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I DIEN BAN HI THACH THU'C T O A N CAU VE BINH DANG GlCfl TRONG LAO DONG - VIEC L A M VA MOT SO NGUYEN N H A N Ha Thi Hoa Phuang* Tom tdt: Thifc hien binh idng gidi lao dgng viec ldm (BDG-TLBVL) Id linh vUc quan trgng ciia ddi song kinh te - xd hgi (KT-XH) se gdp phdn phdt huy quyen ddn chu ciia phu nUvd nam gidi, bdo idm cong bdng xd hgi, nhUngyeu to cd bdn cua mdt xd hdi vdn minh, vi ngUdi Bdi viet phdn tich rd thUctirqngbdt binh idng gidi (BBBG) tiep can viec ldm, thdng tien cung nhU ddm bdo cdc dieu kien lao dgng vd an sinh xd hdi (ASXH) dang ton tqi d khdp cdc quoc gia vd khu vifc tren the gidi, qua id xdc iinh cdc nguyen nhdn ehinh ve KT-XH vd the che ldm ddn ien fmh trang ndy Tii khod: binh ddng gidi, quoc te, lao dgng, viec ldm Abstract: Implementation of gender equality in employment and labor is an important area of socio-economic life that will contribute to promoting the democratic rights of women and men, ensuring social justice, the basic elements of a civilized society, for the people The paper clearly analyzes the real situation of gender inequality in accessing jobs, advancing as well as ensuring the working conditions and social security exist in all countries and regions in the world, thereby identifying the main causes of socio-economy and institutions leading to this situation Keywords: gender equality, international, labor and employment Ngdynhdnbdi: 16/8/2019 Ngdy sUa bdi: 20/8/2019 Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/11/2019 Th ach thflc toan cau ve BBDG lao dgng - viec Iam Hien nay, BBDG dang tdn tai tren tat ca cac chu ky cua viec lam, tfl dd ngan can phu nfl cung nhfl nam gidi tham gia vao BDG-TLDVL la viee tat ea lao ddng y trfldng lao ddng (TTLD), lam viec va nam va lao ddng nfl de u cd cd hdi nhfl ^udng thu cac qua lao ddng Trin tilp can vdi vile lam, dao tao, thflc te, khoang each gidi TTLD phat triln sfl nghiep, dflg e ddi xfl binh ij yfc dl cd tinh chat toan cau ma tat ca dang tra cdng, cac die u kien lam cac khu vfle va cac qudc gia deu phai ddi viec, an toan viec liun, can bang gifla cdng mat Theo dd, phu nfl khdng chi ed it kha viec vdi cuoc sdng gia dinh va ASXH nang tham gia Ifle Iflgng lao ddng hon " ThS, Bai hgc Ludt Hd Ngi 92 I Tap ehi Khoa hgc Noi vu \ \ \ DliNDAN I nam gidi, kha nang bi that nghiep cao hon ma cdn phai lam viee cac dilu kien lao ddng va dilu kiln an sinh khdng dflgc dam bao Sau day la danh gia chi tilt ve thflc trang BBDG linh vfle lao ddng tren pham vi toan thi gidi, viec danh gia dflgc thflc hien thdng qua cac chi sd thdng ke gidi kem phan tieh vl khoang each gidi va nguyln nhan dan din BBDG ) Theo dd, khoang each gidi chi cd 9,3% (ty 1| cua nfl la 64,7% so vdi nam la 74%) Tuy vay, day cung khdng ban la dau hiiu dang mflng bdi phan ldn cac qudc gia la nfldc d ang phat trien, viec phu nfl tai day cd ty 