ccol8-effect_of_cfcs_on_the_atmoshphere.85-06-13

CMA CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION FLUOROCARBON RESEARCH PROGRAM Effect of Chlorofluorocarbons on the Atmosphere Revision No 21 The Fluorocarbon Research Program, sponsored and funded by the industry, is summarized in Revision 21, June 1, 1985 Underscoring indicates developments since Revision No 20 For additional information, please contact the investigator or CMA Sincerely, Elizabeth Festa Gormley Program Manager Fluorocarbon Program Telephone: 202/887-1194 Attachment: Revision No 21 June 13, 1985 CODE: 36-B For Distribution by CMA SPECIAL PROGRAMA DIVISION From E Testa Gormley RA No EPP 106-AQ Date- 6/4/85 L Formerly Mnufacturing Chemists Association-serving Chemical Industry Since 1872 2501 M Street, NW * Washington, DC 20037 * Telephone 202/887.1 too * Telex 89617 (CMA WSH) SUMMARY Research Program on EFFECT OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS ON THE ATMOSPHERE Sponsored by the Chlrofluorocarbon Industry Prepared by: Distributed by: B Peter Block Hillel Magid Richard B Ward Chemical Manufacturers Association 2501 M Street, N.W Washington, D C 20037 (Originally Issued: September 26, 1975) Revision No 21: June 1, 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Summary and Recommendations The Industry-Sponsored Program Assessments of the Science Efforts to Resolve Current Uncertainties Tables: Chlorofluorocarbon Manufacturers Represented on the CMA Technical Panel on Chlorofluorocarbon Research 10 Chlorofluorocarbon Research Program - Financial Summary 11 Chlorofluorocarbon Research Program - Types of Research Activities, Summaries 12 A B investigation of Reaction Rates, Products, and Mechanisms 12 Source and Sink Studies 26 C Laboratory Studies Related to Potential Atmospheric Measurements 35 D Tropospheric and Stratospheric Measurements 47 E Modeling 64 F Other 70 G Consultants 75 4A CMA FPP Projects - Work Completed 77 4B CLMA FPP Projects - Work in Progress 92 Publications from Work Supported by Chlorofluoro carbon Manufacturers Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number ii 98 125 SUMMARY Research Program on EFFECT OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS ON THE ATMOSPHERE Sponsored by the Chlorofluorocarbon Industry Administered by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (originally Issued: September 26, 1975) Revision No 21: June 1, 1985 This summary describes work supported by the manufacturers of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, sometimes called fluorocarbons) in an attempt to assess the possible impact of these chemicals on the environment and, in particular, on the stratospheric ozone layer Summary and Recommendations In 1972 the CFC manufacturers began supporting a program to investigate the effects of CFCs on the environment This program has been expanded greatly to help determine the extent, if any, to which these compounds may affect the stratospheric ozone layer Industry- and government-sponsored scientists working on the halogen-ozone problem have cooperated effectively Continuation of this cooperation is essential, with special attention to providing periodically updated summaries of research priorities, programs, and results, together with critical analyses of the reliability and significance of the data The programs now under way to develop methods for determining the ozone changes that are actually occurring (as opposed to hypothetical or calculated ozone changes) and to resolve important questions about key stratospheric species 3, C10, total chlorine will lead to a progressively better understanding of the effect of the CFCs on stratospheric ozone The industry position continues to be: • The ozone depletion theory warrants serious concern and continuing investigation.