Bạo lực vợ chồng qua nghiên cứu ở phường quảng tiến, thành phố sầm sơn, tỉnh thanh hóa

26 Xa hgi hpc, s6 (142) 2018 BAO LT/C VO CHONG QUA NGHIEN CLTU PHlTdNG QUANG TIEN, THANH PHO S A M SON, TINH THANH HOA DINH PHUONG LINH* Torn til: Bdi viit tim hiiu vdn di bao life va chong tren ca sa tiip can giai xem xet cd va vd chdng diu co khd ndng la ngn nhdn Di/ca tren so lieu cugc khdo sdt 520 nguai dd kit hon tgi mgt phuang a thdnh Sdm San, Thanh Hoa ndm 2016, phdn tich cho thdy, tren 60% nguai dd tieng bi bgo luc va chong vd khodng tren 1/4 nguai bj bao luc va chdng vi thi chdt vong 12 thdng trudc thai diim khdo sdt Ty le ngn nhdn nhom nam khdng thdp han nhiiu so vol nhdm nii Bgo luc tinh thdn Id logi bgo luc phi biin nhdt, bgo luc tinh dye hiim xudt hi$n hodc it duac thira nhgn Id cd xudt hi4n Tdn sudt vd mirc nghiSm trgng ciia bgo life vg chong doi vdi na gidi ego hem so v&i nam gidi Tie khda: bao luc vg chdng, gidi, bao Ivc thS chit, bao luc tinh than, bao luc tinh due, Thanh Hoa Nhgn bdi: 12/3/2018 Giri phdn bien: 10/4/2018 Duyet ddng: 06/6/2018 l.D|tvinde Bao luc gia dinh (BLGD) xuat hien a moi quoc gia va thoi ky Hch sii, dgng BLGD ph6 biln nhit la b?o Ivrc vg ch6ng (BLVC) va nan nhan thuang la phy nft (Kurt, 1989) Vi?t Nam, theo nghidn cihi quoc gia ve bao l\rc doi voi ph\i nS (Tong c\ic Thong k6, 2010), 32% ph\i na tiing ket hon cho biet hp timg chiu bao l\rc the xac va 6% phu nii duge hoi bj bao lyc thi xac vong 12 thang tinh dSn thoi diem dieu tra Tong giam doc To chiic Y tl Thi gioi Lee Jong Wook timg nhSn dinh, bao l\rc cua chong/ban tinh la mgt nhiing nguySn nhan chinh gay nen nhihig vin de siic kh6e cua nii gioi (Tong eye Thong kfi vk WHO, 2010) BLGD khong chi gSy hau qua nghiem trgng cho n?n nhan ma c6n gay nen nhiing t6n thuang tam ly o nhiing ngucri chiing kiSn, dSc bi$t la tii em Nhiing thyc tl tren cho thiy tam quan trgng cua nghien ciiu ve bao luc quan h? gia dinh noi rieng va mli quan h? vg ch6ng doi voi vi^c dam b^o gia dinh 6n dinh v^ hanh phiic D(ii hoc Khoa hqcXS hpi va Nhdn van Ha Noi Dinh Phuang Linh 27 Cd nhi^u each phdn chia bao l^rc vg chdng, Le Thi Quy (1996) chia hai logi: a) bao l\rc nhin thdy duge vd b) bao lire khong nhin thay duge; Nguyen Hihi Minh vd cgng su (2005) lai chia cuong biic than thd, cuong biie tinh due, cuSng biic vd tdm ly vd tinh cam, cuong biie vd mdt xa hdi va euong biic ve tdi ehinh Trong nghien ciiu ndy, tdc gid su dyng cdch phdn loai eua Tdng cue Thdng ke va WHO (2010) nghidn eiiu qudc gia ve b^o luc gia dinh voi phu nfi a Viet Nam Theo dd bao luc vg chdng se gdm cd ba dang: bao lue thd ehdt, bao luc tinh thdn vd bao luc tinh due Bao luc tdm ly vd tinh cam duge xdc dinh bdng nhung hdnh ddng hoac de dga hanh dgng nhu ham dga, kiem sodt, chiii bed, ldm nhue va de dga nan nhdn Bao luc thd xdc Id mgt hoae nhidu hanh dgng tdn cdng cd chu y vd thd xae vdi kha nang gay dau don, thuang tich hodc tii vong Bao l\rc tinh due la vi?c sii dung siic manh, cudng biie hode de dga vd tdm ly 6k dp huge ngudi phu nu: tham gia quan he tinh due ngodi y mudn cua minh, cho dii hanh vi dd cd thyc hi^n duge hay khdng Vdi each dinh nghia trdn, cdc hidu hidn cho timg loai b^o luc nhu sau: - Bgo Ivre the xdc bao gdm cdc bidu hidn nhu; tdt hoac ndm dd vdt vdo ngucri; diy, xd, kdo tdc; ddnh, dim bdng vdt gdy ton thuong; dd, keo Id, ddnh dap tan nhdn; bop cd, lam ngh^t thd, ldm bdng; sii dyng vii (siing, dao, keo hodc cac vu khde) dd gdy dau ddn ve the chdt, thuong tich eho nan nhdn (khdng tinh nhiing hanh vi lien quan den tinh