11 tham gia lao ddng cao nhat the gidi (64,7%) la sfl ngheo ddi budc phu nfl phai tim kilm vile lam cung vdi nam gidi, phan ldn ngfldi lao ddng phai lam viec khu vfle phi chinh ThU nhdt, ty lephu nit tham gia vdo life thflc va it dflgc tilp can vdi cac ehinh sach lUdng lao dgng it hdn nam gidi ASXH [4] Tinh trin tdng dan sd toan cau, nam 2018, ty 11 phu nfl va nam gidi tham gia vao TTLD lan Iflgt la 48,5% va 75% Nhfl vay, mflc chinh lech (cdn ggi la khoang each gidi) la 26,5% Khoang each it hon d cac nfldc phat triln (Tay Au va Bae My, chi 15,6%) viec tham gia vao he thong giao due - dao tao cua nam gidi va phu nfl d nhdm eac nfldc gan nhfl bang nhau, ddng thdi phu nfl cung it phai ddi mat vdi cae rao can xa hdi tham gia vao TTLD [2] Cac chinh sach hd trg ngfldi lao ddng ed trach nhiem gia dinh (cham sdc eon cai va cac vien phu thudc), quy dinh ve quyen dfloc nghi thai san cd tra lflong va dflgc trd lai cdng vile tflong dflo ng sau ket thuc thdi gian nghi thai san cua lao ddng nfl, cung nhfl vile hinh dich vu cham sdc tre em vdi gia ca phai chang cung ddng gdp dang ke vi|c nang cao ty 11 tham gia lao ddng eua phu nfl, dac bilt la cac ba me d cac nfldc [3] Cung nam nhdm ed khoang each gidi vl ty 11 tham gia Iflc Ifldng lao ddng thap la khu vfle mdt sd nfldc chau Phi can Sahara (nhfl Nam Phi, Uganda, Liberia, Angola, Nigeria Thit hai, cd hgi tiep can viec Um cua phu nU it hdn nam gidi (hay ty le thdt nghiep cao hdn) Tham gia Ifle Ifldng lao ddng khdng cd nghia la ngfldi lao ddng se cd dflgc vile lam Theo Td chfle Lao ddng Qudc tl (ILO), thSt nghiip la tinh trang cua mdt ngfldi tudi lao dgng, mdt khoang thdi gian ngan gan nhat (thfldng la mgt hoac hai tuan), khdng cd viec lam, dang sin sang lam viec va tim mgt viec lam ed thdi ban it nhat mgt gid trd len [5] Mac du thap ky qua, ty le viec lam eua phu nfl da tang len diu dan d ban hit cac qudc gia, song phu nfl hau nhfl d khap mgi noi dang that nghiep d mflc ldn hon nam gidi Tinh den nam 2018, ty 11 that nghiep toan cau cua phu nfl d mflc 6%, cao hdn Idioang 0,8% so vdi nam gidi Rieng d cac nfldc A Rap va Bac Phi, phu nfl phai ddi mat vdi ty le that nghiep cao hdn gap ddi so vdi nam gidi Nhflng bao eao gin day eua ILO cho thay, chinh cac ylu td KT-XH va chuan mflc xa hgi hien hanh da va dang tiep tuc can trd sfl tham Tap chi Khoa hgc Ndi vu I 93 ) DIEN DAN ttt ky cam kit rang hp se khdng mang thai, bi budc phai trai qua xet nghiem mang thai cfla ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng, pbu nfl bi quay rdi, bi tfl choi nghi thai san vd sa tbdi sau mang thai d khap mpi ndi tren the Thd ha, phu nd cd it cd hgi tiep can vi tri gidi [8] kinh doanh vd qudn ly tren TTLD Ngay tai chdu Au - khu vfle ma eae qude Trong vdng 20 nam qua, lao ddng nfl da gia d dd ed Ludt Chdng phdn bilt ddi xfl, tham gia nhieu hdn vao eae vi tri qudn ly eung cho thdy tinh trang phdn biet ddi xfl