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NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI , V A V Dime LOI SOJIG COIIG npn^uiET imni c| uiin np ^ itfoeg hoi map (qpoc te' ThS NCS Nguyen Manh Thang Vlen Cdng nhdn vd Cdng dodn Ldi sdng cdng nhan Viet Nam cd van hda, la Idi sdng tiin bp, the hien tinh thdn yeu nUdc, van minh, lich su, chQa dung cdc gid trj tdt dep, sdng cd ly tudng, cd y thQc chi'nh tri, cd y thQc giai cdp, xQng ddng ia glal cdp Idnh daa cdch mang thdng qua dpi tien phong la Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, la giai cap dpi diin cho phuang thQc san xudt tien tiin hpi nhap qudc ti Bdi viit phan tich nhQng vdn di lyluan va thuc tien ve Idi sdng cdng nhan Viet nam hien C o nhieu quan niem khac ve ldi sdng, mdi gdc dp chuyen nganh khoa hpc lai cd nhQng each tiep can rieng Vao thap nien 60 - 80 cua the ky XX, d Lien Xo (cu) va cae nQdc Ddng Au ed hon 50 djnh nghTa ve Idi sdng eua cac tae gia n h a N.I Be-16-va, Rut-ke-vich, V.L.TonxtakhO, l.V.Be-xtu-gi-ep Dac biet, Doboriandp eho rang: "Ldi sdng la sinh hoat ca nhan, chu quan hda cua he thdng nhQng quan he xa hpi, cua toan bd tdng the nhQng dieu kien sdng, the hien hoat dpng cua ngQdi"(1) G.E.GIe-dO-man:"Ldi sdng la mpt tdng the, mpt he thdng nhQng dac diem chu ye'u ndi len hoat ddng ciia cac dan tpc, cac giai cap, cac nhom xa hpi, cac ca nhan nhQng dieu kien ciia mpt hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi nha't djnh"(3) Con dViet Nam, quan niem "ldi s d n g " d Q a c x e m x e t v d i mdt gde nhin tdng hpp, theo Le Nha Hoa cho rang: "Ldi sdng la tong the cac quan he xa hpi ciia ngadi vdi nhQng hinh thQc va dac trdng tieu bleu cho mdi dan tpc, qudc gia, vung dja ly, nhdm xa hpi nhQng dieu kien ljch sQ, kinh te, xa hdi va van hoa cu the"(2) Pham Hdng Tung: "Ldi sdng eua ngudi la cac chieu canh chu quan cua van hoa, la qua trinh hien thiic hda cac gia trj van hda thong qua hoat dpng sdng cua ngadi" Vi vay, xac djnh ldi sdng edng nhan co van hoa, dieu het sQc quan trpng la phai phan tfch hanh vi, ang xQ cua hp san xua't kinh doanh va cac hoat dpng sinh sdng khac; ddng thdi can t i m hieu ' Bai viet thuoc khuon kho de tai Nha nUdc: "Loi song cong nhan Viet Nam dieu kien cong ngiiiep hoa", ma so: KX.03.15/11-15 [32] KHoA HOC D A Y NGHE xem ca nhan cho rang n h u cau nao quan trpng vdi hp va phQong thQc thda man chung n h a the nao Sli liia ehpn ay cho thay ro vj t r i ciia nhu cau chi phdi dn djnh co eau nhu cau, cho tha'y ro p h a o n g hadng phat trien chinh nhQng nang life, muc dfch, yeu cau, qua d d eho thay ro ndi dung thiic te cua ldi sdng, tdc la cai ma eon ngadi mudn nhin thay d y nghTa t d n tai cua minh Sli phat trien eua dpi ngu cdng nhan Viet Nam gan vdi sii phat trie'n kinh te - xa hdi ciia dat nddc Trade nam 1986, dpi ngu edng nhan Viet Nam cd khoang 3,38 trieu, chiem 16% life lapng lao ddng xa hdi; den nam 2003 sd lapng cdng nhan Viet Nam tang len 6,6 trieu; den nam 2008, tdng sd cdng nhan tang khoang 9,5 trieu ngddi; den nam 2014, cong nhan gan 15 trieu