dye) - Bao lyc tam ly, tinh cam (bao luc tinh than) gdm eae bieu hidn: khdng cho gap go, thdm nom ban be; hgn che tiep xiic vdi gia dinh cha me de; mudn kiem soat d ddu vao bdt cu: liie nao; phot lor vd cu xii Idnh dam; tiic gian ndu thdy ndi ehuyen vdi ngudi dan dng/phu nQ- khde; thuang nghi ngd ve long chung thuy; kiem soat di ddu phai xin phep Cac bidu hien bao luc tinh thdn duge chia cdc nhdm: kidm sodt cac moi quan h? (khdng cho gap g& ban be, han ehd tidp xiie vdi gia dinh cha me de); kiem sodt hdnh vi (kiem sodt ddu, bdt cii liic nao, di dau phai xin phep); ghen tudng (nghi nga long chung thuy, tiic gian ndu thay noi chuydn vdi ngudi ddn dng/phu nu: khac); phdi Idf, Idnh dam; si nhue, ldm cho cdm thdy tdi te (khdng tinh nhiing hdnh vi lien quan den tinh dye) - Bgo lyc tinh dye co ede bieu hidn nhu diing vu luc cuong ep vg/ehdng phai quan he tinh due vg/ehdng khdng mudn; de dga ep quan he tinh due trdi mong mudn; ep phdi quan h? tinh due v6i mdt nguoi khde Tren ca sa xdc dinh cdc bleu hien BLVC nhu tren, edng eu didu tra duge thiet ke dua tren Thang diem phuang thiic mau thuan (Conflict Tactics Scale - CTS) nha xa hdi hgc Murray Straus dua vao nhihig nam 1970 (Straus, 1979) Ddy la edng eu duge sii dyng rgng rai nhat nghien ciiu ve BLGD Nhd nghien cihi se xdc dinh cdc hdnh vi la bieu hi?n eua BLGD va ngudi duge hdi se trd loi lieu anh/chi ta cd tung bi cdc hanh vi doi/trong vong 12 thdng truac thdi diem nghien ciiu hay khdng Thay vi chgn mlu nghidn ciiu Id nO: giai nhu nhidu nghien ciru di truac vd BLVC, nghien ciiu ndy, mSu duge lya chgn bao gdm ed nam gidi va nG gidi vai muc dich xem xet vdn dd 28 Bgo Ijec vg chdng qua nghien ciiu a phudng Qudng Tiin BLVC dudi tiep can ddi xiing vd gidi - xem nam gidi va n& gidi d^u cd khd ndng Id nan nhdn eua BLVC Tli tru6c ddn nay, BLVC thudng duge xem xet duoi gdc d0 bao lye eua chdng d6i vdi vg Bao lye cua vg ddi voi chdng thudng it duge nhdn mgnh va nghien cthi rgng rdi, nhung nhu vdy khdng eo nghia la vdn d^ khdng dang quan tdm bdng bao lyc ciia nam giai ddi vdi phu nii Tren thyc te, vdn dd doi xiing vd gidi (nam gidi va nii gidi cd khd nang gdy ra/tro thdnh nan nhan cua bao lyc vg chdng nhu nhau) hay bat ddi xiing ve gidi (nam gidi cd xu hudng gdy ndn bao lyc nhieu hon nii giai vd nii gidi thucmg Id nan nhdn cua BLVC) la trgng tam eua sy phan chia ly thuydt vd BLVC Theo Johnson (1996), cuOe tranh lugn vd ddi xiing gioi tgp trung vdo miie ma phy nfi cd kha ndng trd thdnh thu phgm cua bgo lyc cae mdi quan he tinh cdm Cdc nhd ly luan ve bao lyc gia dmh phin lan ung hd quan didm ddi xiing vd giai, khdng djnh rdng phy nii, cimg gidng nhu nam gidi, deu sii dyng bao lyc nhfing mdi quan h? tinh cdm (Straus vd c0ng sy, 1981)., d phe bdn cua cudc tranh ludn, nhi^u nhd 1^ thuydt nG quyen ve ca ban khdng ddng y vai de xudt ndy Thay vdo do, hg cho rang bao lye vcd ddi tde tinh cdm Id khdng ddi xiing va nam gidi cd nhidu khd ndng six dung bgo lyc cdc mdi quan h? tinh cam hon phu nii, va neu phy nir ed sir dyng bgo lyc, thi ciing chi cd thd Id vi myc dich tu ve (Kurz, 1989; Yllo, 1993) Bai viet md ta van dd bgo lyc vg chdng theo ti^p can hai chieu: bgo lyc ddi vdi vg vd bgo lyc ddi vdi chdng Day la huang tiep cgn kha mai a Vi^t Nam Tren eo sd xac dinh miie ma nam gidi vd nii gidi Id ngn nhan cua BLVC, bai vidt tim hidu miic dd xuat hien eua eac dang bgo lyc (the chdt, tinh thin, tinh due) va eae bidu hi?n bao luc cda chdng ddi vdi vg vd ngugc lgi Bdi viet dya tren sd lieu cua cu0e nghien ciiu Anh hudng citg bgo