cap trung va cao cap Tuy nhiln, tren thflc dfla trin thai san Viec ngfldi sfl dung lao te hp van tilp tuc phdi ddi mat vdi eae rao ddng gdy dp Ifle bude lao ddng nfl mang can tilp can vi tri Idm vile kinh doanh va quan ly TTLD, rat it ngfldi dflpc thai va eho eon bu tfl ehflc van dien phd bd nhilm ldm edng vile dfl ng dau, dae biln mpt sd nfldc nhfl d Romania; Tdy Ban biet la d eae edng ty ldn Theoflde tinh Nha; Lithuania Ngoai ra, nhflng ddn mdi nhat, phu nfl ehilm chfla dl n rapt "tfl chfle trdng" rad ngfldi lao ddng budc phan ba vi tri quan ly cap trung va cao cap phai ky kit tuyen dung, sau dd dflpc d phan ldn eae nfldc phat trien vd ehfla ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng dflng de eho tbdi din 5% gifl chfle vu tdng gidm ddc dieu vile ngfldi lao dpng mang thai, dm dau lau hanh (CEO) efla cae cdng ty dai chung [7] hoac cd trdch nhilm gia dinh cflng dflpc tira thay d Croatia, Hy Lap, Y va Bd Thd td, phu nd mang thai bi phdn biit Dao Nha Tinh trang tilp tuc gia tang doi xd ve viic ldm vd sa thdi d khap cdc khutrong cude khflng hoang kinh te toan eau vdc tren the gidi [9] gia eua nfl gidi vao vile lam ed trd cdng, dae bilt Id d ede qude gia ed nin Idnh te mdi ndi (trong dd cd A Rap va Bae Phi) [61 Hien nay, khoang 70 quoe gia trin the gidi da phi ehuan it nhdt mdt ba edng flde cfla ILO lien quan den bao vl thai san (Cdng fldc sd nam 1919, sd 103 nam 1952 va sd 183 nam 2000) Nhflng thflc te Id nhieu pbu nfl raang thai va eho bfl van pbdi cbiu nhflng tdn thfldng tai ndi lam viee Phdn biet doi xfl vdi phu nfl raang thai va cbo eon bfl dang xay d tat ea cac qude gia tren the gidi, bat ke trinh dp phat tril'n kinh tl, tham chi tinh trang edn tdi tl hdn hdu qud eua cupc khung hoang kinh tl toan cau Nghien cflu efla ILO nam 2014da phdt biln nhflng trfldng hpp lao ddng nfl hi ylu cdu 94 I Tap ehi Khoa hgc Ngi vu Kenya, mpt so pbu nfl bude phai ky thda thuan hfla hen rang, hp se khdng mang thai Lao ddng nfl lam cdng viec dpn dep vl sinh d Honduras thfldng xuyln dflde ylu edu ed eac xet nghiem mang thai de dflp c tuyen dung bode dflp e tilp tuc Iam vile Tinb trang eung phd bien d mdt sd qude gia Ddng A Nhflng vu kiln ve phdn bilt ddi xfl vi ly thai san ngdy cang tang tren pham vi todn thi gidi Uy ban Nhdn quyen Saskatchewan d Canada tuyen bo 10% khieu nai ve phdn biet ddi xfl tai ndi Iam vile ed liln quan din vile mang thai Tinh \\\ DliNDANi trang khieu n ^ ve phdn biet ddi xfl lien quan din thai ky d Hoa Ky da tang 35% thap ky qua Tfl nam 2001, cae tda an Hoa Kyda phan quyet vl vile bdi thfldng den 150 trieu dd la thiet hai cac trfldng hpp ky thi mang thai ngdy) Sfl eblnh lech viec sfl dung thdi gian gifla hai gidi chfl yeu xuat phat tfl khudn mau gidi eoi trach nhiem gia dinb thude vl phu nfl, sfl eblnh lech gifla hai nhdm qudc gia lai xuat phat tfl vile thieu edc dich vu va cd sd tang dl giam gdnh nang trdch nhiem