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DU6NG LOI PHAT TRIEN DAO TAO NGHE CIJA DANG QUA NtlCNG GIAI DOAN LICtI SLi TS.VQXuan Hung Vien trudng Vien Nghien edu Khoa hge dgy nghi Tom tat Vdi vai trd quan trgng dao tao cdng nhan, nhan lUc lao ddng true tiep cho phat trien kinh te - xa hgi dat nudc, han 60 nam qua, sudt qua trinh phat trien, dao tao nghe Viet Nam ludn cd su quan tam lanh dao, chi dao cua Oang SU quan tam dUgc the hien rd net, thdng qua Fvlghj quyet cua cac ky Dai hdi Dang toan qudc tCf Dai hdi dai bleu toan qudc lan thU 11 cua Dang Lao dgng VietNam (nam 1951) den (Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thuf XII cua Oang nam 2016) Tdkhoa: Dao tgo, dao tgo nghi, Dgi hoi Dang, cdng nhdn, ngUdi lao dong Abstract With an important role in the training of workers, direct labor workforce to serve for socioeconomic development o f t h e country, vocational training in Vietnam has been continuously received much attention from the Party during its development process in over the past 60 years This attention was clearly shown in the resolutions ofthe National Party Congress from 2"' National Party Congress of National Labor Party of Vietnam (1951) until now (12"' National Party Congress in 2016) Keywords: Training, vocational training, the Congress Party, workers, laborers O ao tao nghe Viet Nam cd ljch sCf phat trien kha lau ddi, gan lien vdi sU phat trien cua cac lang nghe truyen thong, cua san xua't ndng nghiep va qua trinh cdng nghiep hda Trong tie'n trinh Ijch sU, ke til sau nam 1945, vdi nhieu bie'n ddng, nha't la trai qua cac cudc chie'n tranh vi dai cua dan tdc, cdng vdi cdng cudc Odi mdi, edng tac dao tao nghe eung cd nhieu sU bien ddng Tuy nhien, sudt qua trinh ay Dang ta ludn quan tam tdi phat trien dao tao nghe, the hien rd qua Nghj quyet cua cac ky Dai hdi Dang toan qudc Giai doan 1950 - 1955 - Ogi hgi Idn thd II cda Bdng Day la giai doan ca nUdc tap trung vao cudc khang chien trudng ky ehdng thuc dan Phap Tuy nhien, khdng vl the, ma giao due, dao tao bj coi nhe Chi'nh cUang cua Oang Lao ddng Viet Nam thdng qua tai Oai hgi Dai bieu toan qudc lan thU II cua Dang, thang 2/1951, Dang ta da xac djnh [6] KHOAHOCDAYNGHE "Ngudi Idnh dgo each mang Id giai cdp edng nhdn", vay, chinh sach van hda giao due giai doan la "Thu tieu ngn mil ehCf, eai edeh ehi gido due, mdmang ede trUdng ehuyin nghiep" Nhu vay, song song vdi giao due, tCf dau nhQng nam 1950, Dang da quan tam den mang ludi ca sd dao tao nghe nghiep (eac trudng chuyen nghiep) Giai dogn 1955 - 1975 - Dgi bgi Idn thd 111 cda Ddng Giai doan nay, Oang ta da xac djnh can phai thuc hien ddng thdi hai nhiem vu: Xay dung ehu nghTa xa hgi d mien Bac va dau tranh thdng nhat nudc nha d mien Nam Nghj quyet cua Oai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thU III cua Dang Lao ddng Viet Nam (nam 1960) da de Ke hoach nam lan thCr nhat (19611965) dd nhCJng nhiem vu ve dao tao nghe dugc dat la: " ddy