luc moi quan h4 vg chong: Nhihig chiiu cgnh sue khoe khdo sdt tai phudng Qudng Tien, thdnh phd Sam Son, tinh Thanh Hda vdo nam 2016 Cudc khao sdt da chpn mau phdng vdn 520 ngudi (187 nam/ehdng vd 342 nO/vg') tudi tir 18 ddn 80, da lgp gia dinh, cd hg khau va sinh sdng tgi dia phuong Do BLVC la chu dd nhay cdm nen ty 1? ngudi tir chdi trd loi mdt sd edu hdi lien quan d^n tinh trgng bi BLVC khd cao, tii 12% ddn 15% tiiy timg cau, va thuc td chi eon khodng 450 trudng hgp dii thdng tin dd phdn tieh Ben cgnh do, cugc khdo sdt cdn tidn hdnh 12 phdng vdn sdu d nhdm doi tugng, bao gdm 10 ngn nhdn cua BLVC, ed tnrdng hgp ngn nhdn d mirc dp nghiem ti-gng; 01 can bg y td tuydn phudng vd dgi di?n nha tgm Idnh cho ngn nhan BLVC tai dia phuang Ket qua nghien cuu 2.1 Mirc dgphS bien ciia BLVC vd khac bift theo cdc nhdm xd hgi Ket qud phdn tieh chi rdng cd 62% sd ngudi duge hdi cho bidt timg bj it nhit mgt bidu hi?n cua BLVC ddi dudi cac hinh thiic bao lye thd chdt, tinh thdn hay tinh due Trong sd 323 tirng la nan nhan BLVC cd 106 nam gidi va 217 nir gidi, ttie la Trong cdc phdn tich, de cho thuan ti^n, cdc ong chong dirge gpi Id nam vd cdc bd vgr dug'c %Q\ Id nCt Dinh Phuang Linh 29 66,7% sd nam gidi vd 72,6% sd nii gidi duge hdi timg bi BLVC Con sd ed le cao han so vdi hinh dung cua nhidu ngudi, bdi Id tir trudc tdi nay, phy nu: v5n thudng duge coi Id nan nhan chii ydu cua BLVC Tuy nhien, bat chap vide rat nhidu nghidn ciiu ehi rdng nii gidi la ngn nhdn chu ydu cua bgo lyc vg chdng, van cd tdi hon 100 nghien ciru thuc nghiem vd bdo cdo cho thdy ty Id ngn nhdn BLVC la tucmg duong giira hai gidi (Archer, 2000; Fiebert, 1997, dan theo Kimmel, 2002) Bao cao thdng kd vd kdt qud khdo sdt tdi phgm tai Anh qua eac nam eho thdy, nam gidi chiem khodng 40% ngn nhan trinh bao bi bgo lyc vg chdng cac nam tir 2004 den 2009 (Campbell, 2010) Nghien eiiu vd bao lue vg chong d hai qude gia Chdu Phi la Uganda vd Ghana ciing cho thdy, 22% nam gidi vd 36% nii gidi tgi Ghana bi bgo lyc thd chdt vd tinh than, dd, ty le d Uganda la 40% nam gidi va 61% nii gidi (Kishor & Bradley, 2012) Nhu vay, bat ke sy da dgng ve van hda, miic sdng, trinh phat trien cua cac qudc gia khde nhau, bgo lyc vg chdng van tdn tai va nan nhdn khdng chi la phy nii Hinh T^ Id la nan nhan mSu phan theo cac dang BLVC a hai giiSI Bao lyctinhdye , 630 l^c thg cMt 26.4 • 29.5 B901^ tinh dfic s Bgo l\rc thi chil • 42,3 I 39,7 ^ ^ ^ 62,6 55,4 Chu thich: Khdng co so lieu ve bao luc tmh thdn 12 thdng qua Ngudn So lieu khdo sdt cua de tdi, 2016 Theo sd lieu khao sdt d phudng Qudng Tien (Hinh 1), d cd nhdm nam va nii, ty 1? ngudi timg Id ngn nhdn bgo luc tinh thdn khd cao (62,6% nu- gidi vd 55,4% nam gidi), tiep ddn la ty 1? timg bi bgo luc thd ehit (39,7% nhdm nam, 42,3% nhdm nii), vd it xudt hidn (hodc it duge thira nhdn) nhdt la bgo lue tinh dye (4,5% d nii vd 1,3% d nam) Nhu vay, ty 1$ timg la ngn nhdn bgo lyc tinh thin, thd chdt hoac tinh due nhdm nu: luon eao han so vdi nhdm nam gidi 30 Bgo luc vg chdng qua nghien cim a phudng Qudng Tien Trong vong 12 thang truoc thai diem khao sat, ty le nan nhan nii bi b^o luc tinh due ciing cao hem ty 1? nan nhan nam gioi Dang ng^c nhien la, ty I? n ^ nhan nam gioi bi it nhlt mOt bilu hien bao lyc thS chat vong 12 thang truac thai diem khdo sat l^i cao ban so voi nhom nu giai (29,5% va 26,4%) Con so la kha cao so vcri nghien ciiu quIc gia gan day (T6ng cue Thong ke, 2010) va dilu c6 thi lien quan din djc thu cua dja bto khao sat Kit qua cung khac v6i hinh dung thong thuong rang nan