• The international scientific consensus necessary to resolve this issue must be based on convincing measurements and 'evaluations, not theory alone • Convincing experimental evidence can be obtained to verify or disprove the theory quantitatively • There is time to perform these necessary experiments without significant risk to the health and welfare of the population- The Industry -Sponsored Program In July of 1972, E I du Pont de Nemours & Company issued to CFC manufacturers worldwide an invitation to a "Seminar on the Ecology of Fluorocarbons." Its purpose was to establish a technical program because, as stated in the invitation, "Fluorocarbons are intentionally or accidentally vented to the atmosphere worldwide at a rate approaching one billion pounds per year These compounds may be either accumulating in the atmosphere or returning to the surface, land or sea, in the pure form or as decomposition products Under any of these alternatives, it is prudent that we investigate any effects which the compounds may produce on plants or animals now or in the future." _ 2- Representatives of 15 companies attended the meeting, agreed that such a program was important, and established and funded a CFC research program under the administration of the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) Thus, in 1972, with no evidence that CFCs could harm the environment the producers of these chemicals agreed that there was a need for more information and proceeded to act The CFC producers supporting this program represent almost the total production of CFC& in the Americas, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia The research is directed by the CMA Fluorocarbon Program Panel (FPP) with one voting member from each supporting company This Panel meets regularly to review progress on current-research, evaluate new proposals, and exchange data with contractors, with government agencies, and with other scientists Publication of the Rowland-Molina hypothesis in 1974 identified a potentially serious problem, so the CMA FPP research program was expanded considerably The CFC-ozone relationship attracted the attention of many scientists in academic and government laboratories, legislative and regulatory bodies, and the press The CMA FPP program is concentrating on research most likely to answer the critical question: to what extent will human activities affect the stratospheric ozone layer, and, if they are a factor, to what extent are CFCs involved? To strengthen the overall effort to find the answer, CMA FPP has coordinated its efforts with others working on the possible effects of emission of CFCs and other trace gases These problems concern the federal government, and interactions with a number of agencies have been especially helpful in: Taking advantage of the knowledge and experience gained in the Climatic Impact Assessment Program; Coordinating funding of programs addressing the environmental effects of trace gases; -3- Planning joint experiments with government research groups; and Helping to set priorities-for industry-Sponsored research About 580 research proposals have been reviewed to date, and-projects totaling about $16.9 million-have been funded (see Table 2) Calendar 1995 commitments are expected to total almost $1.8 million and total expenditures through 1985 will be approximately $18.9 million Assessments of the Science The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 (U S Public Law 9595) established the U S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the agency responsible for assessing the probable effect of CFCs on the ozone layer Other U S agencies are given various responsibilities in the-scientific effort required to support any decisions, and the EPA is required to rely on the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) for advice on the status of the science The NAS has issued several reports The latest, by its Committee on Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: Update 1983, was released in February, 1984.