TRIET HOC, S SU C H U Y I N BlilN TU TUftNG CUA NGUYIN THUONG HIIN Tran Thi Hanh' Tien si, Tnrimg Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xi hOi vi Nhan vin, Dai hpc Qudc gia Hi Ngi Email: tranthihanhtriethoc@gmail.com Nhin ngiy 25 thing nim 2017 Chip nh|n ding ngiy 30 thing nim 2017 Tom tat: Nguyen Thupng Hien la mOt nho si, chi sT nhift tam yeu nude, thiit tha vdi sy nghifp cihi nude Nguyen Thupng Hien thau hieu tinh ednh nude mat dOc Igp, ty chu, dan nd If, sy bat lyc ciia y thftc hf phong kien giai quyet nhftng van de ctia Hch sii dan tpe Ong da chii dOng tiep thu va thi hien tu tudng yeu nude theo khuynh hudng tdn eiia minh Tu tudng va hogt dOng euu nude eua dng dgi dien cho tu tudng va hanh dOng ciia mpt lap tri thftc nho hpc tiin bO Viet Nam ddu the ky XX Tft khoa: Nguyen Thuang Hiin; Dong Du; Duy Tan; nho sT Nguyen Thupng Hien: Cupe ddi sy nghifp vd tdc pham Nguyen Thugng Hidn (1868 - 1925) tdn ty la Dinh Nam, Dinh Thdn, tdn hidu Mai Son, cdn duge gpi Id Ong nghe Lidn Bat Ong sinh nam 1868 mOt gia dinh Nho hpc tgi tdng Lidn Bgt, huyfn iTng Hoa, tinh thdng Ddc hgc d Ninh Binh, d Nam Djnh Ndm 1907, Ptiap huge vua Thdnh Thdi thoai vi, dng gid tam thdy bdc thude d hifu "Nam Thp", Ha Npi roi tim dudng sang Trung Qudc hoat dpng, ciing vdi Phan BOi Chdu tap Vift Nam (Juang phyc hpi Khi Vift Nam Quang phyc hOithdt bgi, Nguyin Hd Ddng (nay thupe huyfn iTng Hda, Ha Thugng Hien xudng tdc vao tu d ehua NOi) Thdn phy eiia dng la Nguyen Thugng Thudng Tich Quang, Hang Chau, tmh Chiit Phidn, ddu Hoang Gidp nam Ty Dftc thft 18 Giang (Trung Qudc) vd mat tai ddy 28 (1865), gift chuc Tham tri bO Cdng, rdi - 12 -1925 Theo di ehftc, thi hai dng dugc Thugng thu bO Cdng nidn hidu Thdnh Thai hda tdng vd tto rdi xudng sdng Tidn Dudng (1889) Ong la rd quan Phy chinh Dgi Nguyen Thugng Hiin la mOt nha tu tiidn Tdn Thdt Thuydt Ndm 1884, 17 tudng, mpt thi sT tdi hoa ndi tidng ttong gidi tudi dng dd eft nhdn; dng d5 ddu ky thi HOi sT phu duong thdi Khi chftng kiin canh nhung chua kip xudng danh tiii kinh thdnh nude mdt, tridu dmh hi thyc dan dp chd trd Hud tiidt thu, dng v i d an tgi nui Nua, ndn bdt luc, dng da ddt hit nhftng tap tha Thanh Hda Ndm 1892, dng thi Dinh, vdn cfta minh viet ndn, chiing ta Hoang Gidp Nguyen Thugng Hiin dugc bd chi cdn nhftng tac phdm tft nam 1885 6ng tdm Toan Tu d Qudc Sft qudn nam 24 tudi da d i lai hon 600 bdi tha, vdn bdng chft Han, 50 TRAN THJ HANH chft Ndm: Nam chi tap (gdm quyin), Mai San ngdm tap Nam huang tap, Mai San ngdm thdo Ong viet mOt sd bai tha Ndm tuydn truydn tdn: Bdi phu cdi luang, Hgp qudn doanh sinh thuyit Tae pham van xudi: Hdt Ddng thu df, Viin hdi quy hdng Thdng qua cdc tdc phdm, Nguyin Thugng Hien thd hifn sy