nhto bao luc thi chit thucmg la nO gidi (Kurt, 1989) va ciing kh4c so vcri kit qua tuong ling tit m6t s6 nghien eiiu b nude ngoai ChSng han, ty 1? nu- giai timg bi it nhat mgt bilu hien b?o lyc thi chit vong 12 thang truac kh4o sat tji Uganda la 35,8%, nhung ty Ig nam gidi bi bao luc thi chat chi la 11,8% (Kishor & Bradley, 2012: 11) Tuy nhien, can luu y ring, cac kit qua tren phto toh ty IS nguiri bi BLVC vong 12 thang trudc thcri dilm khao sit chii chua cho thiy tin suat va mirc nghiem trgng eua b?o lyc Mat khac, vcri dia bto dilu tra la mgt phuong ven biln tai d6 thi du lich, tinh trang BLVC theo gicri o day co thi co nhihig net dac thu so vdi cdc dia phuong khde Dil chua du dl kit lu?in ring nam gioi d Vift Nam bi BLVC nhilu hon nO gidi, kit qua tren cung cho thay ty 1^ nam gidi timg bj bao lyc thi chit cOng nhu tinh thin la rit ddng ke so vdi phy nii t^i thai diem khao sat BSng Ty \% n^n nhan BLVC ve the chat ho^c tinh diic theo cdc dac dilm nhSn khSu x3 hpi Dan vf: % Da timg 1^ n^in nhSn Nil 38,4 44,1 47,3 29,2 Nam NS 42,1 24,4 34,3 17,1 33,8 26,2 30,6 11,9 41,9 42,4 42,3 18,9 41,0 32,8 44,9 49,0 24,1 32,1 25,8 33,3 20,3 23,0 34,9 30,8 33,7 65,3 , 32,8 39,4 33,3 348 35,0 - 17,9 35,4 50,0 16,1 45.7 41,7 20,0 28,6 Tuoi Du(!ri 30 tu6i Tir 30 d i n 39 tu6i Til 40 iin 49 tuoi Td 50 tuoi tro len Hoc van Tilu hpc Trung hoc co s6r Trung hoc thong Tren Trung hoc thong NghS nghilp Noi tro Nong, ngu nghilp, LD giin don Bdn hdng Tho ky thuat, vSn phdng Khic 50,9 30,8 40,5 15,6 Nghio Trung binh 35,3 MIIC song Khd g i i tr* len M$ttheh| , , t , , Hai the h? 33,9 37.1 42,4 39,0 41,8 Chung 36,5 40,3 N 159 298 Loai hinh •,, , gia dinh , , BahoJcbOnthlh? Li n^n nhan 12 thSng qua Nam 42,5 26.7 40,5 37,8 Cha thick - khong tinh so mdu qud nho (dudi 20) Nguon: Sd li$u khdo sdt ciia di tdi 2016 24,8 41,9 29,5 149 24,8 33,3 34,8 19,5 28,9 15,4 30,0 24,7 28,3 26,4 292 Dinh Phuang Linh 31 B^ tudi trung binh eua nan nhan BLVC mau khdo sdt Id 39, ngudi tre nhdt 20 tudi vd ngudi cao tudi nhdt 76 tudi Bdng trinh bay ty 1? nan nhdn BLVC vi thi ehdt hay tinh due theo m^t sd d^c diem nhan khau xa hgi chinh va thdi di^m xdy Thyc td t4t ca nhiing ngudi tra Idi timg Id ngn nhan cua bgo lyc tinh dye thi ciing timg Id ngn nhdn bgo lue the chdt ndn cd the ggi tdt ''BLVC ve the chdt hay tinh due" la "BLVC ve thi chdt" Ket qud eho thay, nhdm tudi ed ty If timg la ngn nhdn cao nhdt Id dudi 30 tuoi d nam gidi (42,5%) vd tir 40 ddn 49 tudi d phu nS (47,3%) Trong vdng 12 thang trudc thdi di^m khao sdt, ty Id nam va nQ ngn nhdn cao nh^t d nhdm dudi 30 tudi (42,1% d nam va 33,8% d nfi) vd thdp nhdt d nhdm tu 50 tu6i trd len (17,1% d nam va 11,9% d nii) Dang nggc nhien la nhdm tir 50 tuoi trd len, nhihig ngudi thudng cd nhidu trai nghidm ddi s6ng hdn nhdn, lai ed ty Id la nan nhan 12 thang qua thdp nhdt Phdi chdng cd mgt rao edn nao khien nhiing ngudi duge hdi d tudi khdng mudn thiia nhdn vifc hg la nan nhdn BLVC? M^t didm ddng chii y la d dg tuoi tren 50, ty le nam gidi timg Id nan nhdn cung nhu Id nan nhdn 12 thdng qua eua BLVC vi thi ehdt ddu cao han so vdi ty 1? tuang irng nhdm nii BLVC d giai dogn cao tudi Id mgt hudng nghien eiiu khdng mdi tren the gidi nhung chua duge quan tam nhieu d Vif t Nam Bdi vdy, nhihig so tren, du chi rat khai quat, eiing la ggi md thu vi ve mgt hudng nghidn curu BLVC tuang lai Ty le tirng hi BL VC vi thi chdt thdp nhdt la d cdc nhdm hgc vdn "trung hgc thdng" (18,9% d nhdm nam vd 32,8% d nhdm nii) Xet theo ngh^ nghiep thi ty Id cao nhdt d nhdm "ndng, ngu