are published on a number of domestic and foreign websites Research methodology and methodology 5.1 Methodology The thesis is carried out on the basis of thoroughly grasping the views of Marxism – Leninism, Ho Chi Minh’s thought and the direction of the Communist Party of Vietnam on international relations issues This is the foundation for us to process sources of documents in order to analyze and evaluate the main events and research issues in the India - Indonesia relations in the period 1991 – 2018 5.2 Research methodology The thesis “India - Indonesia relations from 1991 to 2018” is a historic research topic, so the resarch methods applied in the thesis are mainly speialized research methods such as historical, logical method Through the historical method, the India - Indonesia relations in the period 1991 – 2018 will be diverged, analyzed and explained in different contents With a logical method, on the basis of available materials, the thesis will study and analyze the progress of India – Indonesia relations in the period 1991 – 2018 in the relationship and movement of regional factors, continent affects this relationship At the same time, we also use methods such as statistics, comparison, synthesis, analysis… In addition, the thesis also uses methods and theories in international relations research such as policy research methods, theoretical approaches (systems, countries, individuals) to solve the problems raised Contribution of the thesis 6.1 Scientifically - Firstly, the thesis is a relatively systematic and comprehensie study of the relationship between two mid-range countries in the Asia-Pacific Through understanding the dynamics of the India - Indonesia relationship, the thesis has a deep and complete awareness of the change in the goals and dynamics of this relationship compared to the Cold War period as well as during the Cold War period, as distinctness with other relation pairs - Secondly, the thesis draws out the impacts of this relationship with the two countries and regions, including Vietnam 6.2 Practically - Firstly, the thesis provides more useful information for researchers, diplomats and policy makers, especially in relations with India and Indonesia - Secondly, the research result of the thesis can be used as a reliable reference for domestic research and teaching related to international relations Content of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references, and appendies, the thesis includes chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review This chapter reviews the research situation on the topic, thereby clarifying the scientific results that the author will inherit and the issues that need to be supplemented Chapter 2: India - Indonesia relations from 1991 to 2005 This chapter clarifies the factors affecting India - Indonesia relations in the period 1991 – 2005, analyzes the results achieved in the relationship between the two countries in different fields Chapter 3: A new step in the development of India - Indonesia relations from 2005 to 2018 This chapter analyzes the impact of new factors, as well as developments in India - Indonesia relations from 2005 to 2018 Chapter 4: Results, characteristics and impacts of India - Indonesia relations (1991 – 2018) for each country, region and Vietnam This chapter summarizes the achieved results, limitations and makes comments on the characteristics of India - Indonesia relations; analyze the impact of this relationship on each country, region and Vietnam CONTENT CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Research situation in the country The India - Indonesia relationship is a matter of interest to many domestic scholars and researchers Below we present domesic studies related to this issue in two major content groups: The first group: Research direction on India’s foreign policy towards some regional countries and organizations From the point of view of India’s foreign policy and relations with the country and region in the period 1991 – 2000, author Tran Thi Ly edited the book “The policy adjustment of the Republic of India from 1991 to 2000”, Social Science Publishing House published in 2002 The content of the book, especially the third part “Foreign Policy Adjustment”, pointed out the change in New Delhi’s foreign policy in the new context of foreign policy, new international and regional context, clarifying the approach and strategic content in India’s diplomatic relations with major countries and important organizations The book “ASEAN in India’s Look East Policy” authored by Vo Xuan Vinh was published in chapters, through which the author mentioned the basic contents The document includes the objectives, scope, stages, implementation areas, and position of the “Look East” Policy in India’s foreign policy from 1991 to 2012 On the basis of analyzing the achievements and result achieved, the author affirms the position, role and contribution of ASEAN in the “Look East” Policy through different stages, and makes comments, assessing the impact on India, ASEAN and Vietnam - India relations in various fields The book “Looking East – A Great Stratey of India” by author Nguyen Truong Son, National Political Publishing House – Truth published in 2015, focuses on analyzing the traditional relationship between India and East Asia, outlines the key contents of India’s “Look East” Policy, affirms the change as well as positive signals of New Delhi in its foreign policy with ASEAN in general and Indonesia in particular in the post-Cold War period In 2016, the book “Indian Values in Asia” was published by the Publishing House of Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, gathering many in-depth articlesby scholars and researchers on cultural identity, diplomacy, policy of “Non-alignment”, role and position of Vietnam in India’s “Look East” Policy… The book provides more material for the author in the process of developing the thesis, especially the core contents of India’s foreign policy in the region and continent The book “India and Southeast Asia in the new international context” edited by author Tran Nam Tien, Culture and Arts Publishing House published in 2016 The book is a relatively comprehensive study on the relationship of India with the Asia-Pacific region in the twenty-first century, a basic overview of the history of formation and development of the relationship between India and Southeast Asia countries; analyze India’s interests and involvement in the East Sea; future and prospects of India - Vietnam bilateral relationship The second group: Research direction on Indonesia’s foreign policy towards some countries and regional organizations Researches on Indonesia’s foreign policy in the country are still quite limited and there has not been a specific, systematic study on this issue Author Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy with the article “Some issues in the foreign policy of the Republic of Indonesia under the regime of President Sukarno”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, No.3 (December 1993), outlined the main features of Indonesia’s foreign policy during the reign of President Sukarno, especially foreign policy aimed at consolidating national independence and enhancing Indonesia’s position in the intenational area In the book “Foreign relations of ASEAN countries” (National Political Publishing House published in1997), the authors Nguyen Xuan Son and Thai Van Long analyzed and clarified the specific foreign policy of Indonesia In particular, ASEAN countries in general and some major countries such as the US, Japan, China…, affirming that promoting foreign relations is always a consistent and cross-cutting policy of Indonesia and ASEAN countries In the doctoral thesis in history in 2019 “The process of fighting for and consolidating national independence in Indonesia (1927 – 1965)”, author Pham Thi Huyen Trang mentioned specific foreign policies of Indonesia in the period 1927 – 1965 with the aim of enhancing Indonesia’s position in the world Specifically, the author has deeply analyzed and clarified Indonesia’s foreign policies with the Netherland in order to solve the issue of Western Irian; Indonesia’s policy in relations with major countries such as the US and the Soviet