ttan ttd tim dudng cihi nude, cftu ddn tdc, cftu nhdn ddn thodt khdi ednh nude mat, nhd tan, nhan ddn Ichdn ciing Tu tudng cua dng cd nhihig chuydn biin tich cyc theo sy bidn chuydn ciia lich sft, gdp phdn vao sy chuydn biin tu tudng Vift Nam cuoi tiii ky XIX ddu the ky XX Nhftng birdc chuyin tir tirdng cua Nguyen Thupng Hi^n 2.1 Tdr Vf thi nho si quan phmmg, Nguyin Thugmg Hiin phi phdn xd hgi phong kien vd nhitng tir tirdng Igc hgu cua Nho gido Nguyin Thugng Hidn trude hit vd ludn la mOt nha nho chan chinh Ong sinh ttong gia dinh tchoa bang, quy tOc ndn dng sdm chiu dnh hudng cua tu tudng Nho giao quan phuang La nho sT, dng thdm nhuan phucmg cham "each vat, tri tri, thdnh y, tu than, td gia, tri qudc, binh ttiidn hg"; dng cham lo den sach khoa eft dd mong mOt ngdy kidn thidt qudc gia theo hinh mau tren ed vua sdng, dudi cd tdi hien, le nhgc thinh, thidn hg thdi binh, dan no dm Nhung dng d5 dgt, Idm quan dat nude da bi thyc dan Phdp xdm luge, tridu dinh thdt thu, cac vi vua ydu nude ddu bi thyc dan bdt di day viin xft Ong chiing kidn nhiing biin cd nude mdt nhd tan, dan mudn phan khdn khd Cdm thay bat lyc trude thdi the, dng tim ve d trai Mai San, ttdi tdng vdi thidn nhidn, nfti rimg cd cdy Nguyen Thugng Hidn nghl rdng ndn "thoat tyc lgi thung dung", ve vdi "gide mdng hoa tuoi tinh" nhung tri tuf, tam hdn ciia ngudi chi sT khdng de dng vd vdi "cdi tidn", vi dng van cdn ndng long vdi non sdng ddt nude Ldn niii tudng thodt ttdn tue, nhung dng ciing chdng the tim thdy nidm vui ma van uu sdu "Ngudi budn ma quy hifn/ Nude mat niii sdng sau/ Cay cay thua ddn chftng/ Rugu dan vdng bgn bdu" [2, tt.42] Ong nfta mudn thoat ly ttdn tyc, nfta van ndng mpt mdi sdu vi Nude, vi Vua, vi dan: "Tdi khoe cho nfti sdng vi byi ma che kin, ehdn cdo mfta reo! Tdi khdc miiu den xd tdc noi gdc be chdn ttdi, mit mft hoang vdng! Tdi khdc vi vua ta lidn midn lao khd, Ichdng biet ngd ciing ai! Tdi khdc cho dan ta, tan tdc dieu tan, phai bd minh nai xft tg!" [2, tt.296] Ddy ciing ta m6i uu tu chung ciia nhiing ngudi tri thuc nho hpc vdn mang ndng dgo Trung NghTa trude ednh thd thdi bidn logn Hon thd nua, cam nhdn ro nhihig ty tudng, nhihig chudn mye cfta Thanh hidn ttao truydn dd khdng cdn tdc dyng thay doi van mdnh dan tOc, khdng cdn Id khudn vdng thude ngpc chuan chi cho xd hOi duong thdi, Nguyen Thugng Hidn cay ddng than rdng: "Dgo ttdi bi khudt vi gide gid, Ddi ta chdm nghidn biit hoa ngu" [2, fr.73] Trong giai doan tich sft cudi thd k;y XIX ddu thi ky XX, khu vye Ddng A da dien nhiiu thay ddi cd tinh chat bude ngodt, cdng cupe Duy Tan Minh Tri d Nhdt Ban thdnh cdng, phong trao Duy Tan, each mgng Tan Hgi d Trung Qudc, thyc dan phuong Tay xam luge cac nude phuang Ddng, vdn hda