nghifp, lao dgng gidn dan" (50,9% d nam vd 65,3% d nii) Xet theo miic sdng, ty Id nan nhdn nG giam ddn tir 45,7% d nhdm "ngheo" xuong 20% d nhdm "kha gid trd Idn" Trong vdng 12 thang trude thdi dilm khdo sdt, cdc nhdm nam gidi cd ty 1? nan nhan logi BLVC khd cao la cdc nhdm hgc van *trdn trung hgc phd thdng" (33,3%) vd "trung hge ca sd" (32,1%), gia dinh cd tren hai thd h? (41,9%), nhung khdng khde bift nhidu giiia nhdm nghd nghidp chinh Cdc nhdm nu: c6 ty le nan nhdn BLVC vi thi chdt eao nhdt Id hgc vdn "trung hgc phd thdng" (34,9%), nghd "ndng, ngu nghiep, lao dgng gidn don" (35,4%) vd nhdm miic sdng "tirung binh" (28,9%) Cae md hinh chung sdng gia dinh khac ciing cho thdy ty 1? ngn nhan BLVC vi thi chdt khde Md hinh gia dinh mgt the he (cac cap vg chdng khdng/ehua cd eon) khdng phd bidn nhung ed t^ le phu nit bi BLVC ve the chdt cao nhdt (42,4% timg bj ddi vd 30% bj 12 thang trudc khdo sat) Trong dd, eac gia dinh ba thd he lgi cd ty Id nam gidi la bi nan nhdn BLVC ve the chdt cao nhat (37,1% timg bi ddi vd 41,9% bi 12 thdng trudc khao sat) Nguyen nhdn c6 the la vifc chua/khdng cd thudng gia tang dp luc ddi vdi ddi s6ng hdn nhdn, nhat Id ddi vdi ngudi phy nii Ap lyc dd mdt sd trudng hgp cd the chuydn hda thdnh cdc bidu hif n bgo lyc tinh thdn va the chat Mdt khde, gia dinh ba the hf Vif t Nam thudng la gia dinh theo md hinh song chung vdi gia dinh ben chdng (Hoang Ba Thinh, 2016) Loai hinh gia dinh ndy thudng cd mdt so ddc diem nhu de ximg dot the hf, ddi hdi difn tich nhd d Idn, mdi quan hf m? chdng - nang ddu von nhgy cdm va tiem dn nhieu nguy ca xung dgt 32 Bgo 1{K vg chdng qua nghien cuu a phudng Quang Tiin , Nhiing ddc diem cd the tdc d0ng tryc tiep tdi mdi quan hf vg - chdng vd tii dd gdy nen nguy co xdy BLVC vdi cd vg vd chdng 2.2 Cdc biiu hi^n b^o bfc v^ chdng Phy nu thudng la nan nhan eiia BLGD Xudt phdt tii quan nifm ma nd cu§e tranh ludn vd tinh ddi ximg va khdng ddi xiing v^ gidi Mdt bdn, cac nha ly lu$n ve BLGD cho rdng phy nfi, cung gidng nhu nam gidi, sii dung bgo lyc quan hf vg chdng hoae ehung sdng khdng kdt hdn; cdn ben kia, cdc nhd nii quyen khdng djnh rdng BLVC Id khdng ddi xung, nam gidi cd nhidu khd ndng sd dyng bao lyc cdc moi quan hf hon phy nir vd, ndu phy nfi sii dung bgo lyc thudng la diing cho myc dich tu vf (DeKeseredy & Dragiewiez, 2007; Johnson, 1996; Kurz, 1989; Yllo, 1993) Co m^t thyc td khdng thi phii nhdn Id da sd cac nghien ciiu vd BLGD tir trudc tdi van thidn v^ quan diim bdt ddi xiing gidi Tuy nhien, ddi vdi bao lyc mdi quan hf vg chdng, ngn nhdn khdng chi Id phy nii Elnaz Khosravipour vd cdng sy (2015) da timg thu chdng minh gia thuydt rdng thu bao lyc Id nam gidi cd xu hudng gdy nen BLVC nghiem trgng hon himg thii bao lye la nii gidi, nhung kdt qua lgi cho thdy khdng cd sy khae bift cd y nghia giiia nhdm ndy Tiic la, nam gidi va nii gidi gdy bgo lyc vdi miic dg nghidm trgng nhu Tuy vdy, ciing phai thay rang, nhung khac bift ve gidi tinh va gidi, hinh thiic va dien bien cua bao lyc vdi vg va bao lye vdi chong se cd nhiing ddc diim rieng Khi nhdc tdi bgo lye tinh than, ngudi ta thudng nghT tdi nhfing hdnh vi si nhue, quat mdng, de dga - ddy la nhiing bieu hif n cy the, ed tac dgng true tiep, lgp tiic den ddi phuang vd duge ca nan nhdn lan ngudi gdy bao lyc nhan thiic la "ed thd gdy tdn thuang" Cdn theo cdch xdc dinh bdi vidt ndy, ede bieu hifn cua bgo lyc tinh thdn quan hf vg chdng edn gdm cd cac hdnh vi mang tinh kiem sodt nhu; han che cdc mdi quan hf, nghi ngd Idng chung thuy, tiic gian ghen tudng Thgm chi