mgnh edng tde ddo tgo vd boi dudng cdn bd, nhdt Id cdn bd xay di/ng kinh ti vd edng nhdn Idnh nghi, ndng cao ndng liJe qudn So 33 thang 6/2016 ly kinh te eua cdn bd, cong nhdn vd nhdn ddn lao dgng Diphuc vu ke hoaeh ndm Idn thd nhdt vd chudn bi eho ki hogch sau, cdn phdi rersUe ddo tgo, boi dudng edn bg vd cdng nhdn Idnh nghi theo quy mo Idn Dd Id nhdng vdn di mdu chot di bdo ddm ddy manh phdt tnen kinh ti, eung Id nhdng vdn di ea bdn eua euoe edeh mgng xd hgi chu nghia ve vdn hod vd Icy thugt" Giai dogn 1975 - 1980 • Ogi hgi ldn thd IV cda Oang Bit nude thdng nhat, ea nUdc tap trung xay dung va phattrien kinhte Xae djnh sU quan trgng cua dao tao nghe khdi phue va phat trien kinh te, Nghj quyet eua Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thU IV cua Oang nam 1976 nhan manh nhieu den edng tae dao tao nghe nhieu linh vUc, cu the: - Ve quan he san xuat va lUc lUgng san xuat, Oang nhan manh: "Ra sde xdy dUng dpi ngu edng nhdnky thugt, tieh cue ddo tgo vd boi dudng cdn bd qudn ly kinh tivd edn bg khoa hge, ky thudt" - Ve van hda, giao due, Oang ta xac djnh: "Ra sUe phat trien sU nghiep giao due, van hoa, xa hdi, tien hanh eai each giao due, ddy mgnh ddo tgo edn bd vd cdng nhdn ky thugt, " - Ve lao dgng, Oang eung xae djnh:" Ooo tgo edng nhdn ky thudt, ndng eao tay nghi eua ngUdI lao ddng mdt edeh ed he thong." - Ve cai each giao due, Dang nhan manh:" ddo tgo vd bdi dudng vdi quy md ngdy edng Idn ddi ngu edng nhdn ky thugt vd edn bg qudn ly, edn bd khoa hge, ky thugt vd nghiep vu", va "Phdt triin rdng rdi ede trudng dgy nghi Xdy dung quy hoaeh ddi hgn vi ddo tgo edng nhdn, ndng eao ehat luang ddo tgo IVld rgng viie ddo tgo vd boi dudng gido vien dgy nghi, tdng eUdng ea sd vdt ehat - ky thugt eho ede trudng dgy nghi." - Ve nien Dang cung ehi dao: "Tieh eUc ddo tgo, bdi dudng nien ve van hoa, khoa hgc va ky thuat, ve quan ly, vinghe nghiep Giai dogn 1980 - 1985 - Ogi hgi Idn thd V cda Odng Phuang hudng, nhiem vu va nhiJng muc tieu chu yeu ve kinh te va xa hdi nam (1981 1985) tai Oai hdi lan thUV, Oang ta da chira nhUng nhiem vu cdng tac dao tao nghe la: Tiep tue ddo tgo, bdi dudng ddi ngu edng nhdn Idnh nghi, ddng bd, hgp vdi yeu cau each mang chang dudng hien va sap tdi Sap xep lai cac trudng, Idp day nghe eua cac bg, cac dja phuang va cae co sd, cai tien cdng tac tuyen sinh, nang cao chat jugng va hieu qua dao tao Xac djnh quy md dao tao cdng nhan htfp vdi yeu cau phat trien san xuat, rat chu trgng viie ddo tgo eong nhdn ky thugt ed tay nghi eao; bd tri va SLf dung hgp ly lUe lugng can bd va cdng nhan da ducie dao tao Giai doqn 1986 - 1990 - Dai hgi lan thd VI cda Oang Tai Dai hdi lan thiJ VI eua Oang (nam 1986), cung vdi nhQng chu trUdng ddi mdi cd che kinh te, Oang ta da de djnh hudng phat trien giao due dao tao, dd djnh hUdng phat trien day nghe dUge xac djnh la: ddo tgo dgi ngu lao ddng eo ky thudt, ddng bg vi ngdnh nghi, phu hgp vdi yeu eau phan cdng lao ddng cua xa hdi; gan