Union; Indonesia’s policy towards neighboring countries and countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America The third group: Research direction on India - Indonesia relations and relations between India and Indonesia with some countries and organizations in the region This is a group of research contents that are directly related to the thesis topic The India - Indonesia relationship is a relatively new research issue in Vietnam and is almost exclusively mentioned in research papers on the relationship between India and the region and Southeast Asian countries, and some other countries, specifically: the doctoral thesis in history “India’s relations with East Asia after the Cold War” by Nguyen Truong Son (2014); article “The role of India in the national liberation movement of Indonesia”, Journal of Indian and Asian Studies, No.6, 2015(page 13-26) by Phung Thi Thao; the book “The rise of China and India: Impacts and countermeasures of East Asian countries” (2013) by author Pham Quoc Thai (edited) The India - Indonesia relationship is still more or less mentioned in a number of research works between India and ASEAN such as: the book “Asia regional cooperation: ASEAN and India factors” (National Political – Truth Publishing House in 2018) by author Ton Sinh Thanh comrehensively researches the fields of cooperation in Asia, especially emphasizing the role and importance of ASEAN as well as India in the fostering cooperative architecture in Asia is rooted in changing expectations and new sources of cooperation The book has analyzed the India - Indonesia relations in a number of different aspects such as through multilateral cooperation, its impact on ASEAN organization and countries in the region, thereby contributing to clarify some research problems 1.2 Research situation abroad Foreign scholars have paid special attention to the study of India - Indonesia bilateral relations, reflected in the number of woks as well as different issues and approaches On the basis of access to documents, we divide the overseas research into the following large content groups: The first group: Foreign Policy Studies of India and Indonesia In the international doctoral thesis ‘India and Southeast Asia: A study of India’s Foreign Policy towards the South East Asian Countries in the period 1947 – 1960” in 1963, author Ton That Thien focused on analyzing and clarifying the approach to Indian foreign policy The author asserts that in the process of implementing its foreign policy, India has a combination of both idealism and realism depending on each specific historical period The book “Rediscovering Asia: Evolution of India’s Look East Policy” by Prakash Nanda (Published by Lancer Publisher & Distributors 2003) The content of the book focuses on the basic contents of the “Look East” Policy such as: causes of formation; scope of practice; India’s “Look East” Policy At the end of the book, the author mentions the challenges and difficulties that India faces, including dealing with the increasing influence of China in the region and continent The book “Challenge and Strategy: Thinking about India’s Foreign Policy” by Rajiv Sikri authored by SAGE Publications India, published in 2009, compiled by Center for Indian Studies The work has deeply analyzed India’s foreign policy challenges from a strategic and policy-oriented perspective In particular, important and constructive factors for India’s foreign policy are clarified, especially in the context that India enters the 21st century with many changes and challenges both in the region and in the world Besides, author Baladas Ghoshal also has a monograph “China’s Percception of India’s Look East Policy and its Implacation”, No 26 (2013), Indian Institute of Defense Studies, New Delhi In it, the author has focused on clarifying the perception of China in India’s “Look East” Policy as well as its influence on India’s strategic issues in the Asia-Pacific region For India, Beijing’s policy is a decisive and important factor, having a great influence on shaping the structure of the “Look East” Policy in the Asia-Pacific region However, obstacles and disagreements with China are barriers for India to play more active role in security issues of the Asia-Pacific region The second group: Research on India - Indonesia relations in major fields The doctoral thesis of international relations “Indian - Indonesian Relations, 1961 – 1967” by author Bhagwan Dass Arora in 1973 at Jawaharlal Nehru University has outlined the India – Indonesia relationship in different aspects, from history, culture to geography and natural conditions, thereby affirming that these are important bases for the strong relationship between the two countries Author Vibhanshu Shekhar with the article “India - Indonesian Relations An overview”, Institute for the Study of Peace and Conflict, New Delhi (March 2007) has reviewed the main achievements in bilateral relations between India - Indonesia on the fields of security – defense, economy, science – technology, culture From there, make recommendations to overcome obstacles, narrow the gap to promote and develop this relationship in the future Author Pankaj K Jha, Defense Research Institute of India, with article “India - Indonesia: Emerging Strategic Confluence in the Indian Ocean Region” (May – 2008) In this article, the author asserts that India and Indonesia, as two regional powers, have close links with each other With the integration process going strong, both countries need to re-evaluate the contents of their cooperation, especially in the field of defense The signing of the Strategic Partnership Agreement in 2005 was a turning point in the bilateral relationship, creating momentum to promote the development of the India - Indonesia relations 1.3 Comments and problems for the thesis Through the presentation of the above research situation, it can be seen that the India – Indonesia relationship in general and the relationship between the two countries in the period 1991 – 2018 in particular have been interested by a number of domestic and foreign reseachers as well as achieve certain result, reflected in the number of research works as well as the diversity in different approaches Studies have some of the following problems: Firstly, studies on India’s foreign policy have shown that the factor that has a great inluence on India - Indonesia relations is the changes in foreign policy after the Cold War, when India carried out comprehensive reforms in various fields On that basis, the studies have identified changes in the positioning of foreign policy towards Southeast Asia in general and Indonesia in particular in the overall “Look East/Act East” Policy of India, while also explaining these changes from a South Asian country perspective Secondly, studies about Indonesia’s foreign policies pointed out that the key factor in Indonesia’s foreign policy that has a lot of impact on India - Indonesia relations is the specialized diplomatic orientation of the mid-range country On that basis, the authors have identified and explained Indonesia’s foreign policy priorities since the Cold War until to now Thirdly, studies reviewed the cooperation contents of the traditional relationship between India and Indonesia through specific period, point out the basis for promoting this bilateral relationship at different point s in time and in a number of specific fields such as politics – diplomacy, trade cooperation, security – defense, culture – society, multilateral cooperation Fourthly, studies of Indian scholars focus on factors affecting India - Indonesia relations, especially the influence of big country factors (US, China), analyze the prospects in the bilateral relationship that the two countries are and will face in the near future Meanwhile, many scholars in Indonesia and other countries focus on analyzing the result achieved in the political – diplomatic relations between the tw countries, on the connection between the policy “Look East/Act East” of India and “Global Maritime Fulcrum” of Indonesia On the basis of reseach results of many dometic and foreign scientists, we realize that these studies 2.1.4 Personal factors After the end of the Cold War, both India and Indonesia experienced