Ignh nhgt, phdt Id ciing chinh la mgt bidu hifn ciia bao lyc tinh thdn Thd eu mdm ndm mieng muoi dm Tmot liic eho xong Ddng ndy cu im im, mdt Ignh nhu tiin, goi khdng noi, hoi khong thua Kho chju vd tec chi ldm em a Ldm liic nhd nggt nggt, kho chiu qud, anh Idy xe mdy ngodi di lugn, khong tht ru ban di Onhd nhin mgt vft chiu khong ndi (Nam, 45 tudi, kd toan) Theo so lidu trinh bay Hinh 2, ed su khde bidt ve ty If nhgn thdy eac bieu hidn bao lue tinh than quan hf vg chdng d hai nhdm nam vd nfi Nfi gidi cd xu hudng bj "phdt Id, cu xii lanh dam" vd "kiem sodt cac mdi quan hf" bdi ngudi bgn ddi eiia minh nhieu hon so vdi nam gidi M^t khac, ddi vdi tdt cd cdc bidu hifn bgo lye tinh than cdn lai nhu de dga, si nhyc, ghen tudng, kidm sodt hdnh vi, ty If ngn nhdn Id nam gidi lgi eao han so vdi nit gidi Miic chenh lech vd ty If giiia nam vd nit d hau het biiu hifn bgo lyc tinh than khdng nhidu Chdnh If eh nhiiu nhdt Id d bieu hifn "kiem soat hanh vi" (di ddu phdi xin phdp, bi kiim sodt d ddu vao bat cii liic nao), dd ty If ngn nhdn nam gdp nrdi ty If ngn nhan nfi (25,3% so vdi 17%) Cd thi ngudi vg ed dgng ca tdt mu6n biit Dinh Phuang Linh 33 chdng minh dang d dau, ldm gi, vdi vi lo lang cho chdng, vi mudn sdp xdp cdng vide gia dinh Tuy nhien, sy quan tdm di qud gidi hgn, khidn ngudi chdng bye hgi, lie chd, dnh hudng din cdc mdi quan hf cd nhdn thi sy quan tdm dy da trd thdnh bao lyc tinh thdn Noi that vdi em, di lam cd ndm lenh denh tren bien, viec nhd va no lo toan cd, nen liic a nhd phdi nhuang nhjn no mdt ti Bgn be goi di nhdu Id phdi nhin mgt v(r Mat xdm xi thi thoi nghi Bi ve lgi nghe xa xd bin tai, met ldm Cd dot anh a nhd lau, cudng chdn di nhgu mdy ddm liin tuc, liic vi nd khda cua khong cho vao nhd, may CO hang xdm eho ngu nhd ddy (Nam, 39 tudi, danh bdt cd Hinh Ty 1$ nam vk nir mau tihig la n^o nhSn cdc bieu hien bao lire tinh than tix vcr/chong De dga hay d^a n^t bilng b^t ci^r c^h ndo Si n h ^ , ling m^ ^ cho cdm thay toi t^, coi thuong, lam b5 m^lt voi ngiroi khac Ghen tu5ng (tgrc gi?n neu thay noi chuy$ii voi nguoi din ong/phy nit khic, nghi ngfir v^ long chung thuy) Phot Id, cu xii lanh dam Kiem sodt hdnh vi (mu6n ki^m soit a ddu vdo bat dc luc n ^ , di dau phai xm ph^p) KiSm sodt cdc moi quan M (han che ti^p xuc vdri gia dinh cha m$ d^, khdng cho g$p gd, thdm nom b ^ be) Ngudn: Sd lieu khdo sal cua de tdi, 2016 Hanh vi bgo lye tinh thdn phd bien nhdt ciia vg ddi vdi ehong Id "ghen tudng" (tiie gidn ndu thdy eh6ng ndi chuyfn vdi ngudi phu nft khde, nghi ngd long chung thuy) (36,35% nam gidi) M§t khac, hdnh vi bao lyc tinh thin phd bien nhat eiia ehong ddi vdi vg la "phdt Id, cy xd lanh dgm" (36,7% nft gidi) Day thudng duge ggi ndm na la "chiin tranh Ignh" Khdng cdn dgng chdn dgng tay hay diing Idi noi, vide im Idng, cu xu lanh nhgt khiin ddi phuong cam thdy tui thdn, ddng thdi gdy ndn sy lie chi, bi bdch cho mdi quan hf cd hai khdng cd cdch ndo thd hidn quan didm Cd ngudi sii dyng "chien tranh Ignh" nhu cdng cy bgo lyc tinh thdn mdt cdch cd y thiic, nhung ciing cd nhitng ngudi lai coi ddy la each cu xu vdn minh dd gidi quyet mau thuan, trdnh vifc va cham, to tiing Nhimg dii vdy thi tdn thuang tdm ly ma hanh vi cu xii lanh dgm gdy la khdng thd phu nhdn 34 Bgo Ivc vg chong qua nghien ciru a phudng Qudng Tiin T^ If nan nhdn bgo luc the ehdt 12 thdng qua d nhdm nam eao han nhdm nii (Hinh 1), mdc dg xuat hifn cua timg bieu hifn bao lyc thi ehdt d nhdm nft thudng cao han so vdi d nhdm nam (Hinh 3) Nguydn nhdn Id moi nan nhdn nam thudng chi phdi