ngddi dang lam viec eac loai hinh doanh nghiep Sd lapng cdng nhan tang qua cae nam, nhang tap trung chu yeu d cac tinh, p h d cd cdng nghiep va djch vu phat trien manh, n h d : phd Hd Chi Minh, Ha Ndi, Hal Phdng, Da Nang, tinh Ddng Nai, Binh Duong, Hal Daong, Vinh Phuc, Bac Ninh NhU vay, liic lapng edng nhan hien dai chi tap trung d nhQng trung t a m cdng nghiep va phd ldn Chi ed m d t bd phan n h d cdng nhan phan bd d nhQng vung ndng t h d n , vung sau, vung xa Dieu lam han che den viec thiic hien chu trUdng, d a d n g ldi, chinh sach ciia Oang va Nha nadc ve viec phat trie'n kinh te - xa hdi d cac vung ndng t h d n , vung ddng bao cac dan tde ft ngadi; ddng thdi anh hudng den viec khai thac va sQ dung tai nguyen, sQc lao ddng cua dat nddc, anh hadng So 28+29 thang +2/2016 NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI ddi sdng van hoa va tinh than cua cong nhan Nhang, thdi gian, cadng dp lao ddng cua cdng nhan Viet Nam nhin chung la rat cao, sau gid lam Trinh dp hpe van cua cdng nhan Viet Nam viec cdng nhan thadng met mdi, mudn nghi ngoi, nhdng nam ddi mdi da ddpc nang len dang ke.Theo dieu tra nam 1985, ty le edng nhan nen hau het cdng nhan khdng cd thdi gian gianh cd hpc van trung hpe phd thdng chi 42,5%, den eho cac hoat ddng vui choi, giai trf NhQng nam nam 2000, ty le la 62,2% va den nam 2007, ty gan day, nhieu khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat le cdng nhan cd trinh dp hpc van trung hpc phd ddi va di vao hoat ddng, nhQng cac dja phQOng chaa thiic Sli quan tam dau ta xay diing eP sd thong chiem khoang 69,3%, eon sd nam 2009 tang va eong trinh phuc lpi tap the, nen d hau het la 67,2% (4) Nam 2014, theo dieu tra ciia Vien Cdng nhan va Cdng doan Viet Nam, cd 70,2% cong nhan cae khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat dieu kien phuc cd trtnh dp trung hpc phd thong, 26,8% cd tlnh dp vu ddi sdng tinh than ciia cdng nhan, nha nha van hoa, the thao, tha vien, cdng vien, noi vui ehai giai trung hpe cp sd, 3,1% trtnh dp tieu hpc Ve trtnh trf, hdi hpp sau gid lam viec cua edng nhan cdn dp chuyen mdn cho thay, ty le cong nhan chda thieu thdn Cae co sd benh vien, tradng hpc, nha qua dao tao chiem 8,8%; cdng nhan dapc dao tao tre, mau giao deu qua tai hoac xudng cap, chd d tai doanh nghiep chiem 48,0%; ty le cong nhan cd trinh dp trung cap chiem 17,9%; trinh dp cao khdng dn dinh, den gan 60% eong nhan phai thue nha trp NhQng khd khan se anh hadng khdng dang chiem 6,6% va trinh dp dai hpe chiem 17,4% (5) Nhin chung, life lapng cdng nhan Viet Nam cd nhd den sQc khoe, cung nha anh hadng den Idi sdng cdng nhan tudi ddi tre, trtnh dp hpc van, nghe nghiep kha hon trade, cd kha nang tiep can vdi khoa hpc va Mpt bieu hien Idi sdng cdng nhan Viet Nam cd cong nghe tien tien, hien dai Tuy nhien, tinh trang van hoa la ed tinh than yen nddc, yen ehu nghTa edng nhan co trtnh dp hpc van, chuyen mdn nghe xa hdi dupe thdng qua muc dfch sdng, ly tddng nghiep eao tap trung chu yeu d mdt sd nganh cd sdng Ket qua khao sat cua Vien Cdng nhan va dieu kien