VIEC LAM PHI NONG NGHIEP VA TANG TRlTdNG THU NHAP HO GIA DINH N N G THON VIET NAM Vu Van Hiing Truang Dgi hgc Thucmg mai Email: hungwu@tmu.edu.vn Ngay nh^n-04/01/2019 Ngay nhgn ban sira: 20/02/2019 Ngay duy?t dang: 05/3/2019 Tdm tat: Sir dung bg die lieu mdng cdn bdng tu cdc dieu tra muc song hg gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2014 vd 2016, nghiin cuu ndy dd ddnh gid tdc dgng cua viic ldm phi nong nghiip t&i ldng tru&ng thu nhgp ho Nghien ciru cUng cung cdp bdng chung m&i rdng viic co tham gia vd muc dp tham gia vdo cdc hogt dgng kinh ti phi ndng nghiip (viec ldm cong dn luang hay phi ndng nghiep tu ldm) diu co tdc dpng duang t&i tdng truang thu nhdp hg gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam Hdm y chinh sdch nit tic nghiin cihi la boi cdnh ddt nong nghiep ngdy cdng hgn hep vd ddn so ldng nhanh thi gia tdng ca hpi viic ldm phi nong nghiip cho nong hp cdn coi Id gidi phdp chinh cho ndng cao muc song ddn cu nong thon & Viet Nam Tir khoa: Md hinh tdc dgng cd djnh, thu nhgp hd, vide lam phi ndng nghiep, ndng thdn MaJEL:C23;D13;I30;I31 Nonfarm employment and income growth of households in rural Vietnam Abstract: Based on a balanced panel dataselfrom the lietnam Household Living Standard Surveys in 2014-2016, the paper is to examine the impact of nonfarm employment on the growth of household income in Vietnamese rural areas This study also provides new evidence that the participation and the intensity of participation in either wage employment or nonfarm self-employment have a positive effect on the income growth of rural households Finally, the author gives some policy implications that in the context of increasing limitation in agricultural land and rapid population growth, promoting nonfarm employment opportunities should be considered as a major method to improve the households 'standard of living in the rural areas in i^ietnam Keywords: Fixed effects estimator, household income, nonfarm employment, rural area JEL code C23, D13:130; 131 I Gidi thifu (Otsuka & Yamano, 2006; Rigg, 2006) ve vai trd cua Canh tdc ndng nghiep, chuydn ddi sang vide lam phi ndng nghiep va di cu dugc coi la ba dudng viec Idm phi ndng nghiep (lam cdng an luang hay hr 'am phi ndng nghiep) ddi vdi sinh kl hg gia dinh d chinh dl giiip hg gia dinh ndng thon gidm ngheo va ndng cao thu nhgp d cac nudc dang phat tndn (World cac nudc dang phat trien Nhin chung, eac phdt hien nghien cim dlu cung cdp cdc bdng chung djnh lugng Bank 2008) Trong nbilu thap ky qua, dd cd rdt nhilu nghien ciru thye nghiem (De Janvry & cpng vl vai ud cua viec lam phi ndng nghiep vdi gidm ngheo vd ndng cao thu nhdp binh qudn hg gia dinh su 2005; Djurfeldt & cpng su 2013; Mat & cdng sy, cd kiem sodt cac bien sd khde cua ddc 2012) cung nhu cac nghidn ciiu ddnh gia tdng kit didm hg va cgng ddng Sd 261 thdng 3/2019 91 kJiilileJ'iiiillrieii Viet Nam, da cd mdt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu tdc dpng ciia vipe ldm phi ndng nghiep tdi thu nhdp hp gia dinh d viing ndng thdn va ven dd thj ldn Sir dung bp dix lieu miic sdng dan cu cac nam 19941998, Pham & cpng sy (2010) da phdt hien rang vide cdc hp gia dinh iham gia vdo hoat ddng kinh le phi ndng nghiep ty ldm da cd tac ddng tich cyc tdi miic chi tidu binh qudn hd Ngbien