chiu 1-2 biiu hifn bgo lyc thd chat tu phia vg, moi nan nhan nft thudng bj nhieu dgng bgo lyc thi ehdt khde til phia chong Bidu hifn BLVC vi thd chdt biin nhdt duge ghi nhgn ddi vdi ed hai gidi Id "tdt, nem dd vdt vdo ngudi" (25,3% d nu va 23.5% d nam) vd "ddy, xd, keo tdc" (14% va 8,1%) Kdt qud phdn tich tdn sudt cac biiu hidn bgo lyc thi chdt vdng 12 thdng tinh tdi thdi didm khdo sdt cho thay, eac biiu hifn bgo lyc chu yiu xuat hifn "1 lan" doi vdi nhdm nam gidi va xuat hifn tit "2 den Idn" ddi vdi nhdm nft gidi Ty Id eac biiu hifn bgo luc xuat hifn "trdn Idn" d nhdm nft Cling eao hon mdt chiit so vdi nhdm nam Nhu vgy, xet ve tdn suat xdy bgo lyc cung nhu tinh da dgng va miie df cda bgo lyc, nan nhdn nft thudng xuyen bi bao lyc hon vd bi bgo lyc d miic dg nghiem trgng han nan nhdn nam Co mgt lan di nghe ngudi ta derm ddt a ddu rdi ve not can ghen Toi dang ngoi vo ggo a goc bi nude, vac edi ghi gd phang vdo ngudi toi Tdi ndm guc luon tren nin gach udt, khong dgy dugec Anh ta dd vdo ngudi toi mdy phdt rdi m&i bd di Ldn dy may co bd lang xdm mang di cdp cieu khong thi khdng biet tdi the ndo Tdi bi gdy xuang suan vd nut xuang bd vai (Nft, 26 tudi, bdn hang) Hinh Ty 1$ nam vd nir mHu bi cdc bilu liif n b^o \\fc tbi chdt tir phia VQ'/ch^ng 12 thang trirox; thM diem khao sat Bop CO, Idm ngh^t tho, ldm bdng I 1.0 ^^ H 2,0 BNic ^ ^ ^ H A± Dd, k6o IS, ddnh dpp tdn nhan ^ ^ ^ K ' BNam I ' Sii d\ing dving c\i lam bj thuang Dinh, dam hodc ddnh bdng vdt c6 the lam ton thuomg X6,dayho5ck6ot6c Tdt ho$c n^m v|it gi d6 ldm ton thuong 10 Nguon: So li$u khdo sal cua de idi, 2016 15 20 25 30 Dinh Phuang Linh 35 BQii duge hdi vi phdn ftng eiia bdn thdn trudng hgp bj bgo lyc, nam gidi cho thdy hg sd c6 xu hudng phdn ling lai bgo lyc hon so vdi nft gidi Cy thi, ed tdi 64,1% nft gidi cho biit hg sS khdng bao gid danh lai niu bi bgo lyc, dd, ty If d nam gidi la 43% Mdt khae, 36,5% ngudi duge hdi eho ring sau hg phdn dng lgi, tmh trang bao lyc eiing se khdng cd gi thay ddi; 33,9% eho biet tinh trgng bao hanh thgm chi cd thd cdn toi tf hon Chi cd 8,9% ngudi duge hdi eho rdng bgo lyc se gidm di vd 4,7% tin rdng bgo lyc se diing lgi sau hg cd hdnh vi phdn khdng Nft gidi cd xu hudng tin rdng vifc phdn khdng lgi BLVC sd mang lgi hf qud tieu eye Cy the la 42,3% nft gidi cho rdng phan khang lgi bgo lyc se khien vifc bgo hdnh trd nen toi tf han vd ehi 2,6% thdy rdng vifc phdn khdng giiip hg ngimg bi bgo lyc Kit tu^n BLVC Id vdn dd khdng mdi nhung ciing chura bao gid cu Ndu nhu quan nifm phd bien van eho rdng BLVC hoan todn la bgo lye eua chdng ddi vdi vg thi theo kit qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, ty le eae dng chdng dd timg Id nan nhan BLVC khdng thdp hon nhiiu so vdi ty If ngn nhan nhdm cae ba vg Trong vdng 12 thdng trudc khdo sdt, ty If nan nhan BLVC ve thd chdt nhdm nam thgm chi cdn cao han so vdi ty If ngn nhan nhdm nft, nhung ty le ngn nhdn nft gidi d tdt ed cdc biiu hifn bgo lyc thi chdt cu the lgi cao hon so vdi nam gidi Bao lye tinh than la hinh thdc bgo lyc vg chong phd bidn nhdt, tiip din Id bao luc the ehat Bgo lyc tinh dye dudng nhu it xdy nhdt, ho|ic Id it duge thfta nhdn Id cd xdy nhdt Mac dii ty If timg hi bgo lyc tinh thdn tCr phia vg/chdng d nhdm nft cao han d nhdm nam, ty If nan nhdn nhdm nam lgi cao ban nhdm nft d phdn ldn cde biiu hifn bao lye tinh thdn Ve tdn sudt vd miic nghidm trgng cua bgo lyc, theo kit qud phan tich dft lifu dinh lugng vd dinh tinh, phy nft bi cdc bidu hifn BLVC vi thi chat va tinh dye thudng xuydn ban nam gidi, miie