upheaval in the political field, with changes in government and heading When senior leaders come to power, personal imprints become one of the central factors in foreign policy Since 1991, India and Indonesia have had different leaders come to power On the Indian side, the governments of Prime Ministers Narasimha Rao, Atal Bihari Vajpayee successively took power Meanwhile, on the Indonesian side, governments also have a change in senior leadership positions, with Presient Suharto, B J Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri It is to see that despite different political points of view, with their own distinctive leadership, individual leaders of India and Indonesia have the same view in building, promoting and developing bilateral relationship 2.2 Relations between the two countries in the politics and diplomacy 2.2.1 Positive changes in bilateal relations (1991 – 1999) Entering the 90s of the twenieth century, India and Indonesia promoted bilateral cooperation activities, especially diplomatic visits by leaders at all levels to maintain friendly relations between the two countries During the visits, the senior leaders of the two countries expressed theirwishto deepen the India Indonesia bilateral relationship Indonesia welcomes and actively supports India in its policy of strengthening ties with East and Southeast Asian countries Besides, in the issue of East Timor’s secession, India has supported and donated 500 tons of rice to help East Timorese families who have to move In particular, Indonesia has a moderate reaction after India conducted the Pokhran II nuclear test in 1998 (while many other countries voiced strong objections such as the US, China, Pakistan…) is an important “test” for promoting connectivity and cooperation between the two countries since the dissolution of the Yalta Bipolar Order Regarding multilateral cooperation, within the framework of the UN, the two countries have actively supported each other on many issues Indonesia was one of the early countries that supported India’s candidacy for the position of a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the period 1991 – 1992, while India also supported Indonesia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the period 1995 – 1996 2.2.2 Steps to a Strategic Partnership (2000 – 2005) On the basis of the good relationship, entering the early years of the 21 st century, the politicaldiplomatic cooperation between India and Indonesia has been strengthened and further promoted A positive signal in India – Indonesia relations during this period was the visit to Indonesia by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee from 10 to 14 January, 2001 Tradition of meetings between senior leaders of the two countries continued with the visit to India of Indonesian President Megawati Soekarnoputri (2002); meeting between Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Indonesian President Megawati Soekarnoputri in Bali, on the sideline of the Second Summit India - ASEAN (2003); meeting between Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in Vientiane (Lào), on the sideline of the Third Summit India - ASEAN (2004); meeting on the sideline of the Asia-Africa Summit as well as Bandung Conference in Jakarta of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2005) 11 2.3 Relations between the two countries in the field of security and defense 2.3.1 Bilateral cooperation in solving a number of security issues Cooperation to solve security in the Aceh province During the visit to Indonesia in January – 2001, Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee affirmed his support for Indonesia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity In response to the Indonesian side’s concerns about the separatist groups in Aceh having ties to India, the Indian side responded positively, providing evidence of links between the separatist groups in Aceh and Pakistani intelligence services Fighting against terrorism and provide humanitarian assistance, disaster mitigation In addition to traditional security, India ad Indonesia have also increased coordination in nontraditional security issues such as combating terrorism , search and resure operations, and humanitarian assistance In August 2003, India strongly condemned the terrorist attack in Jakarta – – 2004, a Memorandum of Understanding on Coopeation in Combating International Terrorism was signed in Indonesia This is also the legal basis for the India - Indonesia Joint Working Group in the field of combating terrorism was born and put into operation, with the aim of sharing intelligence, enhancing bilateral cooperation in the fight against terrorism and transnational crime, supporting and enhancing law enforcement capacity of each country 2.3.2 Defense cooperation Since the end of the Cold War, defense cooperation between India and Indonesia has been reconnected and has taken place in various aspects such as high-level visitsby the two countries’military leaders, training issues, support experts, transfer weapons… Defense foreign affairs Since 1991, there has been a series of high-level visits between the two countries’ defense ministries and militaies In particular, in 2001, the two countries signed a bilateral agreement on cooperation in the field of defense This is an important highlight, not only marking the return of cooperation between India and Indonesia in the field of defense but also affirming a positive signal from Jakarta that wants to expand cooperation with New Delhi Cooperation in training human resources This is one of the important contents of defense cooperation between India and Indonesia For many years, the experience exchange program between the militaries of the two countries has been carried out with Indonesian cadets participating in training courses under the Economic and Technical Cooperation Program (ITEC) in India, while Indian students were also sent to Indonesia to train and learn from experience 2.4 Relations between the two countries in the field of trade and investment 2.4.1 Commercial relations Trade turnover In the period 1991 – 2005, the trade relationship between India and Indonesia had a relatively rapid growth, from $212.35 million (1991) to $4.216 billion (2005), more than 56 times higher than in 1980 ($74.95 million) and 15 times more than in 1990 ($265.19 million) The reason for the impessive growth in bilateral trade turnover is due to: Firstly, India’s economic reform towards liberalization and opening up and administrative reform towards lean and efficient under the terms of Prime Ministers P V Narasimha Rao and Atal Bihari Vajpayee has brought effective results, changed the national face, and brought a new impetus to 12 India in the context of strong globalization, international linkage and cooperation Secondly, India’s private economic sector was “untied”, along with the government’s supportive and facilitating policies (establishing a credit guarantee fund, stabilizing the macro economy…) to expand exports, strengthen trade relations with new partners, including Southeast Asian countries and Indonesia Thirdly, the stability in political – diplomatic relations creates a good premise for the two countries to expand bilateral trade turnover in the post-Cold War era Regarding the share of trade, the ratio of trade in exports and imports of India with Indonesia in the period 1996 – 2005 is still low While the value of good exported to Indonesia accounted for only 1.59% of the total value of India’s export (2004 – 2005), the value of imports from Indonesia only accounted for 2.34% of the total value imported goods from India Commercial structure Structure of India’s export to Indonesia: India’s export to Indonesia are mainly by-products of the food industry and processed animal feed; iron and steel; cereals; cotton; organic chemical; oil seed; oleaginous fruit, mixed cereals, seeds, fruits, medicinal or industrical plants, straw and fodder; nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery equipment; dyes and tanning, tanning products, pigments, paints, inks Structure of Indonesia’s export to India: According to statistics, the following three commodity groups have accounted for more than half of India’s import value from Indonesia, including: oils and animal or vegetable origin, breakdown products, fats, and waxes of origin, cleavage products, fats, waxes of animal or vegetable origin; minerals, petroleum, distillates and organic chemicals These are the products that Indonesia has the strength to develop, especially the palm oil industry and the oil and the gas extraction industry 2.4.2 Investment Entering the 90s of the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first century, India’s FDI projects in Indonesia have been unstable increase and decrease over the years, from project (1991) to 28 projects (2004), with the total approved value from $1 million (1991) to $66.8 million (2004), then reduced to 18 projects and only reached the value of $31.1 million (2005) Despite being affected by the Asian financial crisis (1997), Indian businesses still overcame the impact and expanded their investments in Indonesia, reflected in the number of FDI projects and the total approved value approved in 1998 and 1999 To promote and create a mechanism for investors, India and Indonesia discussed, reached an agreement and signed the Treaty of Investment Promotion and Protection (BIP) in February 1999 This is the basis for the two sides to continue promoting promotion activities, attracting FDI capital, expanding and exploiting the available potentials between the two sides in the coming years Meanwhile, Indonesian investment in India is still modest From August 1991 to the end of 2005, Indonesia invested FDI in India with a total value of Rs 1386.31 million, equivalent to about $30.32 million, accounting for 0.11% of total FDI investment value of India, ranked 34th out of 113 countries and territories investing in India 2.5 Relations between the two countries in the fields of culture, science and education With a tradition of democracy, a pluralistic, mutil-ethnic society and a sense of self-reliance, both India and Indonesia have actively and promoted cooperation activities, linking culture, science and society in the post-Cold War era In terms of culture, it can be seen that the interaction between India and Indonesia occurs naturally, proactively and deeply However, the process of cultural exchange between the two countries has only truly 13 become comprehensive and conscious since India and Indonesia signed the Cultural Exchange Program (CEP) for the period 1997 – 1999 within the framework of the Cultural Exchange Program (December – 1996) Regarding science, during the visit of the Prime Minister of India to Indonesia (January – 2001), the two sides signed a Memorandum of Understanding in the field of sience and technology, creating a basis for promoting bilateral cooperation in this field Regarding education, India has supported the training and development of human resources for Indonesiain a number of key areas under framework of the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC), Colombo Plan and Scheme Culture Sub-conclusion of chapter The period from 1991 to 2005 witnessed changes in the India - Indonesia relationship, thereby confirming the goals and motivations of these countries in the post-Cold War international relations system It can be affirmed that cooperation activities in the political-diplomatic field are considered as central in the bilateral relationship between India and Indonesia in the period 1991 – 2005, creating a presime and driving force for coopeation in the fields of bilateral relations, especially in security – defense cooperation; trade and investment; culture; society The common spirit of the leaders of the two countries is to maintain a friendly, trustful and sincere relationship on the basis of inheriting past values and adapting to the new situation, continents and regions In the context of the world and the region with many fluctuations, advantages and challenges, opportunities and difficulties, both India and Indonesia need to make more efforts to exploit and bring into full play their potential, deepening the relationship, substantive and effective, promoting connections beyond political-diplomatic cooperation, deepening trade and investment development, encouraging cooperation in cultural, scientific and social exchanges, thereby laying the basic foundation for elevating the India Indonesia strategic relationship in the coming decades CHAPTER NEW STEP IN THE INDIA - INDONESIA RELATIONS FROM 2005 TO 2018 3.1 New fatocrs affecting India - Indonesia relations in the early years of the 21 st century 3.1.1 International, regional and some influential factors International context The international situation in the early years of the twenty-first century continued to undergo drastic changes One of them is the change of the world balance of forces with the strong rise of China After decades of rapid economic growth, in 2010, China overtook Japan to become the world’s second largest economy after the US From the economic scale reached US$2,286 billion in 2005, China’s economic scale reached US$ 13,895 billion in 2018 Based on the inreasing economic and military strength, China has implemented a strategy to change the world power structure, challenge US superpowers, using “soft power”, benefit trade economy to gather forces, increase binding about politics and security for other countries Besides terrorism, a series of other global security problems have emerged such as climate change, enviromental pollution, water depletion, use of biological weapons, epidemics, illegal migration, 14 transnational crime These challenges can cause a country, a social institution to collaspe without any military action The perception of non-traditional security reflects the changing perception of people about security and the expansion of the conotation of the concept of national security It can be seen that security threats are inreasingly complex, not only limited to one country but also transnational, requiring the efforts of many countries to respond to challenges of non-traditional security Regional situation In the early years of the 21 st century, the international situation experienced many complicated and unpredictable changes, especially in the Asia-Paific region Strategic friction is actue in the region through new forms of force consolidation led by the US and China After a long series of war from Afghanistan (2001) to Iraq (2003) as well as the world economic crisis in 2008, the US was relatively weak while China rose and narrowed the balance of forces both economically and militarily with the US, especially after the 19th National Congress, when China widely propagated the idea of “Community of Cooperation mission”, calling on countries in the region to build the Asian Economic Community as the basis, taking the ASEANChina relationship as a basic model In respone, after entered the White House in 2017, President Donald Trump considered China as a “strategic competitor” and “the most serious, long-term challenge” to the US Major power factors The US is a major power factor that has an important influence on India - Indonesia relations in the early years of the 21st century Based on the “Axis and Spokes” structure, the US has implemented the “Rebalancing” and “Indo-Pacific” strategies with a focus on Southeast Asia In the process, the US has promoted bilateral relations with Indonesia through a series foundation actions The democratic transition in Indonesia, along with the desire of the US to have more allies in the fight against terrorism since 2001, are the driving forces behind the re-connection in the field of bilateral security cooperation Along with the US, China is a factor that has a great impact on India - Indonesia relations in the first decades of the 21st century This is a neighboring country with both India and Indonesia With the fulcrum of a strong increase in economic, defense, scientific and technical potentials, China has made efforts to promote its “Going out” strategy since 2002 3.1.2 Situation inside each country India situation The first decades of the 21 st century witnessed many geo-political and strategic changes in South Asia As an emerging country in the region and also with leadership ambitions in South Asia, India has intensified its strategies to strengthen ties with countries in the region such as the