cim cua nhdm lac gid Tran & cgng su (2014) d ven dd Hd Ndi cho thdy cdc hp tham gia vdo viec lam cdng ehinh thiic hay phi chinh thirc, ciing nhu phi ndng nghiep ty ldm ddu cd muc thu nhdp binh quan ddu ngudi cao han hd thudn ndng Cac kdt qud nghien curu tirang bx ciing dugc tim thdy d viing Tay Bac (Tran, 2015a) va viing Bdc Trung Bp (Nguyen & Tran, 2018) Viec tdng quan ldi lieu cbo thay hien cd hai vdn dd can tidp tyc nghien cuu: Thir nhdt, cae nghien ciiu vl Vidt Nam mdi chi dd cap tdi viec ludng tac ddng trung binh cua viec Idm phi ndng nghi?p tdi thu nhdp/chi tieu hp qua vide sir dyng bidn gia: hp gia dinh cd hay khdng tham gia vdo vide lam phi ndng ngbiep Cha tdi nay, theo tdng quan nghidn ciiu ciia tdc gid cho thdy chua cd nghien ciiu ndo ddnh gid mirc dp tham gia vdo boat ddng phi ndng nghiep (do bang phdn tram thu nhap bi hoat dpng phi ndng nghiep) tdi thu nhdp hp gia dinh ndng thdn Vipt Nam Thir hai, cac nghien ciiu trudc dd thudng sii dung dix lieu eheo (Tran, 2015b; Nguyen & Tran, 2018) hodc sii dung dii lieu mdng cac nam 19941998 da each ddy khd lau (vi du, Pham & cdng sy, 2010), hong dd khu vyc kinh te ndng thdn dd cd nhiing thay ddi ddng kd thdp ky qua ve miic dp chuydn djch ca edu kinh Id hd (World Bank, 2012) Da vdy, se la can thilt cung cdp nhung tinh loan mdi cap nhat ve vai trd cua viec Idm phi ndng nghiep vdi thu nhdp hd ndng thdn Viet Nam Ddy Id ly chinh dl tac gid thye bien nghien ciiru Bai vidt cd hai myc tieu chinh: (i) danh gia thuc trang tham gia hogt dgng phi ndng nghidp (chi tap tnmg vdo viec ldm cdng dn luang va ty lam ngadi ndng nghiep) ciia hp gia dmh ndng thdn Viet Nam; (ii) phan tich kinh te luong vdi dii lieu mdng cdn bdng hai ndm 20I4-20I6 ve tac dgng ciia vide lam phi ndng nghi?p vdi thu nhdp binh qudn hp gia dinh ndng thdn Kdt cdu bdi viet nhu sau: phan hai la ca sd ly thuyet, phdn ba md td dix lieu vd phuang phap phan tich Phan trinh bdy ket qua phan tich thye trang viec lam phi ndng nghiep vd thu nhdp hd So 261 thdng 3/2019 Kdt luan vd mdt sd hdm y chinh sdch dupc trinh bay d phdn Cff SOf 1;^ thuylt Cac hogt dpng king tl phi ndng nghiep ndng thdn bao gdm cdc boat dpng tgo thu nhdp (tien mat hay hien vdt) khdng tir ndng nghidp nhirag lai d khu vyc ndng thdn Theo Reardon (1997), viec lam phi ndng nghiep bao gdm viec lam cdng dn luang hay ty ldm ngoai khu vyc ndng nghiep Vipc lam phi ndng nghiep ndng thdn bao gdm da dgng cac hogt dpng nhu thuang mai, dieh vy vd cdc boat dpng che bidn va che tao cdc san phdm lieu thii cdng nghipp Theo md hinh ly thuyet sinh ke ndng thdn ciia Ellis (1998), cae hg gia dinh d ndng thdn tbam gia vipc Idm pbi ndng nghiep dd da dgng hda ngudn thu nhdp, gidm thieu sy phu Ihugc vao sdn xudt ndng nghipp vd nang cao thu nhap Ly hp gia dinh tham gia cdc boat dgng kinh le phi ndng nghiep cd the xuat phat tir "luc ddy" hoac "lyc keo" tir hoat ddng kinh te phi ndng ngbi?p (Reardon & cpng sy, 2007) "Lyc keo" ham y rang cdc hd gia dinh cd ddng ca tbam gia hogt dpng kinh te phi ndng nghidp vi hogt dpng ndy dem lai thu nhap cao han tu hogt ddng kinh td ndng ngbiep Trong dd, "luc ddy" lai cho thdy vide tham gia hogt dpng kinh te phi ndng nghiep Id cdc hd gap phai cdc bien dpng ve thdi tidt, thidn tai hogc ve dai han Id thidu ddt eanh tac; hoac cac hd mudn da