phuong Tay du nhgp vao phucmg Ddng ngdy cdng sau rOng Nhftng thay ddi da tac dOng din nhan thftc va hdnh dpng cfta cdc tri gid, ttong co Nguyin Thugng Hidn s y CHUYDN BIEN TU TUnh Thftc Khdng Sy giao thifp dd khidn dng tft bd udc mo xa xdi thoat tyc, chuydn ddn sang tinh thdn mgnh me, cuong quyit, ti^ ddy nhift huydt cdeh mgng Trude tidn, Nguyin Thugng Hidn manh me phd phdn hifn trgng xa hgi Viet Nam Ong thdng thdn chd ddn minh ludi, u md, phd phdn cdc hu tue, nhu eiing bai, le Igt tidn midn, "cftng ma ehdm hon cd nhd An, le bai nhidu khd hem cd nhd Chu" 6ng da kich sy tgc h^iu cfta nhung khoan udc, nhung tgp tyc tuu cuu ddn cu Ong cung dd viit nhieu bai td eao tOi ac cua bpn thye dan cudp nude, bgn quan tai hen mat ldm tay sai mdc sftc dan dp, bdc tot nhan dan 6ng chi rd: "Nhftng mdi ldn cfta chinh sdeh dOc dc cfta chftng cd bdn dieu la: Hinh phat tdn khoe; Thue khda ndng ne; Tuyft dudng sinh song; Kim ham tri ndng Ngodi cdn cd nghin diiu mudn mdi, khdng gidy nao chep hit dugc Nhung ndi tdm tdt mOt cdu la mudn bdt ndi gidng ehftng tdi lam tdi td chftng tdu ddi, ddi ddi lam choi cho chftng ma thdi" [2, tt.212] Ong td tiidi dp coi thudng quan lgi, tri thftc hdn ehi bidt eiii lu6n thyc ddn de quic, khdng thdy noi nhyc vong quoc, vong thdn: "Tdi khoe cho cdc vi nho sT, mdt trdng than hen, khdng biet hd thpn! Tdi khoe h ^ g quan ehftc, s6ng say mem, chit ttong mOng do, khdng biit phan udt vi diiu nhyc! Tdi khdc vi cdc hdng thdn sT ndi chung " [2, tt.296] Nguyen Thugng Hiin thdng thdn ehi nhftng tOi iSi cfta mOt bp phdn ngudi tft quan ddn ddn vd eho rdng tOi iSi dd dd ldm phidu Ige "h6n nude" Ong kinh ttpng, ty hdo vdi hon thieng sdng nfti, vdi hdo ngdn nam ciia dan tOc ta ma gid day chi vi ngudi minh qud dgi, thdy lgi thi ham, thay danh thi xd, ldy xiim ninh ldm dieu thieh, coi trung nghla lam mdi lo, chdng bidt vl dau dat nude dift, chi biit vui vi than gia am no Nguyin Thugng Hidn mdt ldng trung qudn di qudc, dng ty hdo vdi lieh sft hao hiing cfta dan tdc bao nhidu thi tgi eang thay xdt xa bay nhidu Ichi thdi phdi etiiu ednh be tdc, tchi anh hdo Icidt phai lanh minh sdng ydn Ong cimg xdt xa cho canh tri thftc nho hgc tac thdi, thdt thd Ke sT ca ddi phdn ddu nhftng mong dugc gdnh vac vipe non sdng, liay chi it ciing ldm chuc nghipp dng dd truydn thy dao Thanh hidn cho thd hf sau Ay vdy, d cdi thdi "dao thi thu mdy kd dftng, cdng danh dau nfta ma mong, mudn di gd tre nhung khdng chd ngoi" [2; tt.396], vj tri vai ttd cfta tri tiiftc chdng cdn, Nguyen Thugng Hidn hdng hai kdu ggi mpi ngudi thftc tinh Vdi phach eua ngudi quan tft, dng da di tidn phong: "Tdi khdng ngdn dugc f chi khang khai, mudn tung hodnh, tidn Idn phia trude, ddi difn vdi gian nguy, dft phdi