* The present state of knowledge has also been assessed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)+ and the United Nations Environment _ *Committee on Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: Update 1983, National Research Council, "Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: Update 1983," National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1984 The pages in the reference where the research recommendations appear are identified by square brackets [ ] +Present State of Knowledge of the Upper Atmosphere An Assessment Report, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, January, 1984 -4- Programme Coordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer (,CCOL),++ the EPA has reported to Congress on the status of regulations in the United States to protect stratospheric ozone, X and the United Kingdom Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution has commented on the current status of the CFC-stratospheric ozone issue xx Efforts to Resolve Current Uncertainties The emphasis of the CMA-administered industry program has been overwhelmingly in the major areas recommended for further study by the different groups assessing the issue The industry sponsored program, therefore, aims to fill in the most important gaps in existing scientific-knowledge The following research recommendations identified by NAS* are, in whole or in part, the subject- of projects funded and cofunded by FPP and member companies o More rate and photochemical parameters must be measured with high accuracy and with careful attention to the identification of product channels o The rapid progress in experimental techniques must be maintained, new methods for the detection of reactive species developed, and larger ranges of temperature and pressure variation investigated [Page 30] _ ++Environmental Assessment of Ozone Layer Depletion and its Impact as of November, 1981, Bulletin No 7, United Nations Environment Programme, January-, 1982 The recommendations for future work were revised all meetings of CCOL April 5-8, 1983, and October 15-18, 1984 x Report to Congress on the Progress of Regulation to Protect Stratospheric Ozone, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, April, 1983 xx Tackling Pollution - Experience and Prospects, Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Tenth Report, February, 1984 *See p for footnote* -5- o The long-term monitoring of the atmospheric concentrations of the source gases must be supported, because the worth of such data depends strongly an the continuity of the record Particular emphasis should be placed on the integrity of standards, international intercomparison, and publication of the data, accompanied by documentation of the methodology [Pages 48-91 o Instrumentation should be developed to measure ozone concentrations at 40 km with accuracy of a few percent so that there can-be early detection of trends at the altitude where the percentage ozone changes due to anthropogenic perturbations are calculated to be the largest relatively A monitoring program should then be instituted The thrust should be toward a combination of balloon and satellite sensors o The development and field testing of instrumentation to measure a variety of stratospheric trace species should be supported strongly since many of the important species remain unmeasured or poorly measured The primary goals should be the radical and reservoir species o The discrepancies between C10 measurements taken with different techniques should be resolved as soon as possible o Rigorous, double-blind intercomparisons of instruments in the field should be continued to assess the reliabilities of current technology, since