Initiative SAGAR, “Act East” Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision Besides, India is also greatly affected by the great power competition taking place in South Asia, creating an enviroment of both competition and cooperation between countries In the early years of the twenty-first century, India adjusted its foreign policy, implemented a comprehensive foreign policy with economic diplomacy as the focus… in order to enhance its international position and influence in the region and the world, creating a peaceful and stable enviroment to promote sustainable economic development, creating a new position and force in international relations The change of “Look East” Policy to “Act East” Policy is a typical example of the adjustment of India’s foreign policy in the new period Indonesia situation 15 The fluctuations and strategic competition among major powers in Southeast Asia have had important impacts on Indonesia, creating both opportunities and challenges for the country in the new period The competition between major countries, whether it is increasing engagement for cooperation or controlling each other’s influence, also forces Indonesia to make adjustments to its strategic autonomy, develop a balanced relationship but still keep the distance Strengthening relations with countries, including India, while effectively exploiting the geo-strategic position in the region is necessary, thereby ensuring the implementation of Indonesia’s strategies in the first decades of the 21 st century 3.1.3 Personal factor India and Indonesia are both considered as well-run democracies in the world, with republican institutions and political pluralism, allowing the head of the country to have both real power and cerremonial power permission The traditions of both India and Indonesia, which are distinguished by the personal imprints of their leaders, have continued at this stage Basically, the succession of governments in the two countries in the period 2005 – 2018 has a direct and obvious impact on bilateral relations Politicans and leaders, with their own imprints and qualities, have taken power and made new decisions for the country, including adjusting the foreign policy Both India and Indonesia have had a similar transition of power from top leaders to each other If counted during this period, bilateral relations took place under the leaders Manmohan Singh (two terms, 2004 – 2014), Narendra Modi (2014 – 2019; 2019 – now) as well as Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (two terms, 2004 – 2014), Joko Widodo (2014 – 2019; 2019 – now) 3.2 Relations between the two countries in the field of politics and diplomacy 3.2.1 Declare Strategic Partnership (December – 2005) - important turning point for the comprehensive development period of India - Indonesia relations Strategic Partnership is a term that defines the relationship between the two countries with the central and key nature, creating a relationship and bonding of interests that are relatively sustainable in a specific period of time With India and Indonesia, building a Strategic Partnership has been going on for a long time By 2005, the necessary elements had appeared, creating an important premise for the two sides to upgrade their relationship On that basis, the event marking a new turning point in bilateral relations between India and Indonesia in this period is the state visit of Indonesian President Bambang Yudhoyono to India in the days 21-24, December – 2005 The two sides signed a Bilateral Declaration, establishing a Strategic Partnership (NSP) on the basis of sharing demoratic values and political pluralism The establishment of a New Strategic Partnership between India and Indonesia opens an important stage in bilateral cooperation between the two countries, an opportunity to promote close diplomatic ties, strengthen defense cooperation, enhance trade cooperation, expand scientific cooperation, strengthen exchange, connect culture, education and society 3.2.2 Diplomatic activities Diplomatic relations between the two countries continue to be consolidated and strengthened after the establishment of relations Strategic Partership (2005) Two years later, to June – 2007, two countries signed Action Plan in order to upgrade New Strategic Partnership in Jakarta (Indonesia) to promote the substantive implementation of the document signed in 2005 To January – 2011, during‘s visit to India of Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yodhoyono, two sides have signed Statement: Vision for the Strategic Partnership over the coming decades October – 2013, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had a third visit to Indonesia In an atmosphere of friendship, sincerity and solidarity, the two leaders has signed Statement: 16 Initiative to promote India – Indonesia Strategic Partnership Continuing the momentum of the bilateral relationship, during the Preident Joko Widodo’s visit to India (December – 2016), two sides have signed India – Indonesia Statement In 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi President Joko Widodo has signed Declaration for upgrading the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between India and Indonesia Regarding multilateral cooperation, India and Indonesia have actively coordinated closely and continued to support each other at international forums, including the United Nations India is one of the countries that supported Indonesia’s candidacy for a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in the period 2007 – 2008 And Indonesia supported India to become a member of the Human Rights Council for term 2006, 2007, 2011 – 2014, 2014 – 2017; supported India was a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in the period 2011 – 2012; a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council Extended Both countries also share the same views on UN peacekeeping operation 3.3 Relations between the two countries in the field of security – defense 3.3.1 Cooperation to solve security issues Balance with strategy “StringPearl” of China in the Indian Ocean Indian Ocean is the world’s third largest ocean, has a special geo-strategic location, focusing on important shipping, trade and enegy routes with more than 75% global maritime trade and 50% enery of region goes throught here China – with its ambitions, has taken the strategy “String Pearl” since 90s of the twentieth century Faced with that situation, the New Delhi government has taken concrete steps on the platform of “Act East” Policy In addition to accelerating the modernization of its navy, India has fostered connectivity with the nations in areas of cooperation in the Indian Ocean, such as: has signed The Strategy Vision of IndoPacific with US (January – 2015), Meorandum of Understanding on upgrading airport and seaport facilities on the island Agalesga with Mauritius (2015), Indian Oean Reigonal Strategic Vision Agreement with France (March – 2018) India also strengthens ties with ASEAN countries, of which Indonesia is a focus Cooperation in the fight against money laundering, drug, and drug trafficking and transnational crime Patrols in the area of the International Sea Cost on the Andaman Sea (with an area of about 236 natural miles) continued to be carried out for the purpose of ensuring maritime security and safety, and fighting against smuggling and piracy Up to the time October – 2018, there were 28 bilateral patrols carried out by the two navies in the period 2005 – 2018 3.3.2 Defense cooperation Defense foreign affairs In new stage, the Strategic Partnership between India and Indonesia continued to maintain the momentum of deelopment, the bilateral defense cooperation received consensus from the leaders of the two sides to promote this relationship to develop an go into the depth, substantive and affective The most important point is two sides have signed the Defense Cooperation Agreement (DCA) in 2018, provide the basis for promoting bilateral dialogue, intelligence exchange, military training, cooperation in the field of humanitarian, disaster reduction, peacekeeping operations and medical assistance and provision… Taking part the joint exercise military The period from 2005 to 2018 Indonesia has participated in the MILAN exercise