phat trien day nghe vdi ke hoaeh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi d tQng dja phuang va ca nude; day manh hudng nghiep va day nghe phd thdng; xdy c/Ung ki hogch phdt trien ddi ngu cdng nhdn Idnh nghi; quy hoach, sap xep hop ly mang ludi cac trUdng day nghe; phat trien day nghe tai doanh nghiep va cdsd san xuat kinh doanh Giai dogn 1991 - 1995 - Ogi hgi lan thd VII cda Odng Nghj quyet Oai hdi dai bieu toan quoc lan VII cua Dang (nam 1991) khangdjnh vai trd then chdt cua giao due dao tao, h'mh thdnh dgi ngu lao ddng ed tri thde vd ed tay nghi, cd ndng lUe thi/e hdnh, tiJehu, ndng dgng vd sdng tgo; ddng thdi xac djnh nhQng djnh hudng ldn nhu mdrgng dao tao nghe, phat trien ddi ngu cdng nhan lanh nghe; sap xep lai cac cdsd day nghe Dang ta nhan manh: "Nhd nude tgo diiu kien ve ea ehe, ehinh sdeh, mdi trudng sdn xudt kinh doanh vd ddo tgo nghe nghiep Tdng nhanh ty trgng lao ddng ed nghi ehuyen mdn, khuyin khich biit nhiiu nghi" Ve chinh sach day nghe " hUdng vdo bdi dudng ngudn nhdn liJe, xdy dung ddi ngu tn thde edng nhdn Idnh nghe ddm duang nhiem vu trude mdt vd ehuan bi tot eho ddt nUde" Odng thdi, "Phat trien nhieu hinh thQc hUdng nghiep, day va truyen nghe cua Nha nUdc, tap the va tU nhan, hinh thdnh nin gido due ky thugt xd hdi Khuyen khich cae doanh nghiep t u to chQc dao tao, huan luyen va day nghe Phd bien rdng rai eac nghe phd thdng, phat trien viec day cac nghe ky thuat, nghiep vu bang cac ldp hgc ngan han va dai han, hgc ehinh quy va khdng chinh quy; dUa viee dgy nghi vdo gido due thdng Cac phUdng tien truyen thdng dai ehung danh thdi gian truyen ba kien thUc va giang day theo chuong trinh" Thuc hien Nghj quyet Oai hdi VII, tai Hdi nghi TW4, Ban chap hanh Trung Udng dd Nghi quyit (Khod Vii) vi viie tiip tue doi mdi sU nghiep giao due dao tao Trong Nghi quyet, Oang cung chu So 33 thang 6/2016 KHO A HOC D A Y NGHE [7] truang thiJe hiin binh dang day nghi vd quy dinh trdeh nhiem eua doanh nghiep sd dung lao ddng qua ddo tgo phdi ddng gop ehi phi ddo tgo; Nha nudc cd chinh saeh bao dam cho ngudi ngheo va eae ddi tugng chinh saeh deu dugc di hgc Giai dogn 1996 - 2000 - Ogi hgi ldn thd VIII cda Odng Oai hgi Dang lan thQ VIII (nam 1996) da khang djnh lai quan diem da neu Hdi nghj TW (khda VII) coi giao due dao tao la qudc sach hang dau Coi trgng ca ba mat: md rgng quy md, ndng eao ehat luang vd phdt huy hieu qud; md rdng hi thong ede trudng, Idp dgy nghi va ddo tgo edng nhdn Idnh nghi; khuyin khich dgy nghi tgi doanh nghiep Gidi quyit tot moi quan hi gida ddo tgo vdl sddung lao ddng sau ddo tgo Quan diem van tiep tuc dugc phat trien va hoan thien den Thuc hien Nghj quyet Oai hgi VIII, tai Hgi nghj lan thQ (Khoa VIII), Ban chap hanh Trung Udng da ban hdnh Nghi quyit (ggi tdt Id Nghi quyit T\N2) vi Dinh hudng chiin luae phdt trien giao due dao tao thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Nghi quyet da nhan manh hon quan diem "thUe sUeoi" giao due dao tao