this is the best way to assess accuracy Support is critical during the difficult phase of this endeavor, namely, after differences have been demonstrated and rationalizations are then sought o Intensive measurement campaigns should be mounted to deploy a group of multiple-species instruments that can determine the full data set required to test a proposed -6- hypothesis The campaigns should include ground-based, balloon, aircraft, and satellite configurations [Page 491 o The lower stratosphere Efforts to evaluate the effects of transport and variability on the ozone budget of the lower stratosphere must be increased In light of the importance-of this-region in compensating for calculated ozone decreases in the photochemically controlled upper stratosphere, a quantitative understanding of the interaction of transport and chemistry in the lower stratosphere should be given very high priority [Page 641 o It is important to validate and calibrate more accurately the existing 2-D models, since they should be able to simulate the seasonal and latitudinal behavior of ozone and other trace species in the current atmosphere [Page 931 o The detection and prediction of trends in ozone are a focus of this report It is now clear that efforts at verifying perturbations to the atmosphere should be directed toward the detection of changes in ozone in the upper stratosphere.- The importance of tropospheric ozone, however, should not be ignored; we must also continue to model and observe significant changes in the lower atmosphere [Pages.93-41 o The overall effort at comparison of theory with observation must continue Especially promising are those studies that attempt to remove the noise in observational data that is associated with spatial variations A more accurate calibration of local ozone concentrations of models with observations is important, especially as an aid to understanding the chemistry and dynamics of the lower stratosphere, an area of great uncertainty in the current models -7- Table (continued) P G Simmonds (continued) So The Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment Results for Carbon Tetrachloride Based on Years Data, P G S., R A Rasmussen, J E Lovelock, F N Alyeap D M Cunnold, R G Prinn, and B C Lane, J Geophys Res., 88 (C13), 8427-41 (1983) P M Solomon and R L deZafra, State University of New York at Stony Brook Chlorine Oxide in the Stratospheric Ozone Layer: Ground-Based Detection and Measurement, A deS Parrish, R L deZ., P M Sol, J W Barrett, and E R Carlson, Science, 211, 1158-61 (1981) A Quasi-Continuous Record of Atmospheric Opacity at X - 1.1 mm over 34 Days at Mauna Kea Observatory, R L deZ., A Parrish, P M S., and J W Barrett, Into J Infrared Millimeter Waves, ( ), 757-65 (1983) A Measurement of Stratospheric H0 by Ground-Based Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy, R L deZ., A Parrish, P M S., and J W Barrett, J Geophys Res., 89 (D1), 1321-6 ( 1984) Diurnal Variation of Stratospheric Chlorine.Manoxide: A Critical Test of Chlorine Chemistry in the Ozone Layer, P M S., R L deZ., A Parrish, and J W Barrett, Science, 224, 1210-14 (1984) An Observed Upper Limit on Stratospheric Hydrogen Peroxide, R L deZ., A Parrish, J Barrett, and P M S., draft ms Do H Stedman, University of Michigan Measurement Techniques for the ozone Layer, D H S., Res./Dev., January, 1976, pp 22-4, 26 To C Steimle, University of Oregon Double Enhancement of the Multiphoton Ionization of Nitric Oxide, To C S and H T Liou, Chem Phys Lett., 100 (3),30G-4 (1983) Go M Stokes, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories Daytime Variation of Atmospheric N0 from Ground-Based Infrared Measurements, J M Flaud, C Camy-Peyret, D Cariolle, J Laurent, and G M S., Geophys Res Lett., 10 (11), 1104-7 (1983) See under R Zander Presentation of Twentieth Century Atmospheric C0 Record in