dang sinh ke nham gidm thidu rui ro tix sdn xudt ndng nghiep va bien dpng cua thi trudng (Tran, 2014) Mpt sd hp gia dinh tham gia viec lam phi ndng nghiep nhu mgt sy bd sung cho ngudn thu nhap cho cac boat dgng sdn xudl ndng ngbiep, dd cdc hg khac thi tham gia vide lam phi ndng nghidp nhu la each tao ngudn thu nhgp chinh cbo gia dinh (Rantso, 2016) Nhin chung, bdng chirng thye nghiem deu eho thay viec Idm phi ndng nghiep ddng gdp ddng kd vao thu nhap ndng hd va qua dd giup gidm ngheo va nang cao thu nhdp cho ddn sd ndng thdn d nhieu nudc d Chdu Phi (Rantso, 2016) Chdu A (Otsuka & Yamano, 2006) va cdc nudc dang phdt trien kbac tren thd gidi (Rigg, 2006; Tran, 2014) Du- lieu vd phiromg phap phan tich 3.1 Dir lieu DH lieu chinh cho bdi \ie[ lay lir cac cupc dilu tra miic sdng ddn eu (VHLSS) cdc nam gdn day (2014 vd 2016) Ddy Id cac cupc didu tra khdo sat chi kiiiliteJ'yirieB tidt ve cac ddc diem nhan khdu hgc, gido dye, viec ldm, tai san, thu nhgp, vd cae hogt dgng kinh te khac cua cac hd gia dinh Dii lieu dugc khdo sdt bao gdm khoang 9400 hg cho cd nudc, vd viing ndng thdn Id khoang 6500 hg, chiem khodng 70% tdng sd hd tiong mau khdo sat Day la dix lieu dugc lya chgn mang tinh dgi dien quoc gia cung nhu cdp vimg vd vdy ket qud phan tich cd the dugc suy dien cho tdng the khu vuc ndng thdn 3.2 Phuang phdp phdn tich Bdi viit sir dyng bai phuang phap phan tich chinh Thii nhdt, phuang phap thdng ke md td dugc sir dyng dd hinh thdnh cdc bang bieu vd thj minh chiing cho nhung thay ddi ve viec ldm phi ndng nghiep vd thu nhdp hg Sau dd, phuang phap pban tich hdi quy da bidn vdi phuang phdp udc lugng tac ddng cd djnh (Fixed effect estimator) dugc su dung dd ddnh gia tdc ddng cua hai bien sd quan ldm chinh: (i) tham gia vide lam pbi ndng nghiep va (ii) miic tham gia viec ldm phi ndng nghidp tdi thu nhap bd, sir dyng mang dii lieu can bang Irong hai nam gdn ddy nhdt (2014-2016) Day la phuang phdp udc lugng cd uu diem ndi bdi bdi nd loai bd dugc nhiing nhan td khdng quan sat dupc vd khdng thay ddi theo thdi gian (Time-invariant unobservable factors) nhung lai cd anh hudng tdi miic tang tbu nhdp cua hd (Woohidge, 2013) Cac nhan td dd cd thi bao gdm cdc ky nang mem hay kha nang cua hd Ngodi ra, nd cdng bao gdm cdc bien sd viing hay cdng ddng cd tinh chdt dn dinh, khdng thay ddi nhu dac dilm ve tu nhidn, tmyen thdng van hda vd ljch sir cd thd tac dgng tdi tang trudng thu nhdp cua hd gia dinh Vide su dung phuang phdp udc lugng tac ddng cd djnh, vdy, se cung cdp nhiing udc linh mang tinh tin cay ban nhd logi bd dugc cac yeu Id gdy nhieu neu tren (Woolridge, 2013) Log _ y^, =0Q + X^p.^ + PNNfi,^ + Yearfi^ + u^, + £^ (1) Log_y„^ + Xfi^ + PNN _ teveij-^ + Yeai-fi^ + «„ + £•„ (2) Trong md hinh hdi quy udc lugng Idc dpng cd djnh (1) vd (2), bidn phy thudc la tbu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi ciia hd (dugc bien ddi logarit ty nhien log) de linh todn tac dgng xap xi pban trdm Han nira, viec bien ddi logarit giiip cho du lieu dugc phdn phdi gdn chudn, giup cho cdc kiem djnh thdng ke lin cdy ban (Woolridge, 2013) Md hinb (I) udc lugng lac dpng cua viec tham gia viec lam phi ndng nghiep, cdn md hinh (2) udc lupng Idc dpng ciia miic dp tham gia Hinh 1: Ca cau thu nhdp hd ngheo ndng thon nam 2014-2016 0.03 0.01 0.1 2014 • Lam cong/lLcang Sd 261 thdng 3/2019 2016 • Ty ISm • Ndng nghiap = Kh^c kinli l e j y Irien Hinh 2: Cff cau thu uhSp h9 khong ngheo nSng th6n nam 2014-2016 • 0,3 0.2 0.37 0.1 2014 D Lam cong/lu'O'ng 2016 • Ty lam vide Idm phi ndng nghiep ldi ldng trudng thu nhdp hd gia dinh p la cac tham sd can udc tinh vd £•„ la sai sd md hinh; X^^ Id vec la cdc bidn so kiem saat lien quan tdi dgc diem hp gia dinh bao gdm: (i) quy md hp; (ii) ly le phu thupc (phan tiam sd vien hd dudi 15 va sd thdnh vien hg trdn 60 chia cho sd ngudi hong tudi tir 15 tdi 60), trinh giao dye chu bd (sd nam di hpc tai trudng Idp); (iii) gidi tinh ehii hd; (iv) tudi chii hd; (v) dien tich dat trdng cay hang ndm (log); (vi) dien tich dat hdng cdy lau ndm (log) va (vii) bien gia nam Luu y la hong udc lugng tdc ddng cd dinh, cac bien sd khdng bien ddi hai nam se bj logi bd tinh khdng bidn ddi theo thdi gian (Woolridge, 2013) • Nong nghiep - Khac cdc tac ddng tren ciia viec lam pbi ndng ngbi?p da dugc kiem soat bdi cdc dac diem cua hg vd cpng ddng vdi mpt sd biln quan sdt dugc vd mpt bidn sd khdng quan sdt dugc vd khdng bien ddi theo thdi gian Tuy nhien, phuang phdp phdn tich ndy khdng kiem soat dugc dnh hudng cua cac nhan td khdng quan sdt dugc vd cd bien ddi theo thdi gian Mac du vgy, phuang phap ude lugng tac dgng ed djnh cho tdi vdn dupc coi la phuang phdp phd bien hong danh gia tae dgng bdi cae uu diem da dupc trinh bay (Woohidge, 2013) Nghien cixu se dem lai kdt qud tdt ban ndu du lipu phdn tich thai gian ddi ban hai nam Tuy nhien, sd hp dugc dieu tia lap chi la mdt nua sd Hai bien quan tam chinh Id (I) bidn tham gia hoat mdu nen dii lieu mdng can xiing (Balanced panel ddng phi ndng nghiep (biln gia ve viec lam cdng data) cdn qud nhd, se cd the khdng ddp iing du dieu an luang vd kinh doanb phi ndng nghiep ty lam) d kien phdn tich md hinh udc lugng tdc dpng co djnh md hinh (1), vd (2) bien miic dp tham gia vdo viec (Woolridge, 2013) Do vdy, bdi viet se su dung bp du lam cdng an luang (do bdng phdn trdm thu nhap tix lieu thdi gian hai nam gan ddy nhat la 2014 vd liln cdng) d md hinh (2) Md hinh tren se giiip cho 2016 Cdn luu y Id viec phan rich dix lieu mdng can nghien ciiu ddnh gid dupc hai nhdm tac dpng cua bdng vdi phuang phdp udc lugng tren cd muc tieu vide Idm phi ndng nghiep ldi thu nhdp cua hg Thir chinh Id logi bd nhimg nhan td khdng quan sdi dupc nhdt, viec tham gia vdo cdc boat dpng ldm cdng hay va khdng bien ddi theo thdi gian cd the dnh hudng phi ndng nghiep cd tdc dgng tdi tang thu nhdp ldi kit qua phan tich Da vay, vipc phdn tich vdi thdi ciia hg Thii hai, miic dp tham gia vao hai boat dgng gian hai nam la ddm bdo myc tieu nghidn cuu dat tren anh hudng ldi ldng trudng thu nhap eua Vifc Idm phi nong nghi|p va tang truirng thu hg Luu y la vdi phuang phdp phdn tich da neu thi Sd 261 thdng 3/2019 kJiliie4Pliiiliriei Bdng 1: Thong ke md ta d^c diSm h^ gia dinh nong thon ndm 2014-2016 2014 Cdc bien so Gia tri trung binh 2051 0,79 50,87 0,80 0,02 7,47 3,86 0,37 0,64 0,28 0,36 0,13 3766 1230 Thu nhap binh quan/thang ( ngan dong) Gicfi tinh chit hg Tuoi chu hp Dan tpc Icinli/thieu so Tinh trang hon nhan ( chtia/lthong Icgt hon) So nam di hpc chinh thiic Quy mo hp Ty le phu thupc Tham gia viec lam cpng Tham gia phi nong nghiep Miic dp tham