three times, while the Indian side has sent forces to participate in the trilateral joint exercise between India, Indonesia and Japan in 17 Jakarta (2016) 3.4 Relations between the two countries in the field of trade and investment 3.4.1 Commercial relations Bilateral trade turnover India - Indonesia To further promote bilateral trade cooperation, during the visit to Inia of the Indonesian President (December – 2005), two sides have signed Memorandum of Understanding in establishing a Cooperaion Committee to consider and propose measures to promote and expand trade values, towards the establishment of a comprehensive economic cooperation treaty (CECA) In addition, Joint Study Group was established to provide an overview of India – Indonesia economic relations, analyze investment opportunities and cooperation between the two countries, and recommend and propose measures to promote trade in goods and services as well as in other economic sectors In general, from 2005 – 2006 to 2011 – 2012 continued to witness the prosperity of bilateral trade turnover between India and Indonesia as it increased from $USD 4.388 billion (2005 – 2006) to $21.442 billion (2011 – 2012), increase $17.054 billion Despite the negative impact from the world financial crisis, bilateral trade turnover from 2005 – 2006 to 2011 – 2012 still have positive growth At this stage, the trade balance is completely tilted towards Indonesia Commercial structure Structure of India’s export to Indonesia: According to statistics, the structure of Indian goods exported to Indonesia in the period from 2005 to 2018 has had certain changes Accordingly, the main products of India such as by-products of the food industry, animal feed, minerals, petroleum and distillate products, bitumen… can no longer maintain the leading position in the structure of exports to Indonesia Structure of Indonesia’s export to India: According to statistics, from 2005 – 2006 to 2017 – 2018, the leading position in the structure of Indonesia’s exports to India is the group of mineral fuels , crude oil and petrochemical product, bitumen… reached the highest value in 2014 – 2015 with $7.497 billion The proportion of this group of goods in the structure of Indonesia’s good exports to India also rises from 27.3% (2005 – 2006) to 36.5% (2017 – 2018) The increase in the proportion of this group of goods is due to the rapid increase in energy demand of this South Asian country 3.4.2 Investment Entering the first decade of the 21 st century, the two sides have promoted and expanded bilateral investment cooperation promotion activities The period 2014 – 2018, the total value of India’s new FDI projects invested in Indonesia is $518.1 million, accounting 0.34% investment value FDI to Indonesia, ranked 23rd in 143 countries and territories invested in Indonesia In the opposite direction, the period from April – 2000 to December – 2018, the total value investment FDI of Indonesia to India reached S629.11 million, accounting 0.15% value investment FDI to India, ranked 27 th in 163 countries, territories invested in India 3.5 Relations between the two countries in the fields of culture, science and education On the basis of early connections, with a long historical tradition, in the first decades of the 21 st century, both India and Indonesia identified promoting and expanding cooperation in this field, taking cultural cooperationand scientific and social connection as important ways to develop bilateral relations Regarding culture, cooperation mechanisms and organizations have been established, acting as a 18 bridge to promote cooperation between India and Indonesia such as Cultural Exchange Programme (CEP), Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Centre (JNICC) in Jakarta and Bali , Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)….Through it, cultural cooperation activities between India and Indonesia take place excitingly, diversely and richly in many different forms Regarding science, cooperation between India and Indonesia in the space field continues to be maintained and has new developments in 2006 Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has expanded its facilities at Biak (Papua, Indonesia) with the construction of a second ground command, control center for satellites Regarding society, in the field of tourism, the number of Indonesian tourists to India during this period continues to grow from 16,990 people (2006) has increased 35,084 people (2016) Meanwhile, the propotion of Indonesian tourists from Southeast Asian countries to India has decreased from 6.03% (2006) to 4.70% (2016) Regarding education, scholarships under ITEC Programme, Colombo Plan, Scheme Culture continued In 2011, the first meeting of the India - Indonesia Education Cooperation Committee was held in New Delhi under the direction of the Indian Minister of Human Resource Development and the Indonesian Minister of National Education Sub-conclusion of chapter The rapid changes of the world and regional situation have had a profound impact on India Indonesia relations in the period 2005 – 2018 Overall, India - Indonesia relations increases in-depth, substantive and effective In which, the brightest point is the establishment of Strategic Partnership (2005) and lately has upgraded Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2018) In the context the two countries are promoting cooperation, the bilateral relationships has been increasingly consolidated with outstanding achievements, thereby affirming the typical and continuous nature of the cooperation model between the two countries in two adjacent geographical areas Although there is an imbalance between the fields of cooperation in Strategic Partnership India - Indonesia relationships during this period, but it is only temporary and the achievements are major and positive The achievements achieved during this period will be the fundamental driving force for the strong development of bilateral relations in the future CHAPTER RESULTS, CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACTS OF INDIA - INDONESIA RELATIONSHIPS (1991 – 2018) 4.1 Results in India - Indonesia relationships (1991 – 2018) 4.1.1 Main results Upgrading the bilateral relationship to a Strategic Partnership (2005) and Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2018) This is the biggest and most important result achieved by India and Indonesia in the period 1991 – 2018 Until the late 1980s, due to the impact of the Cold War and the Chinese factor, India - Indonesia relations deteriorated in almost all fields, including politics-diplomacy From 1991 onwards, with the end of the Cold War, India - Indonesia relations had new changes Basically, unil 2000, the India – Indonesia 19 relations continued to improve, reflected in a number of diplmatic visits as well as the giving of joint or separate views on a number of issues, regional and international intersests This creates an important premise for the two sides to upgrade their bilateral relations to a new height in the coming years Promoting the legal foundation and cooperation mechanism If before 2005, the main legal basis for the development of India - Indonesia relations was mainly through multilateral cooperation, with Indonesia’s Declaration at the Third Conference of the ARF Forum in Jakarta (July – 1996), Framework Agreement between ASEAN and India on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (2003) then at a later stage, the legal foundation of this relationship has been strengthened in both quantity and legal value Besides, cooperation mechanisms between India and Indonesia have also been expanded and enriched The scope of cooperation is expanded, some areas of cooperation are promoted with a deeper level India - Indonesia relations has been expanded into a series of new fields, especially in the period from 2005 to 2018, when the two sides establish a Strategic Partnership New areas of cooperation between the two sides can be mentioned such as: cooperation in the field of new and renewable energy; cooperation in oil and natural gas; improve capacity to prevent natural disasters, earthquakes and tsunamis; cooperation in the fight against drugs and cross-border crimes; cooperation in the fields of