gia dinh Mdt cude khao sat nam 2015 Chinh d eae nfldc dang phat trien Vi phai danh pbu Nbat Ban uy quyin cbo thay 48,7% nbieu thdi gian eho cae edng viec gia phu nfl lam viee eae hdp ddng ngan dinb, lao ddng nfl ed xu hfldng lam cac ban la nan nhan efla vile sa thai bat cdng, cdng vile ban tbdi gian nbieu bdn lao doi xfl bat cdng hoac xuc pham bang ldi ddng nam, chiem den 57% sd ngfldi ldm ndi Nhflng vdi ngfldi lao ddng ed hpp viec ban thdi gian (trong chi thfle bien ddng thfldng xuyen toan thdi gian van kbdng den 40% sd vile lam trin TTLD) bi ngflpc dai tfldng tfl vdi ty 11 21,8% Sd Iflpng cac vu kien ve phan bilt ddi xfl vi ly Tinb trang lam thim gid qua mflc dang thai sdn da tang 18% kl tfl ndm 2009, dan din cae rui ro vl an toan va sflc khoe song song vdi nhu cdu efla lao ddng nfl trd eua ngfldi lao ddng Khao sat efla ILO tren lai lam vile sau nghi thai san 100 qudc gia trin the gidi eho thay, hdn 35,5% lao ddng nara va 25,7% lao ddng Thd ndm, lao ddng nam ldm them gid nfl lam viec hdn 48 gid/tuan Tinb trang nhieu hdn lao ddng nd, vgy, thdi gian dac biet pbd bien d chau A, dae bilt phu nd ldm cdc cdng viic gia dinh nhieu la d cae vflng Ddng, Tdy va Trung A, ndi hdn vd tong thdi gian ldm viec ngdy gan rapt nfla sd nam gidi va phu nfl dang nhieu hdn nam gidi lam vile hon 48 gid/tudn Sd lieu cflng ehi Phan dnh vl thdi gian lam viec cua lao nara gidi cd khuynh hfldng lam them ddng nam vd lao ddng nfl cho thdy nhflng gid nbilu gid hdn phu nfl, khdng chi xudt tae ddng cfla khudn mau gidi len qud trinh phat tfl viec bp danh it thdi gian lam cdc tham gia vdo quan he lao ddng cfla mdi cdng vile gia dinb bdn ma edn xa hpi gidi, nhin ehung de u ed nhflng ban ehl mong dp i vai trd efla ngfldi d an dng la nhat dinh, dac bilt la ddi vdi lao ddng nfl phai phat trien kinh tl gia dinh Tbeo sd lieu cua Liln blip qudc, d eac nfldc phdt triln, thdi gian pbu nfl thflc hien cae edng viec gia d inh (ndi trp va cham sde eae thanb vien) gdp ddi so vdi nam gidi (4 gid 20 pbflt so vdi gid va 16 phflt, moi ngay) Khoang each ldn hdn d eae nfldc dang phdt trien, gap bdn lan (4 gid 30 phflt so vdi gid 20 phut, mdi Tuy nhien, xem xet tat ea cde boat dpng, bao gdm ea vile lam ed tra IflPng va ede edng vile gia dinh, thi thdi gian md phu nfl sfl dung nhilu hdn so vdi nam gidi Dieu ed ngbia la tbdi gian ngbi ngdi efla phu nfl eung it hdn, kbi dia vi kinh te eua bp gia dinh lai thap hon nara gidi (vi sd gid lam viec ed tra Tap ebl Khoa hgc Ndi vu I 95 t DIEN DAN ttt Ifldng cua ho it hdn dan den chenh lech tfldng quan thu nhap ddng gdp eho kinh tl gia dinh) BBDG lao ddng la nguyen nhdn eung ed BBDG gia dinh assistant), thfl ky gidm ddc (managers assistant), nhdn viln tdng ddi (operator) va nhdn viln thfl viln (librarian) Mat khdc, sfl yeu kera nang Ifle cfla td chfle dai diln ngfldi lao ddng Thd sdu, chenh lech gidi vdn tiep tuc tontham gia tbflPng Ifldng tap