gia viec lam cong an luong Mttc dp tham gia phi npng nghiep tir lam Dien tich npng nghiep hang nam (m^) Dien tich npng nghiep lau nam (m^) So quan sat Nguon • tinh todn cua tdc gid tir VHLSS ndm 2014-2016 nhap cua hO gia dinh ndng thdn Viet Nam 4.1 Phdn tich thong ke mo td De phan tich sa bd mdi quan he giira chuyen djch ca cdu thu nhgp (sang cdc hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep) vd miic thu nhdp cua cdc hd gia dinh, phan lich thdng ke md td su dung bidu ty trpng ngudn thu nhap theo nhdm hd ngheo vd khdng ngheo vdo nam 2014 vd 20I6K Kel qud phdn lich d Hinh vd Hinh cho thdy cac hg ngheo cd ty trgng thu nhap tii' ndng nghiep rdt cao va cd xu hudng tang tu 55% len 58% thdi ky 2014-2016 Trong dd ly hpng thu nhgp tir hogt dgng phi ndng nghiep bx lam vd Idm cdng an luang gidm nhe vd chiem ty trpng tucmg ling chi tir 19% tdi 16% ldng thu nhdp hd ngheo hong thdi gian ke tren Ngupc lai, cac hd khdng ngheo it phu thugc ban vao ndng nghiep, vdi ty trgng thu nhdp lir ndng nghiep giam nhe tu 34% xudng 31% Ty trgng thu nhdp tir viec lam phi ndng nghiep (cd ldm cdng van luong vd ly Idm) dudng nhu dn djnli cimg thdi gian cho nhdm hd khdng ngheo vd trung binh ddng gdp mgt nua tdng thu nhdp cua cac hd ndy thdi gian hen Ty Irgng thu nhdp lir cac ngudn khde (tbu nhdp tir trp cdp, cho thue ldi san, tien gui tu ngudi than, ) tang len nhe hong cimg thdi ky 2014-2016 cho cd hai nhdm hd Kdt qud phdn tich Ihdng kd md la cho thdy cd mdi lien he giira ty trgng thu nhdp lir So 261 thdng 3/2019 2016 D6 ISch chuan 1893 0,40 14,27 0,40 0,14 3,61 1,58 0,30 0,48 0,45 0,35 0,26 7324 4923 6036 Gia trj trung binh 2424 0,78 51,98 0,79 0,02 7,55 3,79 0,38 0,65 0,30 0,36 0,14 3738 1516 Dp lech chuan 2368 0,41 14,06 0,41 0,14 3,65 1,59 0,31 0,48 0,46 0,35 0,27 9730 5233 6036 ngudn ndng nghiep va phi ndng nghiep vdi muc thu nhgp ciia hd gia dinh ndng thdn Viet Nam Bang md ta dgc diem ciia hd gia dinh ndng thdn Viet Nam vdi dii lieu mdng can bang hai nam 20142016 Ket qua linh lodn cho thdy thu nhdp binh qudn hd da ldng tu 2,05 trieu Idn 2,424 trieu Cdc chi so khac, ve mat trung binh cd sy Ihay ddi nhe ve dd tudi, quy md bg, ciing nbu sy tbam gia vd cdc boat ddng phi ndng nghiep va ldm cdng an luang Dien tich dat ndng nghiep, bao gdm ddt trdng cay hang ndm vd ddi Irdng cay lau nam cung cd sy bien ddng, gidm nhe vdi dat trdng cdy hdng nam vd ldng len vdi ddt trdng cdy Idu ndm 4.2 Tdc dpng cda viec ldm phi nong nghiip t&i tdng tru&ng thu nhdp hp gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam Bang trinh bay kel qua phdn tich tdc ddng cua viec ldm phi ndng nghiep tdi ldng trudng thu nhdp hp gia dinh ndng thdn tir md hinh udc lugng tdc ddng cd djnh Md binh I dugc chi djnh vdi hai bien sd chinh la (i) tham gia vdo viec ldm cdng an luang vd (ii) tbam gia vdo boat ddng kinb te phi ndng nghidp ty Idm cua cdc hd gia dinh Md hinh dupc chi dinh vdi hai bien sd quan tam: (i) muc dp tham gia vao viec Idm cdng vdn luang vd (ii) mirc tham gia vao boat dpng kinh le phi ndng nghidp ty lam Kel qud Bdng cho thay cdc he sd udc lugng kililileJ'liiillrii Bang 2: Tac dpng cua viec lam phi ndng nghiSp tdi tang trtrvng tbu nhap hp gia dinh ndng th&n Vigt Nam nam 2014-2016 Bien sd giai thich Mo hinh ^ 0,05 Gidi tinh chii bd 0,08 (0,064) (0,065) -0,00 