tint nat xuong tan, d i hOi ty ca dan tOc tai, tidu chet gidt gide khdng dy gi hit!" [2, tt.297] dng tudn thdm dam chft nghta ydu nude, tinh than dodn ket dan tOc vd ddc bift Id f thftc ty nhidm cua ngudi chi sT Tnrde sau dng mOt tdng tin mii sdng ta sS sach bdng quan thft, dan ta sd tgi dugc ydn dm Tin nhu vgy, quyit chi nhu vdy, nhung cftu nude cftu dan bdng cdeh ndo thi bdn than dng v§n cdn mung lung, can sy hgc hdi, etii TRAN THI HANH dudng ddn ldi MOt vi quan tridu dinh, mOt hgc gid hgc rpng tdi eao nhu Nguyen Thugng Hien ma thuc su trai Idng cau thi "chi mong rdng, ngudi anh kift nude cftng vdi cdc nghia ddn chi sT, lo trii nghT ke tdn, cftng bidu dong tinh chi din cho ke hen mgn ndy nhiing eho chua hay, bd Ichuyet giup nhung didu chua du, gian nan cftng ndm, ttdm khd khdng sdn" [2, tt.297] Nghl Id lam, Nguyen Thugng Hien dd quydt tam thay ddi danh phan, thay ddi each ngtii, each tam clii mong cftu nude, cftu ddn 2.2 Tiip xdc vdi "tan thu**, "tdn vdn" va cae nha tan Nhgt Ban, Trung Qu6c, NguySn Thirgng Hien dan tiep thu nhiing tirtudng each mang, dan cku, ddn quyin Trong thdi gian tam vifc d Hud, Nguydn Thugng Hidn cd su ehuyen bidn rd rft v i quan nifm xd hOi, nhdn sinh n g dgc nhiiu tan thu Trung Qudc, hao himg tidp thu tu tudng dan chft each mang, chung sftc ddy mgnh phong ttdo Duy Tdn, cd ddng, giftp da nien xudt duong du hpc Ong Igp hpi cftu t i d Hui vd Hd Ddng Khi Cy thdn sinh Nguyin Thugng Phien qua ddi, Nguyin Thugng Hiin ldy cdtang cha da xin tam nghi vifc quan, gap rut ban soan vdi Duong Ba Trge sfta sogn xudt duong tim dudng cftu nude CJ Trung Qudc, Nguyen Thugng Hiin gdp gd, sau dd cftng Phan BOi Chdu sang Nhgt hudng ftng phong ttdo Ddng Du Qe xudt duang dugc, Nguyin Thugng Hidn dd phai cdi ttaug, hdnh trinh gian nan vugt qua bao ggng khn vdy bat cfta thyc dan, dd qudc vd phong kiin tay sai Phan BOi Chau dd kd Igi rdng, dng hdi vd cdc bude nguy hiim da qua, thi mdi biet Nguyen Thugng Hidn da ba lan cai trang mdi ddn day dugc Khi thi khdi cua gia ldm ngudi gdi; tftc gdn xudt cSnh thi ddng vai nhd budn; dd duge khdi nude rdi thi ddng gia tdm ngudi Trung Qudc Trdn dudng di qua, difn khan eiia chinh phft truydn Ichdp nai, tfnh truy nd eiia mdt thdm dan ddy b i n phia, mgi eon mdt deu dd don theo sdt chdn ngudi tton ttanh The roi cftng ddt tay sang Nhdt Ban! Ciing nhu Ptian Bpi Ctidu, Nguyen Thugng Hidn thdi dd ngudng mg Nhat Ban, coi Nhdt Ban nhu mOt hinh mau d i hudng theo, quydt tam sang Nhdt Bdn hgc hdi bdi Nhgt Ban la nude "d^ng vdn ddng chung" dd tan cdng, ttd thdnh eudng qude dde tgp: "Nude Phft Tang Id c6i van minh, khen thay phu qudc cuong binh, cung tft mOt chft nhift thdnh gdy nen, cd dOc Igp tteo ten phdt phdi, bgn Ddng phuang