the vd ede chinh tgi lien quan den thu nhgp cua phu nd vd sach TTLD chfla hieu qua (nhfl Ifldng tdi thieu) cflng Id nhflng nguyln nhdn ddn nam gidi din viec tri sfl bat binh dang ve gidi Theo sd lieu thdng ke nam 2016, mflc linh vfle trd Ifldng Ifldng trung binh cfla phu nfl thap hdn Thd bdy, khodng cdch gidi TTLD 20% so vdi nam gidL Cd tinh trang la bdi phu nfl thara gia it hdn vao edc edng ldm trdm trgng thim khodng cdch vile cd tra lUdng tren TTLD va cdn tdn linh vdc ASXH tai tinb trang phdn bilt ddi xfl linh Van dl kbdng tiep can day dfl chinb vfle tra Ifldng sacb ASXH la tinh trang cbung efla ngfldi Xem xet riing d khu vfle kinh tl chinh lao ddng tren khap the gidi hiln Chinh thflc, bdi vi phu nfl da eai thien dang kl vl sdeh "that Iflng bude bung" d nhflng nfldc nang Iflc (tren ed sd giao due va tich luy gidu bdn vd sfl phat triln kem bin vflng vl kinh nghiira), nen nhflng nghien cflu mdi kinh tl d cac nfldc ngheo bdn deu dan den day da chi rang phu nfl kbdng dfldc tra vile tdn tai khoang each vl ASXH ddi vdi edng binh dang vdi nam gidi bat ngudn tfl ngfldi lao ddng Tuy nhien, nhfl da phan viec ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng cd sfl phdn tich, ty 11 phu nfl thara gia vao TTLD, biet ddi xfl ve gidi vdi ngfldi lao ddng cfla tilp can vdi cae edng viec ed trd IflPng vd minh Phan biet ddi xfl linh vfle tra toan thdi gian efla pbu nfl it hdn nara gidi Ifldng thfldng dien rapt cdch gidn tilp Dieu da ddn tdi sfl chenh lech gidi va tfldng ddi tinb vi Vi du, ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng nfl va lao ddng nam hfldng thu lao ddng thue lao dpng nam vd lao ddng eac cbinb sach ASXH Vi du die n hinh nfl ldm mdt edng viec gidng nhflng Id sfl tiep can cbinb sdeh bflu tri efla bao dfldi ehflc danh kbde nbau, thdng qua hiem xa hdi Vi thdi gian tham gia vao dd trd Iflpng cbo pbu nfl It hdn nara gidi TTLD (tfldng flng vdi thdi gian ddng gdp Chang ban d Anh nhdn viln bdn hang bao hiem xa hpi) ngan bPn vd mfle Ifldng (salesraan), trp ly giam ddc (assistant tham gia bao hiem thap hdn, ty 11 lUdng manager), nhdn viln ky thudt (technician) hflu va rafle Ifldng hflu cfla pbu nfl thap va gidm ddc thdng tin (information bon nara gidi, anh hfldng den thu nhap manager) la nhflng ehflc danh pbd biln eua phu nfl vl hflu Ngoai ra, vdi ehe cua nam cde ehflc danh tfldng dp bao hiem thai san, eac van de nhfl dfldng efla nfl la: ngfldi ban hang (shop nhdn thflc ve quyen efla ngfldi lao dpng, y 96 I Tap ehi Khoa hpc Npi vu \V\ DIEN DAN \ thfle cfla ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng va kha nang td ehflc thfle hien d eac qudc gia, ehi cd khoang 330 trieu lao ddng nfl, tflong dfldng vdi mdt phdn tfl (28,2%) pbu nfl lam viec tren toan the gidi dflde bao ve bdi che dp trilt tieu quyen thara gia vdo quan he lao ddng cua phu nfl Vi du, tai An Dp, xa hdi rat quan tdm din dflc banh ("purity" - sfl tinb