Tudi cbii bd -0,00 (0,002) (0,002) -0,09 -0,11 Dan tgc kinh/thieu sd (0,097) (0,102) 0,04 0,05 Tinb trang bdn nhan (0,100) (0,097) 0,01 0,01 Giao due (sd nam di hpc cua chii bd) (0,006) (0,006) -0,08**' -0,09*" Quy md bd (0,011) (0,012) -0,25*»* -0,21*** Ty 1? phu thupc (0,063) (0,063) 0,12"* Tham gia viic ldm cdng dn lucmg (0,028) 0,17»»» Tham gia phi nong nghiep tu ldm (0,031) 0,28*** Muc dp tham gia viec ldm cong dn luang (0,053) 0,45*** Mirc dp tham gia phi nong nghiip tu Idm 0,28*** 0,01 0,01* Ddt ndng nghiep trdng cay hdng nam (log) (0,005) (0,005) 0,01 0,01 Ddt ndng nghidp Udng cdy Idu nam (log) (0,005) (0,005) 0,17**» 0,17*** Nam 2016 (0,011) (0,011) 7,76»»* 7,73*** He sd chgn (0,176) (0,183) 5.635 5.635 Sd quan sdt 0,153 0,148 He sd R binh phuang 3.066 3.066 Sd hp (id) •6 csir dung hiiu ung cluster cdp xd vd sai so chudn Luu y: Vac tinh tir mo hinh u&c lucmg tdc dpng co dinh, 10% 5% vd 1% vdng ngogc *, **, *** bieu thi micey nghia thdng ki cua cdc bien tham gia va mixc dp tham gia vdo boat dgng kinh tl phi ndng nghiep deu cd gid tri duang cd y nghia thdng ke cao (nhd han 1%) Do vgy, kel qud d cd hai md hinh deu khdng dinh rang cdc hg gia dinh chuyin dicb ca cau kinh te sang cdc boat dpng kinh tl phi ndng ngbiep deu ndng cao dupe miic thu nhap Cu the, md hinh I cho biet tinh trung binh tbi cdc bg gia dinh tham gia vdo boat dgng lam cdng an luang se tang them thu nhdp binh qudn bd vdo khodng 12% vd luang ty, tham gia vdo boat dpng phi ndng nghiep hr lam se tang them thu nhdp khodng 17%, giii nguyen eac bien sd khde md hinh khdng tiiay ddi Md hinh cho thay neu miic dp tham gia vao viec lam cdng an luang tang them I % (dugc bang ty So 261 thdng 3/2019 trgng tbu nhdp hg tir lam cdng an luang tang them 1%) thi thu nhdp binh quan bd se tang them khodng 0,28% Tdc dpng tuang tu nhung Idn ban nhieu cho miic dg tham gia vaa boat dpng kinb te phi ndng nghiep hr lam Id 0,45% Phdt hien nghien ciiu tren hdm y rdng vide chuyen ddi ca edu kinh td sang cdc boat ddng kinh doanh phi ndng nghipp hay tham gia vao tbi trudng lao dgng vdi cdc cdng vide lam cdng dn luang ddu giiip hd gia dinh ndng thdn cai thipn dang kl thu nhdp Nhin chung, phat hipn nghien ciiu ndy ddng thudn vdi cac nghien cim trudc ddy ve vai trd ciia vide ldm phi ndng nghipp \ di thu nhdp hg gia dinh ndng thdn d Viet Nam ndi chung (Pham & cpng su, 2010), vd cac nudc dang phdt niln ndi rieng (Reardon & cgng sy 2007) Kci qua d Bdng kjnhlej'liai Irien eung cho thdy quy md hd vd ty le phy thudc ldng len se lam gidm tbu nhdp binh qudn cua hd gia dinh Dieu dd ham y rdng gia tang sd Ihdnh vien hg cung nhu sd thdnh vien phu thudc se lam gidm mirc sdng cua hp gia dinh Phdt hien tuang ty ciing dugc tim thdy d cdc nghien ciiu trudc day ve dac diem nhdn khau cua hd vd miic sdng hd gia dinh (Jansen & cdng sy, 2006; Nguyen & Tran, 2013; Tran, 2015b) Lien quan tdi vai trd cua ddt ndng nghiep vdi thu nhap hg, ket qud cho thay chi cd bidn sd didn lich ddt trdng cay ndng nghidp lau ndm cd tdc ddng duang nhung rdt nhd tdi tdng trudng thu nhgp cua hg gia dinh, Cac ket qua trdn pban anh tdm quan trgng hem cd cua bien vide lam phi ndng nghiep tdi tang trudng thu nhap cua hd gia dinb Bien gid ndm cho thdy Ihu nhdp binh qudn hg tang len khodng 17% tir ndm 2014 tdi 2016 Bien