la qudc saeh hang dau; giao due dao tao eung vdi khoa hgc cdng nghe Id nhdn to quyit dinh tdng trudng kinh te va phat trien xa hdi, dau tU cho giao due dao tao Id ddu tU phdttnin Cd cache, chinh saeh tao dieu kien eho viec "hge tap sudt ddi", phat trien day nghe gan vdi nhu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hdi; eoi trgng ca ba mat; md rdng quy md, nang cao chat lugng va phat huy hieu qua Giai dogn 2001 - 2005 - Ogi hgi ldn thd IX cua Odng Tai Oai hdi lan thQ IX cua Oang (nam 2001) ve dao tao nghe, Oang xac djnh; "Tiip tue doi mdi ehuang trinh, ngi dung, phuang phdp gidng dgy vd phuang thde ddo tgo ddi ngu lao dgng cd ehat luang eao, dge biet Id ede ngdnh kinh ti ky thudt mui nhgn, edng nghe eao Gdn viee hinh thdnh ede khu edng nghiep, khu cdng nghe eao vdi he thong ede trudng ddo tgo nghe Phdt trien nhanh vd phdn bo hap ly hi thong trudng dgy nghi tren dia bdn ed nude; mdrgng ede hinh thde ddo tgo nghi da dgng, Unh hogt, ndng ddng Sd hge sinh edng nhdn ky thugt tdng 11 - 12%/ndm Thi diim md hinh dgy nghi cd si/phdi hap gida casd ddo tgo vd doanh nghiip vdi nguon kinh phi t u ngan sach nha nude va tU doanh nghiep" Chie'n lugc phat trien kinh te - xa hdi 2001 2010, Oang ta cdn xac djnh rd giao due, dao tao la "Diddp dng yeu edu vieon ngudi vd ngudn nhdn [8] K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE luc Id nhdn td quyit dinh sU phdt trien ddt nddc thdi ky edng nghiep hod, hien dgi hod, cdn tgo chuyen biin ea bdn, todn diin ve gido due vd ddo tgo." Giai doqn 2006 - 2010 - Oqi hql Oang Idn thdX Bao cao cua Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng Oang khda IX ngay 10 thang nam 2006 ve phudng hUdng, nhiem vu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi nam 2006 - 2010, Oang ta da xae djnh: - Md rdng quy md day nghe, bao dam tde tang nhanh hon dao tao dai hge, cao dang Quy md tuyen sinh day nghe dai han tang 17%/nam Tang nhanh ti le hgc sinh tdt nghiep thdng dugc hge nghe; - Ra soat, sap xep lai quy hoach mang ludi cae trudng day nghe -Khuyen khich lap mdi va phattrien cac trudng day nghe ngoai cdng lap, ke ea trudng nude ngoai dau tu - Ddi mdi td chQc va hoat ddng, de eao va bao dam quyen t u chu, t u chju trach nhiem cua nha trudng, nha't la trudng day nghe Giai doqn2011-2015- Oqi hpi Oang ldn thdXl Tai Oai hdi lan thQ XI eua Oang (nam 2011), viec "phdt triin nhanh nguon nhdn lUe, nhdt Id nguon nhdn lUe ehat luang eao, tap trung vao w'ec do! mdi edn bdn vd todn diin nin gido due qude ddn; gan kit chat ehe phdt triin nguon nhdn li/e vdi phdt triin vd dng dung khoa hge, edng nghe" la mdt ba dot pha chien luge Dao tao ngudn nhan lUc dap Qng yeu eau da dang, da tang cua cdng nghe va trinh phat trien cua cac linh vUc, nganh nghe; dge biet eoi trgng phdt triin ddi ngu lao dgng Idnh nghi; thuc hien lien ket chat che giQa cac doanh nghiep, cd sd sQ dung lao dgng, co sd dao tao va Nha nUdc de phat trien ngudn nhan lUc theo nhu eau xa hgi; thue