Smithsonian Spectrographic Plates, G M S and J C Barnard, draft ms -120- Table (continued) F Stuhl, University of Bochum The Ultraviolet Absorption of Some Halogenated Methanes and Ethanes of Atmospheric Interest, C Hubrich and F S., J Photochem., 12 (2), 93-107 (1980) N D Sze, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc (Formerly Environmental Research & Technology, Inc.) Measurement of Fluorocarbons 11 and 12 and Model Validation: An Assessment, N D S and N F Wu, Atmos Environ., 10 (12), 1117-25 (1976) Heterogeneous Photodecomposition of Halogenated Compounds in the Troposphere, To Y Kong and N D S., EOS Trans Am Geophys Union, 50 (8), 811 (1978) Stratospheric Fluorine; A Comparison Between Theory and Measurements, N D S., Geophys Res Lett., (9), 781-3 (1978) Is CS2 a Precursor for Atmospheric COS? N D S and M K W Ko., Nature, 278, 731-2 (1979) CS2 and COS in the Stratospheric Sulfur Budget, N D S and M K W Ko., Nature, 280, 308-10 (1979) Coupled Effects of Atmospheric N 20 and 03 on the Earth's Climate, W C Wang and N D S., Nature, 286, 589-90 (1980) Atmospheric ozone: Comparison of Observations with Two-Dimensional Model Calculation, M K W Ko., M Livshits, and N D S., Proc Quadrennial Into Ozone Symp (Boulder, CO), A84-A92 (1980) Photochemistry of COS, CS 2, CH3SCH3, and H2S: Implications for the Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle N D S and M K W Ko., Atmos Environ., 14 (11), 1223-39 (1980) The Effects of the Rate for OH + HN0 and H02NO2 Photolysis on Stratospheric Chemistry, N D.S and M K W Ko, Atmos Environ., 15 (7), 1301-7 (1981) 10 A 2-Dimensional Calculation of Atmospheric Lifetimes for N20, CFC-11, and CFC-12, M W K Ko and N D S., Nature, 297, 317-19 (1982) 11 Atmospheric Sodium Chemistry The Altitude Region 70-100 km, N D S., M.K W Ko, W Swider, and Murad, Geophys Res Lett., (10), 1187-90 (1982) 12 Effect of Recent Rate Data Revision on Stratospheric Modeling, M K W Ko and N D S., Geophys Res Lett., 10 (4), 341-4 (1983) 13 Atmospheric Ozone: Response to Combined Emissions of CFCs, N 20, CH4, NOx, and C02, N D S., M K W Ko, and W C Wang, draft ms -121- Table (continued) N.D Sze, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc (Formerly Environmental Research & Technology, Inc.) (continued) 14 The Seasonal and Latitudinal Behavior of Trace Gases and Ozone as Simulated by a Two-Dimensional model of the Atmosphere, M K W Ko, N D S., M Livshits, M B McElroy, and J A Pyle, J Atmos Sci., in press 15 Diurnal Variation of C10: Implications for the Stratospheric Chemistries of ClON0 2, HOC1, and HC1, M K W Ko and N D S., J Geophyse Res., in press 16 A Zonal Mean Model of Stratospheric Tracer Transport in Isentropic Coordinates: Numerical Simulation for N20 and HN0 3, M K W T., K Ko Tung, D Weisenstein, and N D S., J Geophys Res., 90 (Dl), 2313-29 (1985) G A Takacs, Rochester Institute of Technology Heats of Formation and Bond Dissociation Energies of Some Simple Sulfur- and Halogen-Containing Molecules, G A T., J Chem Engo Data, 23 (2), 174-5 (1978) Photoabsorption Spectra of Gaseous Methyl Bromide, Ethylene Dibromide, Nitrosyl Bromide, Thionyl Chloride, and Sulfuryl Chloride, A P Uthman, P J Demlein, T D Allston, Mo C Withiam, M Jo McClements, and G A T., J Phys Chem., 82 (20), 2252-7 (1978) Atmospheric Photodissociation Lifetimes for Nitromethane, methyl Nitrite, and Methyl Nitrate, W D Taylor, T D Allston, M J Moscato, G B Fazekas, R Kozlowski, and G A T., Into J Chemo Kineto, 12 (4), 231-40 (1980) Laboratory Investigations Concerning Atmospheric Chlorine, M J McClements, W D Taylor, H.C Withiam, T D Allston, G Fazekas, and G A T., draft ms Photoabsorption Spectra of Gaseous CH 3SO2Cl, CC13SC1, S02ClF, and (CH30) 2SO, R Kozlowski, G B Fazekas, M C Withiame K Bloomer, R Sampson, To Do Allston, and Go A To, Jo Photochem., 18 (2), 117-23 (1982) See 11 under C J