ta phdi tim nhau" [2, tt.302] CJ Nhdt Ban, Nguydn Thugng Hiin vidt Viin hdi quy Hdng (Ctiim hong d biin xa bay vi) in gfti v i nude, dugc gidi tri thftc hoan nghdnh ddn nhan, tin tudng vd co sftc vdn dOng, tdi cudn dugc nhieu nidn uu tft di theo cdng cupe ddng du, tan d Ichdp ede tinh thugc ca ba ky Ong kdu gpi nidn rfta nhyc cho dat nude, nudi etii hgc hdnh, sidng ndng, doan kdt, lay nghla di qudc Iam ddu Ong hy vgng, mai ndy tdp nidn Ddng Du ttd ve, nude minh se cd nhdn tai, ddt nude eudng thinh va se cd dOc Idp, ty Tft chiu dnh hudng bdi "tdn tiiu", tgn mdt chftng kiin cdng cuOc tdn d Nhgt Bdn, thdy nude NhOt dOc Igp va eudng thinh, dng gdn nhu dd thodt lidn tdi tu khudn mliu kinh diin kiiu Nho giao, dng it viet Han van, Ichdng cdn tu thdn hay binh chuong ma hudng tdi binh ddn, dng mudn ndi chuyf n vdi ddng dao qudc ddn d6ng bao Nhiing ehuyen biin vd each nghi, each ldm ndy cfta b$c tidn sT nho hgc la kdt qud tac dOng cua nhan td khdch quan vd sy vugt bd y thftc hf mOt each tich cyc cua chft 53 SI/ CHUYEN BIEN TU TUCJNG C O A NGUYEN THU(?NG 1quan Tan thu nhu mOt nguon sinh mdi, ngudn tu tudng mdi da khiin Nguyen Thugng Hidn vd nhiing nho sT cap tidn thdi ed sy ddi mdi nhdn thftc vd phuang thftc hanh dOng curu nude cftu dan, hg dan tft bd ehii truong yeu nude gdn vdi "can vuang" vd chuydn sang Igp trudng ydu nude vdi ndi dung van ddng mdi tdn, ty eudng, hudng tdi xa hOi ddn chft Nguyin Thugng Hiin cung nhu cac chi sT ydu nude duong thdi Iudn gdn suy nghT mdi vdi phuong thftc hoat ddng mdi Co nhiing ydu td mdi tdi mfte md bdn than dng cung thdy bd ngd nhu chuyf n lam kinh td, chuyf n lao dOng sdn xudt, chuydn binh quydn nam nft, chuyfn ty ddn chft Nguyen Thugng Hiin nhdn thdy nhftng cdi mdi dd cd Igi cho nude, cho ddn ndn dng quyit hidu cho rd dd truyen cho ddn ta Ong tich cue van dOng ddn chftng ttong nude cdi each Idi sdng, hgp qudn lai d i kinh doanh, san xuat, Idm cho ddn manh, nude eudng, tft dftng len gianh lai nen ddc lap cho qudc gia Trong bdi Phu cdi luang, dng dd diing ngoi biit tdi ba vdi nhung ngu, tye ngft, ca dao de khuydn qudc ddn biit ddn "sdng cgnh tranh lai tang giua hodn cdu" ma hdnh dOng theo tinh thdn ddi mdi, bao gdm ddi mdi tinh thdn, ddi mdi tac phong, an mac; ddi mdi, sy hgc cdt la thuc hpc, hpc nghe: "Nhftc tinh thdn dftng gift mdi thoi si"; "ldi dn mdc dftng theo chi toi hii, lupt thugt nhu le sinh mdt vg, ngd bp buon cudi"; "ldi dyng tdi dd bd hdt hu khoa, thdi nhimg anh hay thi hay phft, hay kinh nghta hay sdeh van, dftt dudi nong npc", "dudng tien hda cdt tim thuc hifu", "cdng vide du nghd hgc, nghi cay, nghd budn, nghd thg"; "kia cao ddng, np gido su, hgc hanh mOt byng Ichuyen rdn, cho sang sudt"[2,tt.393-395] 54 Thyc