hien ede ehuang trinh, di dn ddo tgo nhdn lUc ehat luang eao ddi vdi cac nganh, linh vUc chu yeu, mui nhgn; phdt triin mgnh vd ndng eao chdt luang dgy nghi Rd sodt hodn thien quy hogch vd thi/e hien quy hogch mgng ludi trUdng dgy nghe ed nude Ben eanh do, tap trung vao: "Ddy mgnh dgy nghe vd tgo viie Idm; Hd tra hge nghi vd tgo viee Idm eho ede doi tuang ehinh sdeh, ngUdi ngheo, lao dgng ndng thdn vd vung dd thi hod" ThUc hien Nghi Quyet eua Dai hdi Oang XI, Hgi nghj Ban chap hanh Trung UOng lan thQ (khda XI) da Ban hanh Nghi quyet sd 29-NQ/TW ve "Ooi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due dao tao dap Qng yeu cau CNH - HON dieu kien kinh te thi So 33 thang 6/2016 trudng dinh hudng XHCN va hdi nhap qudc te" (ggi tat la Nghj quyetTW8) Nghj quyet cung da ehi rd, ddi mdi can ban va toan dien la doi mdi nhQng van de ldn, cdt ldi, cap thiet, tQ quan diem, t u tudng chi dao den muc tieu, ndi dung phuong phap, cd ehe, ehinh saeh, dieu kien dam bao thUe hien Ngoai ra, giai doan nay, Oang da ban hanh chi thj quan trgng: - Chi thj sd 37-CT/rW 6/6/2014 cua Ban Bi t h u ve tang cUdng su lanh dao cua Oang ddi vdi cdng tac dao tao nhan lue ed tay nghe cao; - Chi thi sd 19-CT-TW 11/5/2012 cua Ban Bi t h u ve Tang cUdng sulanh dao cua Dang ddi vdl cdng tac day nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn Giai doqn 2016 - 2020 - Oqi hql Idn thd XII cua Oang Oai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thQ XII tiep tuc nhan manh: "Ddi mdi can ban va toan dien giao due, dao tao, nang cao chat lugng ngudn nhan lUc; lay khoa hgc, cdng nghe, tri thUc va ngudn nhan lUc chat lugng cao lam ddng lUc chu ye'u; Ddi mdi giao due, dao tao dugc thUe hien theo hudng; "Chuyen manh qua trinh giao due chu yeu tQ trang bi kien thQc sang phattrien toan dien nang lUc va pham chat ngUdi hgc; diiu chinh ehinh sdeh dgy nghi, gan ddo tgo vdi sddung; quan tdm dao tao, bdi dudng, phat trien giai cap edng nhan ca ve sd lugng va chat lugng Ddi mdi can ban va toan dien giao due, dao tao, phat trien ngudn nhan lUc, nha't la ngudn nhan lUc chat lugng eao; ty le lao ddng qua dao tao dat khoang 65 - 70%, dd cd bang cap, chQng ehi dat 25%; day mgnh ddo tgo nghi vdi ede hinh thde da dgng, phu hap, thue day tdng trUdng kinh ti, tgo viee Idm, tdng thu nhdp vd ehuyin dieh cacdu kinh ti, eaedu lao dgng ndng thdn Khuyen khich xa hdi hda dau tU phat trien cac trudng chat lugng cao d tat ea eac trinh dd dao tao Giao quyen tU chu cho ede trudng dgy nghi Ddy mgnh dgy nghe vd gdn kit ddo tgo vdi doanh nghiep Phdn cap qudn l-y hap ly ddo tgo nghe Quan tam phat trien giao due, day nghe ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd va cac vung khd khan Tai Oai hdi lan nay, the hien quan diem cua Oang quan ly nha nUdc ve day nghe (giao due nghe nghiep) giai doan hien nay, Oang xacdjnh:"Tang cQdng quan ly nha nQdc ve ngudn Ngaynhanbai; 10/6/2016 nhan lUe, gan ket cung - c a u " Theo dd, nguyen tac bao dam