Howard B A Thrush, University of Cambridge, England The Rates of Reaction Of H0 with HO and 02 Studied by Laser Magnetic Resonance, J P Burrows, G W Harris, and B A T., Nature, 267, 233-4 (1977) Laser Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and its Application to Atmospheric Chemistry, B A To, Acco Chemo Reso, 14 (4), 116-22 (1981)3 The Absolute Intensity of the Band of H0 2, J W Buchanan, B A T., and G S Tyndell, Chem Phys Lett., 103 (2), 167-8 (1983) Table (continued) G C Tiao, University of Chicago (Formerly University of Wisconsin), and G Reinsel, University of Wisconsin Statistical Analysis of Stratospheric Ozone Data for the Detection of Trend, Go Re, Go Co To, He No Wang, Re Lewis, and D Nychka, Atmos Environ., 15 (9), 1569-77 (1981) A Statistical Analysis of Total ozone Data from the Nimbus -4 BUV Satellite Experiment, G R., G C T., and R Lewis, J Atmos Sci., 39 (2), 418-30 (1982) Analysis of Total Ozone Data for the Detection of Recent Trends and the Effects of Nuclear Testing During the 1960's, G R., Geophys Res Lett., (12), 1227-30 (1981) Analysis of Upper Stratospheric Ozone Profile Data from the Ground-Based Umkehr Method and Nimbus-4 Satellite Experiment, G R., G C T., R Lewis, and M Bobkoski, J Geophys Res., 88 (C9), 5393-402 (1983) Use of Statistical Methods in the Analysis of Environmental Data, G C T., Am State, 37 (4), 459-70 (1983) Analysis of Upper Stratospheric Ozone Profile Data for Trends and the Effects of Stratospheric Aerosols, G R., G C T., J J DeLuisi, C L Mateerl A J Miller, and J E Frederick, J Geophys Res., 89 (W), 4833-40 (1984) W A Traub and K V Chance, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory at Harvard University Stratospheric HP and HC1 Observations (15 June 1981), W A T and K V C., Geophys Res Lett., (10), 1075-7 (1981) Q Branches in the Rotational Spectrum of HOC1, K V C and W A T., J Quant Spectrosc Radiate Transfer, 29 (1), 81-4 (1983) The Torsional Spectrum of Chlorine Nitrate, K V C and W A T., J Mole Spectrosc., 95 (21, 306-12 (1982) An Upper Limit for Stratospheric Hydrogen Peroxide, K V C and W A T., J& Geophyse Rese, 89 (W), 11655-60 (1984) G S Watson, P Bloomfielde and G W Oehlert, Princeton University Stratospheric Ozone - Observations and Data Analysis, G S W., Am Stat., 36 (3, Pt.2), 312-16 (1982) A Frequency Domain Analysis of Trends in Dobson Total ozone Records, P B., G W O., M L Thompson, and S Zeger, J Geophys Res.,, 88 (C13), 8512-22 (1983) The Association of Ozone with Meteorological Variables, P B., M L Thompson, G S W., and S Zeger, draft ms -123- Table (continued) G S Watson, P Bloomfield, and G W Oehlert, Princeton University (continued) A Statistical Analysis of Umkehr measurements of 32-46 km Ozone, P B., M L Thompson, and S Zeger, J Appl Meteorol., 21 (12), 1828-37 (1982) Methods of Analysis of Stratospheric Ozone Data, G S W., draft ms Trends in Dobson Total Ozone: An Update through 1982, G W 0., draft ms Direct Analysis of Umkehr N-Values for Trends, G.W 0., draft MS Relative Trends in Atmospheric Temperature Profiles, G W 0., draft ms R P Wayne, University of Cocfard,, England Relative Rate Constants for the Reactions of O( lD) Atoms with Fluorocarbons and with N 20, R G Green and R P W., J Photochemo, (5), 371-4 (1977) Vacuum Ultra-violet Absorption Spectra of Halogenated Methanes and Ethanes, R G Green and R P W., J Photochem., (5), 375-7 (1977) J R Wiesenfeld, Cornell University Production of Atomic Oxygen Following Flash Photolysis Of ClONO 2, S M AdlerGolden and J R W., Chem Phys Lett., 82 (2), 281-4 (1981) R Zander, University of LiegeF Belgium Recent Observations of HF and HCl in The Upper Stratosphere, R Z., Geophys Res Lett., (4), 413-16 (1981) Simultaneous Detection of FC-11, FC-12, and FC-22, through to 13 Micrometers IR Solar Observations from the Ground, R Z., G M Stakes, and J W Brault, Geophys