khilt) eua ngfldi phu nfl Nguyen ly efla he thdng dang cap Hindu quy di nb phu nfl can dflpc bao ve khdi "sfl d nhiem" tfl cae yeu td ben ngodi gia (inh cfla hp, bao Nguyen nhan dan din tinh trang gdm ca eae nam gidi khdc Vi vdy, de BBDG cua ngfldi lao dong tren binh tri sfl tinh khiet/dfle hanh, ngfldi ta khdng dien quoc te cho phep pbu nfl lara vile ben ngodi gia Qua phdn tich, cd the thay rang BBDG dinh Nhflng han chl ndy thdm cbi edn dp toan eau vdn dang tdn tai linb vfle dung nghiim ngat hdn ddi vdi phu nfl ed lao ddng, nan nhdn chu yeu la nfl gidi dang cap eao so vdi pbu nfl dang cap thap Theo ngfldi viet bai nay, nguyen nhan dan Mdt vi du khdc la tai cae nfldc Hdi gido, den bat binh dang vd eung da dang, phong mdt nhflng nguyen ly quan trpng phu, vay cd thi tap hpp vao hai nhdm cfla da o Hdi la quan niem nara nfl tach bilt ("purdah") eung da trd rao can chfl ylu sau day: ddi vdi vile thara gia Iflc Ifldng lao ddng va cO hdi lfla chpn vile lara eua pbu nfl Mdt la, chudn mdc xd hgi: Tai nhflng ndi nay, phu nfl chfl ylu d nha Cd 79,2% phu nfl tren toan cdu mong va lam cde edng vile gia dinh mudn dflp c lam nhflng edng viec cd tra Ifldng thflc tl la cbi ed khoang Hai Id nhdng hgn che ve KT-XH - the mdt nfla sd hp cd the tham gia vao che: Iflc Iflpng lao ddng Cde ehuan mfle xa - Tfl gdc dp kinh te Trinh phdt trien hpi, thfldng dflpe binh bdi sfl tfldng kinh tl ed the dan din sfl khde nbau ve sfl tac cua ede ylu to nhfl khu vfle, tdn giao, sdn cd eua cdng vile va chat Iflpng edng sac tde va dang cap, da dinh hinh vai trd viec, vi vay dnh hfldng d i n eo hdi vile cua pbu nfl va nam gidi Phu nfl thfldng ldm cfla phu nfl d cde qudc gia vd kbu vfle bi budc phai tuan thfl ede vai trd gidi md khae Ngoai ra, suy thoai kinh te gia d inh, edng ddng hoac xa hdi cua bp nhflng giai doan nhat dinh eung ed yeu cau, nlu khdng se bi xa hpi loai trfl thi dan den dp Iflc eua TTLD nhieu hpn hoae ddi mat vdi nhflng xung dot khae ddi vdi phu nfl, bdi vi vile eat Cac chuan mflc xa bdi khdng cbi phdn giam lao ddng dien thfldng xuyen, rat eJip thi gidi edng viee thanb eae phdn eua nhieu pbu nfl dang d nha cflng cd nhu eau phu nfl hoac cfla nam gidi ma cdn budc ehuyen sang lam viee cd trd lflong de trang phu nfl phai gdnh ehiu eae trach nhilm trai cbi tieu gia dinb, chinh sfl chenh lech gia dinh khdng can xflng gifla nhu cdu tham gia va kha nang dap d mdt vai noi, ehuan mfle xa hdi edn flng eua tbi trfldng khiln cho bp rPi vao Tap cbi Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 97 } DliNDAN ttt trang thai that nghiep - Tfl gde dp xa hdi Chinh vile thilu dich vu hd trp edc trdch nhiira gia dinb (nhfl eham sdc tre em, ngfldi gid, om dau, benh tat) hoae cbi phi dich vu qua cao cflng vdi chuan rafle xa hdi eho rang trach nhiem gia dinh thude vl pbu nfl se khien eho nbieu lao dpng nfl tfl bd cd hdi vile lam BBDG he thdng giao due ket hpp vdi phan