eung - cau lao ddng la mdt tieu ehi de cac ed quan nha nude hUdng tdi phan cdng quan ly ve giao due nghe nghiep thdi gian tdi • Tai lieu tham khao Ban Bi t h u Trung Udng Oang, Chi thi sd 37-CT/TW 6/6/2014 cua Ban Bi t h u ve tang cudng sU lanh dao cua Dang ddi vdi cdng tac dao tao nhan luc cd tay nghe cao Website: http:// dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-van-kien/van-kiendang/van-kien-bo-chinh-tri-ban-bi-thu/ehi-thi/ 25/5/2016 Ban Bi t h u Trung Udng Dang, Chi thj sd 19-CT-TW 11/5/2012 cua Ban Bi t h u ve Tang cudng sU lanh dao cua Oang ddi vdi cdng tac day nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn, Website: http:// dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-van-kien/van-kiendang/van-kien-bo-chinh-tri-ban-bi-thu/chi-thi/ 25/5/2016 Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Oang, Nghj quyet sd 04 NQ/HNTW Hdi nghj lan thQ tU BCHTW Oang (khoa VII) Ve tiep tuc ddi mdi sU nghiep giao due va dao tao, 14 thang 01 nam 1993, Website: Dang Cdng san: http://dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-van-kfen/van-kien-dang/nghiquyet-bch-trung-uong/ 3/7/2016 Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng Oang, Nghj quyet Hdi nghj lan thQ hai BCHTW Oang (khoa Vlllj ve dinh hudng chie'n lugc phat trien giao due - dao tao thdi ky edng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va nhiem vu den nam 2000, Website: http://dangeongsan.vn/tu-lieu-van-kien/van-kien-dang/nghi-quyet-bch-trung-uong/, 3/7/2016 Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng Dang (2016), Nghj quyet sd 29-NQ/TW ve Ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due dao tao dap Qng yeu eau CNH - HDH dieu kien kinh te thj trUdng djnh hUdng XHCN va hdi nhap qude te, Webiste: http://dangeongsan.vn/tu-lieu-van-kien/van-kien-dang/nghi-quyet-bch-trung-uong/, 3/7/2016 Oang Cdng san Viet Nam, Van kien Oai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thU II, III, IV, V, VI, Vii, VIII, IX, X, XI va XII cua Oang, Website: Dang Cdng san http://dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-van-kien/vankien-dang/van-kien-dai-hoi/, 3/7/2016 Ngay phan bien: 20/6/2016 So 33 thang 6/2016 Ngay dang: Thang nam 2016 K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE [9] ... nghe Quan tam phat trien giao due, day nghe ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd va cac vung khd khan Tai Oai hdi lan nay, the hien quan diem cua Oang quan ly nha nUdc ve day nghe (giao due nghe nghiep) giai. .. cap thiet, tQ quan diem, t u tudng chi dao den muc tieu, ndi dung phuong phap, cd ehe, ehinh saeh, dieu kien dam bao thUe hien Ngoai ra, giai doan nay, Oang da ban hanh chi thj quan trgng: -... quan ly nha nQdc ve ngudn Ngaynhanbai; 10/6/2016 nhan lUe, gan ket cung - c a u " Theo dd, nguyen tac bao dam eung - cau lao ddng la mdt tieu ehi de cac ed quan nha nude hUdng tdi phan cdng quan
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