sd gidi thich eho sy tang len thu nhap bd bdi nhieu nhdn td khac khdng quan sat md hinh Ket ludn va mpt sd ham y chinh sach Bdi viet ndy cd muc tieu chinh la cung cdp nhung tham sd cap nhgt nhat ve ddng gdp ciia viec lam phi ndng nghiep tdi thu nhdp hp gia dinh Dac biel, nghien ciiu ciing cung cap bang chirng mdi ve vide tham gia vao hoai dgng kinb Id phi ndng ngbiep vdi ca tdc ddng tmng binh (cd tham gia hay khdng), va mirc dp tham gia (ty Irgng thu nhdp tii vide ldm phi ndng nghiep) ldi tang Irudng thu nhdp hd gia dinh Su dung md hinh udc lugng idc dgng cd dinh, nghidn cim cd uu diem cung cdp nhixng tham sd linh loan chinh xae han bang each loai bd nhihig nhan td khdng quan sdt dupc vd khdng biln ddi theo thdi gian cd dnh hudng ldi kdt qua linh loan Nghidn ciiu cho thdy cd sy khac biet ddng kd vd ca cdu thu nhap giira hg ngheo vd hg khdng ngheo Ngudi ngheo phu thudc nhidu han vdo hoat ddng kinh te ndng nghidp ngudi khdng ngheo ed ty trpng thu nhdp cao han ddng ke tir cdc boat dpng kinh te phi ndng nghiep Phan tich kinh tl lugng vi md cua nghien cim da khang djnh ro tdc ddng tich cyc cua vide lam phi ndng nghiep tdi tang trudng tbu nhdp bg gia dinh Ngbien ciru cho thdy cdc hp gia dinh cd tham gia hodc gia lang muc dp tham gia vao viec ldm phi ndng nghiep (vide ldm cdng an lucmg hay phi ndng nghiep ty lam) deu cd muc tang trudng thu nhdp dang ke Nghidn cim ciing cho thdy tac dpng ldn ban cua viec ldm phi ndng nghidp lu Idm tdi tang trudng thu nhdp hd gia dinh ndng thdn Cac phat hien nghien ciiu cung cdp mdt sd ham y chinh sdch hiiu ich Trong bdi cdnh ddt canh tac ngdy cang thu hep va dan sd tdng nhanh Ihi vide chuyen dich ca cau kinh le hg sang cdc boat dgng phi ndng nghiep Id xu the tdi yeu Cac gidi phap chinh sach can tap trung tao mdi trudng thuan lgi cho vide chuyen djch ca cau kinh le hp, hirdng tdi cdc boat dpng kinh doanh phi ndng nghiep hoac lam cdng an luong Bdn cgnh bien sd quy md hd va ty le phu thudc vdi tdc ddng dm tdi ldng Irudng thu nhdp hd cbo thay cac chinb sach ke hoach hda ddn sd ndng thdn se cd vai trd lich cyc dam bdo quy md dan sd hgp ly va cdi thien thu nhdp hd gia dinh l.Hp ngheo dupc tinh theo chuan ngheo cho khu vyc ndng thdn v6i mirc thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi hp la 603.000 ddng/thang vao nam 2014 va 650.000 ddng/thang vao nam 2016 Tai li^u tham khao: De Janvry, A., Sadoulet, E & Zhu, N (2005), 'The role of non-farm incomes in reducing rural poverty and inequality in China', CUDARE Working Papers No 1001, University of California, Berkeley Djurfeldt.A.A., Djurfeldt G.&Lodin, J.B (2013), 'Geography of gender gaps, regional patterns of income and farmnonfarm interaction among male-and female-headed households in eight African countries' Worid Development, 48, 32-47 Ellis, F (1998), 'Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification', Joumal of Development Studies 35(1), 1-38 Jansen, H.G., Pender, J., Damon, A., Wielemakcr, W, & Schipper R (2006), 'Policies for sustainable development in the hillside areas of Honduras: A quantitative livelihoods approach' Agricultural economics, 34(2), 141-153 Sd 261 thdng 3/2019 kinlitiytil liien Mat, S.H.C, Jalil, A.Z.A & Hamn, M (2012) 'Does non-farm income improve the poverty and income inequality among