lam viec thu nhap tdt, mot sd phd Cong doan Viet Nam nam 2014 cho thay, 65,4% Idn d cac tinh mien nui hay nhQng nganh nghe cong nhan eo muc dfch mudn cong, 77,8% nhQ ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, che bien, det may, muc dfch la cudc sdng hanh phuc, 32,4% muc dfch da giay thi trinh dp hpc van eua cong nhan edn ed tien bac, 19,6% cd tai san, 14,2% cd danh tieng thap Dieu se lam anh hadng den ldi sdng va 68,7% cai trddng Cac sd lieu cho khong nhd eua mdtbd phan edng nhan y thQe thay, muc dfch sdng eua cong nhan that gian dj, td chQc ky luat, tac phong edng nghiep cdn nhieu khong mo tadng hao huyen tien bac, tai san, danh han che vpng, chi mong eon cai tradng va gia dinh hanh phuc ca thdi ky cong nghiep hoa Theo nghien cQu nam 2014, viec lam va thu Qua ket qua nghien cQu dat gia trj de ly nhap cua cong nhan taong ddi on djnh Co 83% tadng sdng cua cong nhan; 35,1% cdng nhan cho cong nhan dapc hdi tra Idi cd viec lam thadng rang ly tadng sdng cua hp la vi siitien bp cua nhan xuyen dn djnh, 12% eong nhan tra Idi viec lam loai; 57,7% ly tadng sdng la bao ve chu quyen ddc thadng xuyen ktidng dn djnh va 2,7% cdng nhan dupe hdi tra ldi thadng xuyen thieu viec lam Mac lap cua dat nadc; 51,2% ren luyen, bdi dadng sac khoe, ta tadng; 42,6% tich cue tham gia cac hoat du, tien iQong eua cdng nhan chi chiem khoang dpng chfnh trj/xa hpi va 72,2% khong ngdng hpe 80% thu nhap, cdn cac khoan ngoai lUPng chiem tap nang cao trtnh dp Cdng nhan, eung chpn cho khoang 20% Nhin chung thu nhap cua cong nhan Viet Nam ed tang len, nhifng ddi sdng chua dapc cai minh mpt ly tadng, giup hp vapt qua khd khan va thien, vi thu nhap cua cong nhan edn d mdc kha thap thdthach tren eon dadng ddi khdng tdt den xay diing ldi sdng cong nhan cd van hoa hpi nhap qudc te so vdi nhu cau sdng tdi thieu, dac biet la so vdi siitang len cua gia ea, dieu se lam cho ldi sdng cong nhan bj le thupc vao thu nhap Hang nam, Chfnh phii Viet Nam dieu ehinh tien laong tdi thieu Vung, tang binh quan khoang tren dadi 16,16%/nam, ehi dap dng dapc khoing 68% den 72% nhu cau sdng tdi thieu cua cong nhan, nen chda khuyen khfch dapc Ldi sdng cong nhan co van hoa dUOc bang chuan miic dao ddc, nhan each sdng Oao ddc la gdc re cua nhan, cdn nhan each la yeu td quan trpng quyet djnh chat lapng mdi quan he giQa eon ngadi vdi ngadi lao ddng san xuat, ddi sdng thadng ngay, ddng thdi nhan each sdng the hien trinh dp van hoa, nhan tinh va nguyen Sd 28+29 thang +2/2016 KHoA HOC D A Y NGHE [33] NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DO! tac sdng Qua nghien cQu eiia Vien Cdng nhan va Cdng doan Viet Nam ve ehuan miic dao dQc, nhan each sdng ciia cdng nhan eho tha'y, 50,1 % sd cdng nhan cho rang l l phep, kinh tren nhQdng dadi la the hien nhan each sdng; 57,3% cd hieu vdi dng ba, cha me; 49,3% yeu thaong, dum bpc anh em va 49,9% giup dd ngddi khac deu thudc pham tru dao ddc Oieu cho thay nhan thdc ve chua'n miie dao ddc, nhan each sdng cdn cd sii khac biet giQa cac bd phan edng nhan Qua nghien cQu gia trj sdng cua cdng