ti, Nguyin Thugng Hien da tiiodt khdi tinh trang "nglm vifc nude nhieu phdn bdi rii" d i bdn vdi ddn ta vd chuyfn "lam dn", "sinh nhai", "sinh ke" Nha nho vdn khdng ban nhiiu din "Igi", khdng ua su budn bdn, khdng thich ndi chuyfn tien nong, thi md Hodng Gidp Nguydn Thugng Hien tai chl ve eho qu6c dan cfta minh chinh nhftng vifc dy, ro Id ttong tu tudng cfta dng dd bidn chuydn sdu sdc Ong dh chuong trinh cho moi chau, huydn lap mOt hOi, chpn ngudi dftc hgnh dftng dau, vdn gdp chi can moi ngudi moi thang mOt hao, ed quan ly can than, rdi diing tidn ay vdo cac vifc: Vd rupng hoang, ttdng ttpt, chdn nudi, hpc budn ban, Icinh doanh Di ddi vdi vifc chdn kinh ti, dng d i xudt md mang dan tri, chdn dan tdu Theo dng, chdn Icinh td, Ichai ddn tti va tan chinh tri cd quan he mat thidt vdi nhau, chan Icinh te, khai thdng dan tti la bude chuan bi, bude khdi ddu quan ttpng nhat Ong hd hao nhiing ngudi gidi giang ttong thdn xa dftng sfta lgi dan phong, ddn tidn tdi ndi day ddi lai dOc lap, ty cho quoc gia Doan ket dan tOc khdng chi Id tinh than quy^ bdu cfta ddn tOc ta ma theo Nguydn Thugng Hidn, doan kdt phdi dugc thd tiifn nhftng hanh dpng ttiiet thuc, la lap nhiing dodn thi, nhiing hfi, hpp dodn gdp vdn, mua thiit bi, md xudng, lam hang hda canh tranh vdi hdng ngogi Ong cho rdng, phdi can cu, quydt tdm thi mdi dyng dugc ndn cdng nghifp va hpc t^ip cai mdi la khdi dau va quyet dinh cho sy tidn bO: "Dudng tiin hda nguydn nhan d hpc" Nhd nhiing nhdn thftc mdi cung vdi quydt tam thyc hifn ttong thyc td cua cdc chi sT tan nen nhiing td ehftc, hOi doan khdp ba ky Bde, Trung, Nam diu dugc md TRAN THI HANH ra, nhu Ddng Kinh Nghta Thyc d Hd NOi, cdng ty Lien Thanh, trudng Dye Thanh d mien Trung, hOi Minh Tan d Nam Ky Chinh quyin thyc ddn phong kidn cho rdng ddy Id nhihig mam phdn logn nen dd thdng tay dan dp Khi Phan Bpi Chdu bi bat giam d Trung Qudc, Nguyin Thugng Hidn dugc giao ddm trach to ehftc cdc hoat dpng cfta Vift Nam Quang phyc hdi Ndm I9I5, dng va Dang Tft Kinh duge tdng bO cua Viet Nam Quang phue hdi eft sang Thai Lan giao thifp nhd hai vidn edng sft Dftc va Ao ddng tai Bang Cdc trg giiip, song khdng cdng Vift Nam Quang phyc hOi bi dan dp, Nguyin Thugng Hidn phdi di lanh nan khdp nai, cudi cftng dng dd nuong tya bdng Phgt tai chfta Thudng Tich Quan Lan Nhugc ttdn nfti Vdn San d Hdng Chdu, tinh Chiit Giang, Trung Qudc vd dng mdt d dd Chuyin bidn tu tudng cfta Nguyen Thugng Hidn ndi ridng vd Idp nho st tdn ddu thi ky XX ndi chung la mOt tdt yeu Hch sft, mOt bude phdt tridn mdi ttong ldgic van dOng, phdt tridn cfta tich sft tu tudng Viet Nam Bat ddu va didn tien cfta qua trinh td kit qud cua mdi tuang tdc gifta cac ydu td truydn thdng vd hidn dai, ttong nude vd