agncultural household in rural Kedah?', Procedia Economics and Finance, i, 269-275 Nguyen, C.V & Tran, A.N (2013) 'The role of crop land during economic development: evidence from mral Vietnam', European Reviev/ of Agricultural Economics, 41(4), 561-582 Nguyen, TV, & Tran, T.Q (2018), 'Forestland and mral household livelihoods in the North Central Provinces, Vietnam', Land Use Policy 79(2), 1-13 Otsuka, K & Yamano T (2006), 'Introduction to the special issue on the role of nonfarm income in poverty reduction: evidence from Asia and East Africa", Agricultural economics 35, 393-397 Pham, T, Anh Tuan B & Thanh, L (2010) 'Is nonfarm diversification a way out of poverty for rural households? Evidence from Vietnam in 1993-2006', Poverty and Economic Poverty PMMA Working Paper 2010-17, Social Science Research Network Rantso, T.A (2016), 'The role of the non-farm sector in mral development m Lesotho', The Joumal of Modem African Studies, 54(2), 317-338 Reardon, T (1997), 'Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the mral nonfarm labor market in Africa' World Development, 25(5), 735-747 Reardon, T, Berdegue, J., Barrett, C.B & Stamouhs, K (2007), 'Household income diversification into mral nonfarm activities', in Transforming the rural nonfarm economy, opportunities and threats m the developing world, Haggblade S., Hazell, PB,R & Reardon, T (Eds.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, 115-140 Rigg J (2006), 'Land, farming, hvclihoods, and poverty: rethinking the links in the mral South', World Development, 34(0,180-202 Tran, T.Q (2014), "A review on the link between nonfarm employmenl, land and mral livelihoods in developing countries and Vietnam', Ekonomski horizonti, 16(2), 113-123 Tran, TQ (2015a), 'Nonfann employment and household income among ethnic minorities in Vietnam' Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 28(1), 703-716 Tran, T.Q (2015b), 'Socio-economic determinants of household income among ethnic minorities in the North-West mountains, Vietnam', Croatian Economic Survey, 17(1), 139-159 Tran, T.Q Lim, S., Cameron M.P & Van H.V, (2014), 'Farmland loss and livelihood outcomes: A microeconometric analysis of household surveys in Vietnam', Joumal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 19(3), 423-444 Woolridge J.M (2013), Introductory econometrics: A modem approach, Manson, USA: Cengage Leaming World Bank (2012), Well begun but not yet done: progress and emerging challenges for poverty reduction in Vietnam Hanoi, Viemam World Bank (2008), World Development Report Washington D.C Sd 261 thdng 3/2019 Tan chi Phiit hdnh qua man" luvi buu dien I iel \am ;;^ kiiiliie.vl'liiinrieB ... mirc dp tham gia vdo boat ddng phi ndng nghiep (do bang phdn tram thu nhap bi hoat dpng phi ndng nghiep) tdi thu nhdp hp gia dinh ndng thdn Vipt Nam Thir hai, cac nghien ciiu trudc dd thudng sii... chtia/lthong Icgt hon) So nam di hpc chinh thiic Quy mo hp Ty le phu thupc Tham gia viec lam cpng Tham gia phi nong nghiep Miic dp tham gia viec lam cong an luong Mttc dp tham gia phi npng nghiep tir... viec Idm phi ndng nghiep vdi thu nhdp hd ndng thdn Viet Nam Ddy Id ly chinh dl tac gid thye bien nghien ciiru Bai vidt cd hai myc tieu chinh: (i) danh gia thuc trang tham gia hogt dgng phi ndng