nhan eho thay, ed 48,4% edng nhan cho rang phai cd long yeu nQdc, 27,7% phai cd ldng vj tha, 24,4% phai cd dQc hy sinh, 69,7% phai can eu lao ddng va 56,8% tiet kiem, khdng hoang phi NhQ vay, gia trj sdng mang tinh ca nhan, khdng phai gia trj sdng eua mpi ngadi deu gidng Cd ngUdi cho rang can cu lao dpng la chinh, cd ngddi eho rang tiet kiem, khdng hoang phf Cd ngadi cho rang tinh yeu thaong mdi la dieu quy gia nha't tren ddi Cd ngddi coi trpng long trung thiic, Sli binh yen ldng yeu nude, Idng vj tha, ddc hy sinh khong phai hang dau Qua trtnh phat trien dat nadc dadi tac ddng eua hpi nhap qude te ldi sdng edng nhan cd sii thay ddi ro det nha ddi sdng cua cong nhan dapc cai thien, moi tradng lam viec dupe cai thien, trtnh dp tay nghe eiia ngadi cong nhan khdng ngQng dQpe nang cao, che dp an sinh sa hpi dapc hoan thien hon Day la nhQng tac dpng tfch ciic den ldi sdng cong nhan Viet Nam Tuy nhien, hpi nhap qudc te cung tao nhdng trd life ldn cho nen kinh te nha lam tang ty le that nghiep d mpt bd phan cdng nhan khong cd tay nghe hoac khong dap Qng dapc yeu cau san xuat Cung vdi viec md rdng thu hut vdn dau ta, la sUxam nhap ciia nhQng ludng tu tadng, van hda ngoai lai tae ddng xau len thdi quen, phong tuc tap quan, ldi sdng eua cong nhan Viet Nam Do dd de xay diing ldi sdng cong nhan Viet Nam cd van hoa, theo chung toi can thiic hien mpt sdgiai phap sau: phai ddi mdi toan dien, ddi mdi ndi dung, phaong phap, hfnh thQc giao due va ddi mdi nang eao chat lapng dpi ngu chuyen nghiep lam edng tae giao due.Trong viec ddi mdi ndi dung giao due can ddi mdi viec giao due chu nghTa Mac- Lenin, ta tadng Hd Chf Minh, dadng ldi chinh sach cda Oang theo hadng gan vdl tien trtnh ddi mdi va hdi nhap qudc te dViet Nam, sat hop vdi nhiem vu xay diing va bao ve td qudc qua moi thdi ky Va, dae biet la ddi mdi, nang cao chat lapng giao due nham lam eho giai cap cdng nhan y thdc day du ve dja vj, vai trd va sQ menh ljch sQ cua ehi'nh giaf cap cdng nhan, life lapng thdng trj ve chfnh trj; life lapng lanh dao each mang, life lapng di dau sii nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nddc; hat nhan chfnh trj cua lien minh giai cap edng - ndng - trf thQe va khdi dai doan ke't toan dan Hai Id, xay dUng ldi sdng cdng nhdn cd vdn hod gan vdi Idng yeu nUdc vd tinh thdn tU hao ddn tpc Trai qua qua trtnh giao ldu, tiep bien van hoa ma van hoa Viet Nam ndi chung, Idi sdng edng nhan Viet Nam ndi rieng dapc phat trie'n va cang phong phu, da dang dam da Vdi ban sac truyen thdng cua minh la nhe nhang, te nhj, kin dao, gian don hoa vdi thien nhien, qua qua trinh tiep bie'n cac ldi sdng van hoa phaong Odng, phaong Tay va van hoa xa hdi ehu nghTa, nhdng net dac sac eiia ldi sdng dan tde Viet Nam dapc nang cao tren nen van hoa tdng hpp cd tinh qudc te va day tri tue cua thdi dai Do dd, yeu nddc giai doan hien ngoai viec ke thda nhQng ndi dung yeu nddc trade day thi can tap trung the hien eho lao dpng san xua't muc tieu phat trien kinh te Yeu nude d mdi ngadi edng nhan chfnh la ed gang hpc tap, ren luyen, tu