ngodi nude, Ichach quan va chu quan Cd thd ndi, dd la mOt kidu phdn ftng tich eye, mOt kidu ftng phd cfta tri thftc Vift Nam trude sy Igc hgu, bdo thft cua tu tudng phong kiin vd sy thdng tri, xam luge ciia dd qude phucmg Tay Bude ddu, Nguyen Thugng Hiin dd khdc phyc dugc nhftng hgn chi vd m^t nh§n thftc chinh tri - xa hgi so vdi tdp nho si cudi thi ky XIX, ddng thdi tiip tyc phdt huy tinh thdn ydu nude, y chi quyit tdm ddu ttanh gidi phdng dan tpe, tinh thdn "ty tdn", "ty hpc", "ty nhipm" cfta nho sT Vift Nam Ong phd phdn nhftng diim ban ehe, bdt cap cfta eua Nho gido nhung van cd gdng ndu nhirng gid trj tieh eye ciia Nho gido ddi vdi eon ngudi vd xa hOi Vift Nam cdn phdi gift gin vd phdt huy ttong thdi dgi hOi nhgp Ddng Tay Ong da chft dOng tiep n h ^ tu tudng phuong Tdy thdng qua Tan thu Tan vdn Trung Qudc vd Nhdt Ban, da lam mdi hd thdng khdi nifm, phgm tiii, khdng rap Ichudn tu tudng cua cac nhd tdn Trung Qudc, tao nhiing tidn de ca ban vd nhan thftc va thyc tiin ddu ttanh gidi phdng dan tpe, thd hien tu tudng each mgng Chuyin bien tu tudng cfta Nguyen Thugng Hiin da gdp plidn khdng dinh mdt tu tudng hdt sftc quan ttpng: Mudn ddn tgc dOc lap, ehdn ddt nude thi khdng the Ichdng hOi nhOp vdi thd gidi dd hgc tap, tidp thu tti thftc nhdn logi, tft ldm gidu tri thftc, von vdn hda cfta ddn tOc minh Chu nghta ydu nude dd vugt qua dugc khudn khd vd y nifm truyin thong dd ttd thdnh y thftc ddn tOc hifn dai, tiin bO- Tu tudng ndy dd lam mdi hodn toan tu tudng "vpng ngoai" vdn tdn tgi vdi hdm y khdng tot ttong Hch sft Vift Nam Chuydn biin tu tudng cua Nguyen Thupng Hidn vd cfta cdc nho st ddu thd ky XX chftng minh mOt each ro rdng mdi Iidn hf bifn chiing giua ty lugn vd thyc tien, tinh chu dpng s ^ g tgo cfta ty tuan va tinh phong phft, sinh dOng cua thue tien Cac nho st tudn kien tri doi mdi tu tudng, nhap thi hdnh dOng vdi vai ttd ngudi tri thftc xd hOi, ddng gdp cho sy phat tridn cfta tu tudng va vdn hda ddn tpe ttdn tinh thdn cOa chu nghta nhdn vdn, tinh than nhdn dgo cao cd Qua trinh ndy chftng td ndng tyc tu duy, trinh dO tu ly Iuan va hoat dOng thyc tien cua dOi ngu tri thftc xa hOi trude nhOng vdn di mdi cfta thdi dgi, the hifn khd ndng "ty tiiftc 55 s y CHUYEN BifiN TU T U O N G CUA N G U Y N T H U Q N G I tinh", "ty phd phan", "ty doi mdi" eiia hg cae giai dogn Hch sft mang tinh bude ngodt eda ddn tOc v i thuc tidn xd hOi, tu tudng vd hdnh ddng tan ciia Nguyen Thugng Hien ed tac dyng thftc tinh dan tOc, each tan nhihig ndp nght, tdi song co hu, Ige hgu, tri trf cfta ngudi Vift Nam Hogt dOng thyc tiin cfta dng vd nhiing ngudi cftng chi hudng dd khien chinh quydn thuOe dia sg hdi, sg su dnh hudng vd tan rdng cfta cdc phong trdo nen bdng mpi each ttdn