agriculture, pharmaceuticals and civil aviation… Security and defense cooperation has made substantial progress In the India - Indonesia relations, security – defense cooperation is always one of the priority areas By 2018, the field has achieved some tangible and substantive results 4.1.2 Some limitations of India - Indonesia relations durnig the period 1991 – 2018 In addition to the achievements, the India - Indonesia relations still has some limitations and difficulties in the period from 1991 to 2018 India - Indonesia relations lacking and weak in many aspects Infastructure connectivity, especially in the transport sector between India and Indonesia is very limited In the tourism sector, although a number of flights have been opened to connect cities between India and Indonesia, the number of Indonesian tourists to India is still quite modest In 2001, the number of Indonesian tourists to India is only 7,767 people, 2016 rises 35,084 people In the field of education cooperation, although every year the Indian government grants scholarships through ITEC Programme, Colombo Plan…for Indonesian students, but the effect has not been achieved as expected In the field of science, bilateral cooperation between India and Indonesia has achieved certain results but is still modest Investment cooperation is still limited Although there have been efforts to promote from both sides, with investment promotion activities carried out by different agencies and departments, the investment activities of the two countries are still limited, not commensurate with the potential for cooperation 4.2 Character of India - Indonesia relations (1991 – 2018) 20 Firstly, India - Indonesia relations is the relationship between the power country and the mid-range country Bilateral cooperation mechanisms are increasingly diversified, with friendly visits by senior leaders, ministries, branches and localities of the two countries The political need of both India and Indonesia is to increase focus on similarities, close ties, frank discussions and strategic trust building Secondly, there are imbalances between the fields of India – Indonesia bilateal relations, in which trade and invetment cooperation is the weakest link, while political-diplomatic cooperation remains the centerpiece With the end of the Cold War, the world situation has changed a lot with the emergence of new trends One of those trends is that countries shift from an arms race and political-military confrontation to focus on economic development However, the cooperation in the field of trade and investment between India and Indonesia is still modest Thirdly, India - Indonesia relations during the period 1991 – 2018 is at the level between First and Tight Connection Based on the above analytical framework, it can be seen that the India - Indonesia relationship during the period of the thesis metioned is at the level of close connection, with the two sides having upgraded their strategic partnership since 2005, but the realization of political agreement between the two countries has not yet been promoted and strongly developed 4.3 Impacting of India - Indonesia relations (1991 – 2018) for each country 4.3.1 For India For politic-diplomacy: The India - Indonesia bilateral relationship is one of the basic foundations for the implementation “Look East” Policy and “Act East” Policy of the governemnt New Delhi since the Cold War until now With the support of Indonesia, India has added an important “bridge” in returning to Southeast Asia, strengthening cooperation with ASEAN, affirming its role, and becoming a more active voice here This is even more meaningful when China is always looking for ways to increase its influence and promote its foreign policy with Southeast Asian countries For economic-trade: Cooperation with Indonesia in this area brings many positive things to India First of all, Indonesia is an important gateway for India businesses to access the vast Southeast Asian market with about 650 million people, especially when the ASEAN Economic Community was formed in 2015 For security-defense: From a security perspective, the good relationship with Indonesia also brings positive impacts for India During a difficult time when India was embargoed by many countries related to Porkhan II nuclear test (1998), Indonesia took steps to mediate and defuse criticisms aimed at India at the ARF This is really necessary, an “ice-breaking” action, to help India get out of isolation and thereby contribute to ensuring its national security 4.3.2 For Indonesia For politic-diplomacy: The promotion of relations with India also contributes to enhancing Indonesia’s position in bilateral and multilateral forums, especially in ASEAN ASEAN’s expansion of cooperation with major countries, including India, once again affirms Indonesia’s value in promoting the central role of this organization when the international context still has many challenges, volatility For economic-trade: Promoting economic cooperation with India has brought many benefits to the 21 Indonesian economy In termsof trade in goods, India is a large market for Indonesian agricultural products Besides, India is one of the leading countries in the world, with strengths in many fields such as information technology, telecommunications, digital connectivity India’s strength is a system of modern research institutes and technology centers with a team of highly qualified experts and technicians that can meet the needs of human resource training, spearhead industrial development, Indonesian high technology For security-defense: Relations with India during this period helped strengthen and secure Indonesia’s security For Indonesia, the events of 1998 with the fall of the Suharto government left many worrying consequences: conflicts on the streets of Jakarta; secessionist movement in Aceh, East Timor; the resurgence of Islamic extremism India is one of the pioneering countries, taking the lead in supporting Indonesia to solve the above problems 4.4.1 For region Promoting the building of a security architecture and multilateral cooperation for the region In the context of the rapidly evolving and complicated regional situation, competition between great powers, disputes in the East Sea, non-traditional challenges such as climate change, migration issues, terrorism The bigger it is, the more bilateral cooperation between India and Indonesia has had a certain influence in building the security structure of the region as well as creating a stable environment, contributing to preventing conflicts, promoting the development of regional security, counter threats and promote the maintenance of regional peace and prosperity Increasing the involvement of major powers in the regional situation India’s promotion of relations with Indonesia in particular and ASEAN in general also aims to strengthen its influence in the region in competition with other powers In terms of strategic competition, this is a factor that can cause unpredictable variables for the region, especially when other major powers are also inreasing their influence here 4.4.2 For Vietnam As a country with an important geostrategic position,Vietnam is the “destination” of both India and Indonesia in multilateral diplomacy The impact of India – Indonesia relations on Vietnam is therefore multifaceted and multidimensional with both advantages and challenges Firstly, relations with India and Indonesia are a boost to Vietnam’s policy of equal and mutually beneficial cooperation Secondly, India has significant interest in promoting cooperative relations with both Indonesia and Vietnam through different stages Thirdly, the changes in Indonesia’s policy towards the India partnership also lead to hints of foreign policy implications for Vietnam, especially the policy of the middle country Fourthly, India - Indonesia relations bring two-sided impacts, both positive and negative, opportunities and challenges for Vietnam Sub-conclusion of chapter India – Indonesia relations in the period 19991 – 2018 achieved many important results in the coopeation process between the two sides In which, the most prominent result is that the bilateral relationship has been upgraded to Strategic Partnership (2005) and Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2018) Although