dadng, lao ddng de lam giau cho chfnh minh va choxa hdi Nhd vay, khoi day va phat huy tinh than yeu nddc giai doan hien la tao dieu kien de tdng ngadi cdng nhan, tdng tap the va ca cdng ddng dem het tinh than va nghi life, sQc manh va tai nang de lao ddng san xua't phat trten dat nadc vi muc tieu mdt Viet Nam: dan giau, nude manh, dan chu, cdng bang, van minh Mpf la, doi mdi, tang cUdng cdng tdc gido due chlnh tri, tQ tudng nham xdy dung loi song cdng Thd ba, xay dung Idi sdng cdng nhan Viet Nam nhan Viet Nam ed van hod cd vdn hod gan vdi tinh thdn doan kit va phdt huy V thQc chfnh trj cd the cong nhan tii trau ddi khdi dpi doan kit toan dan ma nen, song phan ldn cong tac giao due chfnh Cung vdi tinh than yeu nddc la tlnh than doan tri cd he thdng, thadng xuyen, lien tuc ciia ea he ket, day la mdt truyen thdng quy bau ciia dan tdc thdng chfnh trj Trong nhQng nam tdi yeu eau ddi ta dapc hinh td nhQng dieu kien dia ly, lich mdi cdng tac giao due chfnh trj ta tadng ddi hdi sQ - xa hdi dac biet cua Viet Nam Tinh than doan [34] KHOA HOC D A Y NGHE So 28+29 thang +2/2016 NGHIEN c u u TRAO DOI ket da trd mdt sQc manh ndi life to ldn, no gan ket dan tdc ta mpt khdi thdng nhat khdng cd gl cd the chia tach dapc, nd tao cho dan tpc ta mdt sQc manh vQpt qua mpi khae nghiet cua tii nhien va chien thang mpi ke thu xam laoc Trong bdi eanh toan cau hda hien nay, doan ket cong nhan van thiic sii la mpt dac diem can dapc phat huy de Viet Nam dap Qng yeu eau cua chinh qua trtnh hpi nhap NhQng thach thQc eua toan cau hda hien dang ddi hdi mpt sii nd life vuon len cua ngadi cdng nhan va cua tat ea mpi ngadi dan Viet Nam.Phat huy tinh than doan ket dd la phat huy sii ddng tam, hpp sdc cua giai cap cong nhan Viet nam vi Ipi ich chung cua dan tpc, vi ddc lap, dan chu va tien bd xa hdi Ben eanh dd, can triet de loai bd ta tadng be phai, cue bd dja phaong nup dadi danh nghTa doan ket cua mdt sd nhdm ngddi Cling cd va phat huy manh me khdi dai doan ket toan dan tdc bdi eanh hien khong chi can phai lam tdt cdng tac giao due chfnh trj, tu tadng, dao ddc, cang khdng the daa nhQng menh lech hanh chinh budc mpi edng nhan phai doan ket, ma phai la sQ tii nguyen, la nhu cau eiia mpi cong nhan Viet Nam Mdt nhQng van de tao nen sii doan ket dd la sii taong ddng ve lpi ich, Sli cong bangxa hdi.Vi the, cac chfnh sach, chu traong phat trien phai hadng tdi sii hai hda xa hdi, tranh khdng dede tlnh trang khoang each giau ngheo cang bj ndi rpng giQa edng nhan eac khu vifc, cac mien, cac dja phaong va giQa mpi ngadi xa hpi Ben canh dd, dai doan ket dan tdc chl thiic sii cd hieu qua nd trd trach nhiem toan bd he thdng chinh trj va cua chinh mdi ngadi cdng nhan, vai tro ndng cdt va hat nhan lanh dao la td chde Oang ThUtU, xdy dung ldi sdng cdng nhan VietNam cd vdn hoa gan vdi cdc hoat ddng sinh hoat, vui chai, giai tri lanh manh Sinh hoat, vui choi, giai tri cung la nhu cau thiet yeu cua cong nhan NhQng hoat dpng gdp phan tao nen Idi sdng cd van hoa Day cung la cai lam eho Idi sdng cua cong nhan cd net dac thu tre trung, llnh