dp, bdt bd, giam cdm, giit hai cae nho st tdn Nguyen Thugng Hidn vd cdc ddng chi cua dng la nhiing tdm guong sdng, dd khoi day duge tmh ty giac d i i mdi, tinh thdn doan kit khdng phan bift cho cdc tdng tdp nhan dan Nhiing hogt dOng van hoa, gido due ciia hp ed tac dung tchoi dgy phong trao hpc tap tri thuc tiin bp phuang Tdy, ttang bi tri thftc mdi, ttao sy hidu bidt cho nhdn dan, thi hidn tinh thdn ty eudng, dung cdm cfta ddn tdc Tuy vdy, nhiing chuydn bidn ttong tu tudng cfta Nguyin Thugng Hidn va ddi ngu nho st tdn Vift Nam dau the ky XX khdng tgo dugc mdt hf tu tudng, mOt ca sd tridt hpc nhdt qudn, khoa hpc, trift dd Dd Id hg chua cd day du cdng eu ciia tu dd nhdn thftc vd chu nghta tu bdn, chu nghta de qudc; vi vdy, dan din hgn chi ttong nhgn thftc vd thdi dai, v i mau thuan cfta thdi dgi Ban thdn cdc nho st khdng ed chiin luge tan, chuong trinh cy thd, hon niia Igi cd nhftng khd khan khdch quan nen rdt khd cd ca hOi dgt tdi dich edch mang theo hudng hifn dgi hda MOt nguydn nhdn rdt quan ttgng, dd la Nguyen Thugng Hiin du dd chu dOng tiep bidn tu tudng phuang Tdy nhung ban tiidn dng trude sau van Id nho sT, vd co ban thi 56 gidi quan cfta dng la thd gidi quan Nho gido, phuang phdp nhdn thftc cfta dng chft yiu thdng qua ly thuyit, ttanh lugn v i 1^ ludn, gid trj tiiuc tien cdntiidp.Ongtiipthu tu tudng phucmg Tdy khdng true tiip tft phuang Tdy, khdng trye tiep tft cac vdn bdn bdng cdc ngdn ngft phuong Tdy, khdng trye tiip chftng kiin thuc tien xd hOi phuang Tdy vdi nhiing tyu vd cd khiim khuyet cfta nd ndn tu tudng tan eua Nguyen Thugng Hiin thidu tinh khoa hpc, thiiu tinh hf thdng va khdng todn difn Du cd mdt so han chi v i mdt 1^ ludn va hoat dpng thyc tien, song phdi Ichdng dinh rdng Nguydn Thupng Hidn cd vai ttd quan ttgng dii vdi sy biin chuyin v i tinh than, tu tudng cua gidi tri thftc Vift Nam ddu the ky XX Hoat dOng edch mgng ciia dng vd cac ddng chi da tgo nhidu gia tri, thye sy ddng vai ttd Id mdt khau quan trgng tiin trinh phdt triin cfta Hch sft tu tudng Vift Nam vd Hch sft ddu tranh edch mang Vift Nam Tdi lifu tham khao [1] D^i hpc Quic gia Hi NOi - Tniimg D^i hgc Khoa hpc Xi hOi vi Nhin van (1997), Tdn thu vd xd hgi Viit Nam cudi thi ky XIX ddu the ky XX, Nxb Chlnh trj Quic gia H i NOi [2] Nguyen Thupng Hiin (2004), T^in tgp ihavdn (Chuong Thiu sini tim v i bi€n s o ^ ) , Nxb Lao DOng, Tnmg tim vin h6a ngon ngii DQng Tiy [3] NguySn V3n Kim (2016), Tiip biin vd hdi nhdp vdn hda a Viit Nam, Nxb Dgi hpc Quic gia, Hi NOi [4] Nguyin Tiin Lyc (2012) (tuyen chpn), Nhgl Bdn vd Viit Nam phong trdo vdn minh hda cudi thi ky XIX ddu thi ky XX, Nxb Giio dye Vi?t Nam [5] VTnh Sfnh (2016), Viit Nam vd Nhdt Bdn giao luu vdn hoa, Nxb Khoa hpc x i hOi