bilt ddi xfl tuyen dung, thang tien va tra edng ma phu nfl Id nan nhdn cflng tao ty 11 gidi tinh eblnh lech TTLD vd bat binh dang vl thu nhdp cfla phu nfl edc qude gia phai xay dflng mdt he thdng pbap ludt lao ddng ve binh dang gidi phfl hdp, khac phuc nhflng ban chl vd thfle thi hieu qud trin thflc tl./ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO l.ILO (2015), Women in business and management: Gaining momentum Global report, Geneva 2,4,6 ILO (2012), Maternity protection: Not just a personal issue Available at: https://www.ilo.org/gIobal/about-tbeilo/newsroom/features/WCMS_193975/ lang- -en/index.htm 3.ILO (2014), Maternity and paternity - Tfl gdc dp the chl Cbinb nhflng cbinb sdch va quy dinh linh vfle lao at work: Law and practice across the ddng bi dnh hfldng bdi dinb kiln gidi (gidi world, Geneva, p.9 ban vile lam efla tat cd phu nfl, quy dinb S.Nehen Haspels vd Eva Majurin, Van tudi ngbi bflu khde ) se kbdng cbi phdng ILO khu vfle Ddng A (2008), Viec ban ehe ed bdi eua pbu nfl ma cdn eung lam, thu nhap vd binh dang gidi d Ddng ed thira eae ehuan rafle xa hdi bien hanh A: Hfldng dan thfle hien, Bangkok Vile mdt sd qude gia chdu Au dp dat thue suat eao doi vdi thu nhdp efla eac hp gia 7.MeCurry, J (2015), "Japanese women dinh ed ca vp va chdng di ldm cflng tao suffer widespread 'maternity harassment' khd nang la rapt ngfldi se lfla chpn d nhd at work", in The Guardian 18 Nov dl cdn ddi lpi ieh kinh te - nlu nhfl rafle Available at: http://www.theguardian tien cdng eua ngfldi thdp (thfldng Id com/world/2015/nov/18/japanesephu nfl woraen-suffer-widespread-maternitybarassraent-at-work [1 Dee 2015] Vile nhan dien cac nguyen nhdn dan din BBDG lao ddng - viee lara cd y 8, 10 UN (2015), The World's Women nghia rat quan trpng Nd giup nha hoach 2015: Trends and statistics (New York, dinh chinh sach ed the xac dinh gidi phap UnitedNations,Department of Economics toan dien, thiet ke phu hdp vdi dac trflng and Social Affairs, Statistics Division) vl gidi (thfla nhdn nhflng hoan canh xa ILO (2016), Women at Work: Trends hpi va nhu eau khdc cua phu nfl va 2016, Geneva nam gidi) de tfl lam giam dan khoang each gidi TTLD Dilu ndy ylu eau 98 I Tap ehi Khoa hpc Noi vu ... cdu efla lao ddng nfl trd eua ngfldi lao ddng Khao sat efla ILO tren lai lam vile sau nghi thai san 100 qudc gia trin the gidi eho thay, hdn 35,5% lao ddng nara va 25,7% lao ddng Thd ndm, lao ddng... chenh lech gidi va tfldng ddi tinb vi Vi du, ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng nfl va lao ddng nam hfldng thu lao ddng thue lao dpng nam vd lao ddng eac cbinb sach ASXH Vi du die n hinh nfl ldm mdt edng... Tham gia Ifle Ifldng lao ddng khdng cd nghia la ngfldi lao ddng se cd dflgc vile lam Theo Td chfle Lao ddng Qudc tl (ILO), thSt nghiip la tinh trang cua mdt ngfldi tudi lao dgng, mdt khoang thdi
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