hoat Cho nen de xay diing ldi sdng cd van hda cua cong nhan, ngoai cac bien phap giao due, bdi dadng ve tri thQc, dao dQc, ly tadng, chuyen mdn nghiep vu va giai quyet viec lam, can phai quan tam td chac cae hoat dpng sinh hoat, vui choi, giai tri lanh manh Cac hoat dpng gdp phan lam phong phu ddi sdng tinh than, phat trien mdt each hai hda nhan each cua cdng nhan Hien cac hoat ddng vui choi giai trf kha da dang, nha hoat dpng nghe thuat (sang tac, bleu dien, thadng thdc), hoat ddng the due the thao, sinh hoat cau lac bd, tham quan, du Ijch Chung thadng gan vdi nhQng phQdng tien hien dai (in an, xua't ban, phat thanh, truyen hinh ), cd mdi lien he qudc te Cd nhieu hoat ddng sinh hoat, vui choi, giai tri lanh manh, ed y nghTa giao due ve nhieu mat nhdng eung cd khong it nhQng hoat ddng vui choi giai trf thieu lanh manh (dua xe trai phep; cd bac, rQpu ehe be tha; xem sach bao, phim anh ddi truy; me tin dj doan ) Tom lai, tim hieu Idi sdng ndi chung va Idi sdng cd van hoa la mdt van de khd va viec phan tfch thiie trang cua no, cung nhQ de xuat nhQng giai phap xay diing, giao due Idi sdng cd van hoa cho cdng nhan mpt each cd hieu qua la mdt eong viec phQc tap, khdng don gian, can cd mdt qua trinh thQ nghiem va kiem nghiem tren thiic te, due rut kinh nghiem va tiep tuc dieu chlnh Trong dieu kien khudn khd cua mdt bai viet, chung toi chi cd the neu len nhQng van de cd tfnh phan tich ly luan va khai quat nhQng van de qua khao sat thiic te va ta thiic tien nhQng bieu hien ldi sdng ddi sdng eiia cong nhan d pham vi nhat djnh, tren co sd dd daa nhQng giai phap xay diing, giao due Idi sdng co van hoa cho cdng nhan hpi nhap qudc te la mdt nhQng van de trpng yeu ciia nghien cQu ly luan va td chQc thiic tien ddi sdng xa hdi • Tdi lieu tham khdo V Doborianop (1985) Xd hgi hge Mac-Lenin, Nxb Thong tin ly luan, Ha Npi Le Nha Hoa (1993) Loi song ddi song thi hien nay, Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, Ha Npi Gle-do-man (1982) "Loi song xd hgi ehu nghia" Nxb Sgthat-Tienb6(Nga) Vien Cong nhan va Cong doan Viet Nam (2009), Be tai cap Nha nUdc: "Xay dung giai cap eong nhdn Viet Nam giai dogn 2011 - 2020", ma sd: KX.04/06-10 Vien Cong nhan va Cong doan Viet Nam (2014), bao cao khao sat de tai: "Loi song eong nhdn VietNam dieu kien cong nghiep hod", ma so KX.03.15/11-15 So 28+29 thang +2/2016 KHoA HOC D A Y NGHE [35] ... Viet Nam nhin chung la rat cao, sau gid lam Trinh dp hpe van cua cdng nhan Viet Nam viec cdng nhan thadng met mdi, mudn nghi ngoi, nhdng nam ddi mdi da ddpc nang len dang ke.Theo dieu tra nam. .. trung hpe phd thdng chi 42,5%, den eho cac hoat ddng vui choi, giai trf NhQng nam nam 2000, ty le la 62,2% va den nam 2007, ty gan day, nhieu khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat le cdng nhan cd trinh... thong chiem khoang 69,3%, eon sd nam 2009 tang va eong trinh phuc lpi tap the, nen d hau het la 67,2% (4) Nam 2014, theo dieu tra ciia Vien Cdng nhan va Cdng doan Viet Nam, cd 70,2% cong nhan cae
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