dg bj bgo lye ciing nghiem trgng han nan nhdn nam gidi Cdc bd vg cung it cd xu hudng phdn khdng bj bgo lyc tu phia ch6ng vd thudng lo sg vifc phdn khdng cd thi khiin bgo lyc xdy nhiiu han, t6i td hon Dya tren quan diem ddi xiing gidi ve BLVC vd sd lifu khao sat tgi phudng Qudng Tien, kit qud phdn tich eho thdy cd phy nfi vd nam gidi ddu cd thd Id nan nhdn eiia BLVC Vdi nhftng han chd ve c5 mau vd dia ban diiu tra, nghien eiiu chua dii di dua kit lugn mang tinh phd qudt cho vdn di BLVC d Thanh Hda ndi rieng hay d Vift Nam ndi chung Tuy nhidn, hy vgng kdt qua tft nghien eiiu ndy ggi md mgt gdc nhin da chiiu, khdch quan han doi vdi van de BLVC Tai lifu tbam khao Campbell Denis 2010 More than 40% of domestic violence victims are male, report reveals Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/sep/05/men-victims-domestic-violence (Truy cjp thing 06/2018) DeKeseredy, W S., & Dragiewiez, M 2007 Understanding the complexities of feminist perspectives on woman abuse: A commentary on Donald G.Dutton's Rethinking domestic violence Violence Against Women 13: 874-884 36 Bgo lyr vgr chdng qua nghien cihi a phudng Qudng Tiin Ebiaz Khosravipoura, Parvaneh Mohammadkhanib, Behrouz Dolatshahi, Abbas Pourshahbaz, Ommehani Alizadeh Sahraei, Maedeh Yousefiiejad 2011 Risk factors of marital violence of married men and women in different levels of severity Procedia - Socio/ and Behavioral Sciences, 30: 1221-1229 Ho^g B4 Thinh (chu bien) 2016 Gido trinh Gia dinh hpc Nxb D^i hpc Qu6c gia Rk Nfi HA Nfi Johnson, H 1996 Dangerous domains: Violence against women in Canada, Nelson Canada, Scarborough, ON Kimmel, S.M 2002 Gender symmetry in domestic violence: A substantive and methodological research review Violence Against Women, Voi &,'No 11: 1332-1363, Kishor, Sunita and Bradley E K Sarah 2012 Women's and men's experience of spousal violence in two African countries: Does gender matter? DHS Analytical Studies No.27, Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF Intemational Kurz, D.I989 Social science perspectives on wife abuse: Current debates and future directions.Genrfe/- and Society 3(4): 489-505 Le Thj Quy 1996 Ndi dau thdi dgi Nxb Phy nO Hi NOi Nguyin Hthi Minh, Le Ngpc LSn, Nguyin Thj Mai Hoa, Tran Thi Cdm Nhung 2005 Nghidn cihi b^o l\rc gia dinh tren ca so gidi it Vift Nam Vifin Nghidn cihi Gia dinh vh Gi(H Hi Nfi Straus, M 1979 Conflict Tactics Scale Available at: http://rzukausk.home.mruni.eu/wpcontent/uploads/Conflict-Tactics-Scale.pdf (Truy c§p thdng nam 2018) Straus, M A., Gelles, R 3., & Steinmetz, S K 1981 Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family, Anchor, New York T6ng eye Thong k€, WHO, MDG-F, AECID 2010 Ket qud tir nghien cuu quoc gia ve bao luc ddi vdi ph\f nifd Vif l Nam Hi Nfi Yllo, K A 1993 Through a Feminist Lens: Gender Power, and Violence: Extending the Feminist Framework in Current Controversies on Family Violence Newbury Park, CA: Sage  ... lien quan den tinh dye) - Bgo lyc tinh dye co ede bieu hidn nhu diing vu luc cuong ep vg/ehdng phai quan he tinh due vg/ehdng khdng mudn; de dga ep quan he tinh due trdi mong mudn; ep phdi quan... mdi quan hf m? chdng - nang ddu von nhgy cdm va tiem dn nhieu nguy ca xung dgt 32 Bgo 1{K vg chdng qua nghien cuu a phudng Quang Tiin , Nhiing ddc diem cd the tdc d0ng tryc tiep tdi mdi quan... c6 thi lien quan din djc thu cua dja bto khao sat Kit qua cung khac v6i hinh dung thong thuong rang nan nhto bao luc thi chit thucmg la nO gidi (Kurt, 1989) va ciing kh4c so vcri kit qua tuong