Reso Letto, 10 (7), 521-4 (1983) Concentrations of Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrogen Fluoride Above the Jungfraujoch and Haute Provence in September 1983, R Z., G Roland, L Delbouille, A J Sauval, and P Marche, draft ms R Zellner, University of Goettingen, F R G H2 Formation in the Reaction of( 1D) with H20, R Z., G Wagner, and B Himme,, J.Phys Chem., 84 (24), 3196-8 (1980) Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Reaction C10 + N0 (+ N2) → ClON0 (+ N2), V Handverk and R Z., Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem., 88 (4), 405-9 (1984) See under Brasseur June 1, 1985 -124- Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number Investigator Project Number* Alyea " " " " " " " " " " Anderson " Atkinson Ausloos " Bailey Ballard Bangham " Barbe " Becker Beckman Berger " Birks " " " " " " " " " " " Bonetti " 75-24 76-122 77-199 77-213 78-251 78-252 79-281 80-323 81-361 82-422 83-476 82-428 82-429 84-531 77-186 78-254 80-317 82-444 82-394 82-433 80-322 83-457 83-455 79-282 75-62 82-414 75-1 76-117A 76'-117B 77-192 77-222 78-244 79-276 80-321 80-329 81-358 82-425 83-490 76-137 80-297 -125- (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) Page 65 65 65 27 27 65 27, 65 27, 65 27, 65 27, 65 27 47 47 12 26 26 70 35 62 62 51 51 12 47 71 71 12 12 12, 26 13 35 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 48 35 (continued) Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Bonetti " " Bradsell " " Brasseur " " " " Bruner " " Buijs " " " " Burnett Burrows Campbell Carli " " " " Chance " " " 82-389 82-437 85-543 82-394 82-433 " Chopra Clark Cox " " Coxon " Crutzen 80-320 82-396 83-468 84-505 84-534 78-256 80-330 81-365 75-90 75-98 77-156 77-168 77-221 85-547 80-334 75-53 76-137 80-297 82-389 82-437 85-543 80-318 81-375 82-445 83-489 84-537 85-544 81-363 84-530 80-334 82-400 83-483 78-255 80-315 84-526 Page 48 48 48 62 62 (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) 64 64 64 65 64 48 27 36 36, 49 49 49 36 36 50 15 27 48 35 48 48 48 46 46 46 46 62 46 52 71 15 16 16 36 36 51 (continued) -126- Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Cunnold " " " " " " " " " " Davis " " DeLuisi deZafra " " " " " " " Donovan Duetsch Eggleton Ehhalt Ekstrom Elkins Evans Evenson Fehsenfeld Forni " Fraser " Freeman " Girard Goldman 75-24 76-122 77-199 77-213 78-251 78-252 79-281 80-323 81-361 82-422 83-476 74-10 75-73 75-87 83-466 76-130 77-225 79-278 80-316 81-362 82-410 83-467 84-521 79-286 81-371 76-116 76-145 75-27 83-473 81-363 84-533 77-222 82-389 82-437 82-415 85-540 82-412 83-486 75-88 80-322 (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (c) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) Page 65 65 65 27 27 65 27, 27, 27, 27, 27 37 37 37 71 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 28 50 38 50 50 38 52 38 35 48 48 28 28 16 16 50 51 65 65 65 65 (continued) -127- Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Goldman Grass Griffith Harries Heaps Howard " " " " " " " Iwagami " Johnson Johnson " Jouve Kaufman " Kinoshita Knauth " Kolb " " " Komhyr Korte Kuenzi Kurylo " " Lafferty Laufer Le Bras " Lee Lovas Lovelock 83-457 81-363 84-526 76-137 84-508 75-47 76-100 77-222 77-223 79-289 80-299 82-424 82-391 82-438 82-397 82-417 84-493 79-290 76-126 77-197 83-461 77-171 77-224 81-355 82-401 83-469 84-494 81-363 77-194 81-371 78-233 80-307 82-402 84-501 82-402 83-488 85-545 83-480 81-350 73-1 (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (c) (C) Page 51 52 51 48 52 38 17 35 17 18 39 18 56 56 56, 61 61 61 52 29 29 66 39 39 47 23 47 23 52 29 50 19, 29 20 20 39 20 21 21 21 40 53 (continued) -128- Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Lovelock " " " " " " " " " 74-3 75-67 76-120 77-144 77-193 78-226 78-243 78-264 79-269 79-280 (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) " " " " " Martin " Megie Mencaraglia " Moe Mohnen Moss " Murcray " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 80-293 80-324 81-348 81-370 82-421 75-81 75-81-11 84-510 82-398 82-437 78-235 75-64 82-394 82-433 75-13 75-92 76-101 76-135 77-152 77-166 77-211 77-219 78-228 78-265 80-328 81-364 81-380 82-413 82-423 84-497 (C) (C) -129- (C) (C) (C) (c) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (c) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) Page 53 29, 53 40 29, 53 30 40 30 40 34, 43 30 40 30 41 30 30 30 30 53 48 48 41 30 62 62 54 41 54 54 41 54 54 55 55 41 55 41 55 41 41 55 (continued) Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Nicholls " " Oehlert " Ogawa " Pagano Parkinson " Parzen Pearson Phillips " Pitts " " Pollitt " Pommereau " " Prinn " " " " " " " " " " Pyle " Rasmussen " " " " 75-11 75-11-11 75-30b 82-409 83-477 82-391 82-438 76-106 82-412 83-486 76-106 84-493 78-241 81-342 74-2 75-12 77-190 82-394 82-433 82-392 82-436 85-550 75-24 76-122 77-199 77-213 78-251 78-252 79-281 80-323 81-361 82-422 83-476 83-456 84-511 75-2 75-59 75-71 75-84 76-140 (C) (c) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) Page 42 42 42 74 74 56 56 72 16 16 72 61 31 31 22 32 22 62 62 58 58 58 65 65 65 27 27 65 27, 27, 27, 27, 27 72 72 58 58 32 32 32 65 65 65 65 (continued) -130- Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Rasmussen " " " " " " " " " " " " " Ravishankara " " " Reinsel " " " Ridley " Roscoe " " " " " Rosen Sandorfy Saykally Schuster Shamel Sievers Silver " Simmonds " 76-142 77-181 77-201 77-215 78-247 78-248 78-260 78-263 79-279 80-308 80-325 81-356 81-376 82-416 80-295 81-368 83-449 84-499 78-250 80-304 81-374 83-462 76-102A 76-102B 77-219 80-328 82-393 82-434 83-484 84-532 81-377 73-2 80-300 82-397 79-275 81-358 82-401 84-494 77-193 78-243 (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) Page 42 58 33 33 42 33 59 33 33 59 33 43 33 33 22 22 22 22 73 73 73 73 59 59 55 55 61 61 62 62 34 34 43 56, 61 34 13 23 23 30 30 (continued) -131- Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Simmonds " " " " " Skogerboe Solomon " " " " " " " Stedman " " Steimle " Stokes " " Stuhl Suenram Swann " Sze " " " " " " " " " " Takacs Taylor, F.W 79-269 79-280 80-324 81-370 82-421 84-515 77-206 76-130 77-225 79-278 80-316 81-362 82-410 83-467 84-521 74-7 76-132 77-151 82-418 84-509 82-397 82-417 84-493 77-170 81-350 82-394 82-433 75-32 76-115 77-173 78-234 79-273 80-311 81-366 82-405 83-448 83-465 84-523 77-196 82-393 (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) Page 34, 43 30 30 30 30 34 44 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 44 45 45 23 23 56, 61 61 61 24 40 62 62 66 66 67 67 67 67 67 67 70 67 67 24 61 (continued) -132- Index to Table by Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Taylor, F.W " " Taylor, O.C " Thrush " " Tiao " " " Timmons " " Traub " " " " " Trombetti Urbach " Wang " Watson " " " Wiesenfeld " Wine Woods " " " Yoshino " Young 82-434 83-484 84-532 73-3 74-2 75-58 75-58-11 81-378 78-250 80-304 81-374 83-462 76-129 77-214 78-258 80-318 81-375 82-445 83-489 84-537 85-544 83-472 75-62 82-414 83-448 84-518 78-257 81-360 82-409 83-477 76-128 77-220 81-499 82-394 82-403 82-432 82-433 82-412 83-486 75-50 -133- (C) (C) (C) (c) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) Page 61 62 62 62 62 24 24 24 73 73 73 73 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 62 46 46 71 71 70 69 74 74 74 74 25 25 22 62 56, 62 56, 62 62 16 16 63 (continued) Index to Table by'Investigator and Project Number (continued) Investigator Project Number* Page Young 75-86 (C) 63 Zahniser 81-355 (C) 47 " 82-401 (C) 23 " 83-469 47 " 84-494 23 Zander 76-141 (C) 63 " 78-232 (C) 63 " 82-395 (C) 63 " 82-435 63 " 82-439 63 " 84-517 63 Zeger 83-460 75 Zellner 77-195 (C) 25 " 80-331 (C) 25 " 83-478 25 *(c) indicates completed project June 1, 1985