there are still limitations and difficulties, but with the achieved results, the relations between the two countries in this period still progressed in a more favorable and comprehensive trend, makin a significant contribution to the development of India as well as Indonesia 22 In the process, the India - Indonesia relationship bears the distinctive features of the relationship between the two mid-range countries in two adjacent geographical regions, with asymmetry in the areas of cooperation between the two sides, when trade and investment cooperation is the weakest link, while political cooperation – diplomacy is still the center Besides, India - Indonesia cooperation is also at the level of close connectivity The relationship between Vietnam and India and Indonesia is inherited with good values in the past In the context of complicated local disputes and conflicts, and unstable political-security situation, Vietnam needs to flexibly and actively apply diplomatic principles to exploit opportunities as well as advantages that this relationship brings, while minimizing risks and negatives from these countries, thereby creating new impetus for more sustainable development in the future CONCLUSION From studying the India – Indonesia relations in the period of 1991 – 2018, we draw the following conclusions: The India – Indonesia relations in the period of 1991 – 2018 were strongly influenced by many objective and subjective factors in both positive and negative directions Objective factors include: drastic changes in the international and regional context; interaction between major countries in the region such as United States of America and China Subjective factors can include: historical and cultural background of cooperation; adjustment of foreign policies of the two countries; and internal needs of each country in developing cooperative relations From a comparative perspective, it can be seen that subjective factors play an important role, influencing the development direction of India – Indonesia relations On the basis of the trust between the two countries with the convergence of strategic interests, and in the context of the world and the region being mobilized with many different developments, the priority choice of India to strengthen cooperation with Indonesia as one of the focal points in Look East and Act East policies will be a decisive factor in promoting and building strategic trust with Southeast Asia in general and with Indonesia in particular Nearly three decades after the Cold War, the political – diplomatic relations between India and Indonesia have made remarkable developments The two parties have maintained a relationship with understanding, sincerity and trust On that basis, the relationship has been upgraded to a Strategic Partnership in 2005, followed by a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2018 On the basis of the achieved political – diplomatic results, with the available potential and the trust between the two countries based on the convergence of strategic interests, the India – Indonesia relations has been being on a solid foundation for expansion, promotion and deepening of strategic meaning and to bring this bilateral relationship to a more comprehensive development The period from 1991 to present has marked strong and extensive strides in the trade relations between the two countries Indonesia has been currently the largest trading partner of India in Southeast Asia The value of two-way trade turnover has reached 20,401 billion USD (in 2017 – 2018), of which India has exported to Indonesia 3,963 billion USD and imported from this country 16,438 billion USD The enterprises of the two countries also actively seek investment opportunities, expand markets, and cooperate with each other Besides, the general development of India – Indonesia trade relations during this period also shows great challenges for New Delhi such as the growing trade deficit with Indonesia, the modest value of 23 bilateral investment, the existence of market protection in some industries … which will certainly affect the harmonization of economic interests of this South Asian country in the future The India – Indonesia relations in the period of 1991 – 2018 have achieved certain results in different fields In particular, the political – diplomatic relations between the two countries are demonstrated in a variety of ways through high-level talks between the leaders of the two countries, meetings of the leaders of ministries and departments and other forms such as people-to-people diplomacy, parliamentary cooperation, etc with bilateral and multilateral mechanisms … Agreements, treaties, declarations, communiques and other documents having been signed from both sides create a legal foundation, as a guiding basis for bilateral cooperation activities in many other fields such as trade, investment, defense, science – technology, culture – art, multilateral cooperation, etc If political – diplomatic relations inherit the foundations from the previous period, trade relations will also prosper However, the trade deficit in import and export between India and Indonesia is one of the outstanding problems in bilateral trade relations It leads to the overdependence of the Indian economy on Indonesia and also the disadvantages in economic, financial and social aspects, especially it always contains unpredictable risks and uncertainties In addition, investment cooperation between India and Indonesia has been still being at a modest level, not commensurate with their potential and development prospects Besides, security, defense, and culture – art relations have also had developed steps contributing to enhancing mutual trust and understanding Renewable energy cooperation, capacity building for natural disaster prevention, and local cooperation program have become promising areas for bilateral cooperation The India – Indonesia relations in the period of 1991 – 2018 had crucial impacts on each country, each region and the world These impacts are of course multifaceted and mutually influencing It can be seen that the India – Indonesia relations have created a strategic balance with China, United States of America, Russia, … and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, thereby creating a mechanism for controlling and restraining conflicts, reducing the risk of war, helping the situation in the region and continent become more stable and balanced, creating conditions to actively address the hot spots here The similarity of stances between India and Indonesia in the fight against international terrorism, maritime security and safety assurance, natural disaster reduction, climate change prevention, etc are significant contributions to peace, stability and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region The India – Indonesia relations over the past nearly three decades has been seen as a typical model of cooperation of mid-level countries in international relations with continuity, stability and almost no conflict The movement of this bilateral relationship also leaves useful lessons and suggestions for countries in planning strategic foreign policy, especially countries located in crucial geo-strategic areas such as Vietnam The most important lesson is that: in order to best protect the national interests, it is required to not only come from strategic missions and specific historical circumstances of the country to determine the right direction and foreign strategy, but also correctly determine the basic characteristics of the international situation from time to time for long-term interests 24 ... of 1991 – 2005 and 2005 – 2018 - Thirdly, study out the characteristics of the India - Indonesia relationship in the period 1991 – 2018 and assess the impact of this relationship on India, Indonesia, ... events and research issues in the India - Indonesia relations in the period 1991 – 2018 5.2 Research methodology The thesis “India - Indonesia relations from 1991 to 2018” is a historic research topic,... be supplemented Chapter 2: India - Indonesia relations from 1991 to 2005 This chapter clarifies the factors affecting India - Indonesia relations in the period 1991 – 2005, analyzes the results