Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.Di động nghề nghiệp trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Cần Thơ.
The thesis is completed at Ho Chi Minh national academy of politics Supervisors: Dr BUI PHUONG DINH Assoc Prof., Dr.DAO THANH TRUONG Reviewer 1: …………………………………………………… Reviewer 2: …………………………………………………… Reviewer 3: …………………………………………………… The thesis will be defended in front of the Thesis Committee at Academy level, at Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics At hour day……month year The thesis can be found at: - National Library of Vietnam; - Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics; - Library of Instute of Sociology and Development under Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics 1 LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS BY AUTHOR RELATING TO THE THESIS Hoang Thi Quyen (2018), Reformation of Social Class within the Vietnamese Interlligentsia Nowadays: A Case Study in the Mekong Delta, Social Sciences Information Review, No 6, pp 22-28 Hoang Thi Quyen (2020), Adapting To Climate Change Through Occupational Mobility In Mekong River Delta, Socio-economic and environmental issues in development, Labours - social publishing house ,pp 967-976 Hoang Thi Quyen (2021), Intergenerational occupational mobility in Mekong Delta, Social Sciences Information Review, No 2, pp.50-58 Hoang Thi Quyen (2021), Factors affecting occupational mobility in the context of climate change in the Mekong River Delta, 13 neu-kku internath tional conference socio-economic and environmental issues in development, finance publishing house noi, pp.887-898 Hoang Thi Quyen (2021), Impact of the fourth industrial revolution on labor and employment in Vietnam, Political Theory Journal, No 9, pp.104-109 Hoàng Thị Quyên (2022), Occupational Mobility in the Context of Climate Change in the Mekong River Delta, VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, Vol 38, No 1, pp 60-70 Hoang Thi Quyen (2022), The flow of labor changes in the Context of Climate Change in the Mekong River Delta (Can Tho case study), Vietnam Journal of Social Science manpower, No 2, pp.96-104 INTRODUCTION The urgency of the thesis Occupational mobility is one of the central issues of sociological research In fact, research related to occupational mobility helps us to better understand society and human behavior The research not only tells us about changes in economic structure but also shows us individual professional development The data relating to the size, frequency, trends, and factors affecting occupational mobility are important not only for researchers but also for policy making and implementation Can Tho is one of the provinces in the Mekong Delta, an area that is heavily influenced and impacted by climate change The impacts of climate change cause many people to lose their residence, no longer have a place to live, be forced to migrate and/or change their livelihood, change their occupation; changing skills related to employment Many jobs were lost under the impact of climate change, but many new opportunities will be created to help people improve their skills in order to get high-paying jobs, higher and more stable income Unfortunately, to date, there is very little research that can describe in detail and fully the process of occupational mobility of people in the context of climate change as a basis for planning and implementation of policies Therefore, some climate change adaptation policies implemented by the State in the Mekong Delta in general and in Can Tho city, in particular, did not achieve the desired effect Therefore, it is time to systematically study the scale, frequency, and trends of people's occupational mobility in the context of climate change in order to find a basis for making and implementing social-economic development policies In addition, understanding the process by which individuals take advantage of their available resources to occupy and maintain occupation status will help us better understand the process of social reproduction; the existing inequalities This is used as the basis for the implementation of the Party's oriented policies "economic development associated with ensuring social justice and equality" The aim and the main task of the research 2.1 The aim of the research Describe occupational mobility in the context of climate change in Can Tho by showing the scale, frequency, trend, and factors affecting generational occupational mobility and intergenerational occupational mobility 2.2 The main task of the research The research performed the following basic tasks: - Systematize the theoretical and practical basis for the analysis of occupational mobility in the context of climate change; - Assess the current status of occupational mobility, which indicates the scale and trend of occupational mobility in the context of climate change; -Analyze and evaluate the influencing factors and point out the causes leading to occupational mobility, and the trend of occupational mobility; - Test research hypotheses, and make conclusions about theory and practice Subjects, Participant and Scope of the research 3.1 Research Subject Occupational mobility in Can Tho city, the research focus on analyzing the scale, frequency, and trends of occupational mobility in the context of climate change 3.2 Research Participant Working- age people who had been and/or are currently employed The author got the necessary information from employees and information about their parents at different times such as when they had their first stable job when they got to a new job and at the present time 3.3 Scope of the Research - In terms of content: The thesis focuses on describing two types of occupational mobility: intergenerational mobility and intragenerational mobility in the context of climate change in Can Tho city - In terms of time: Secondary data on the socio-economic characteristics of the study area were collected over the past 10 years Primary data surveyed in the period 2019-2020 The Scientific and pratical significance of the thesis In the new context when the impacts of climate change have upset the socioeconomic development processes, pointing out the process in which individuals use and transform resources to maintain and develop their occupation will provide a scientific basis to help the Party and State plan guidelines and implement economic development policies in a sustainable way Besides, the research will be valuable for reference in research and teaching in training units The research methods 5.1 Methodology The thesis is conducted on the basis of applying the principles of dialectical materialism, and historical materialism Sociological theories of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Pierre Bourdieu on social stratification and social mobility; together with the theory of job choice, are theoretical guidelines to help the author analyze the occupational mobility process as well as point out the factors affecting this process in the locality Specific methods 5.2.1 Document analysis method The author studies various types of documents such as books, theses, articles published in scientific journals, and statistics in order to find the theoretical, and practical basis for the process of analyzing and explaining the problems that the thesis aims to solve 5.2.2 In-depth personal interview method The author in-depth interviewed 20 employees to find out their views on occupation and occupation choices 5.2.3 Quantitative method, sample survey by questionnaire The study used a cluster sampling method, the total participants in the research are 784 employees in Can Tho city Research question The thesis focuses on answering three main research questions including: 1) How did employees change their jobs and occupational status in the context of climate change in Can Tho city? 2) What is the relationship between the parent's occupational status and the child's occupational status? 3) What are the factors affecting occupational mobility in the context of climate change in Can Tho city? Research hypothesis Hypothesis 1: In the context of climate change many employees had to change their jobs Job change mainly takes place in the same occupational group, the number of people changing positions in the occupational stratification system accounts for a small proportion Hypothesis 2: The percentage of children who inherit their parents' occupational status was not large In the context of climate change, the trend of shifting occupational status between fathers, mothers, and children is more common Hypothesis 3: Economic structural transformation in the context of climate change promotes individuals' occupational mobility However, in the same context, occupational mobility will not take place on the same scale and direction when comparing occupational mobility among individuals with different characteristics and backgrounds 8 Theoretical framework Socio-economic status - The transformation of the labor, and employment structure - Labor market development +Personal characteristics Occupational mobility (intragenerational mobility and intergenerational) +Origin (characteristics of father and mother) Dimensions of occupational mobility - Position shifting in the occupational stratification system - Change jobs - Improve and diversify income activities Climate change context - Natural disasters and abnormal weather caused by climate change - Effects of climate change on individual and family life Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references and appendices, the thesis is divided into 04 chapters Chapter 1: Overview of the research area Chapter 2: Theoretical basis for research on occupational mobility in the context of climate change Chapter 3: Occupational mobility in the context of climate change in Can Tho city Chapter 4: Factors affecting occupational mobility in the context of climate change in Can Tho city CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH AREA 1.1 STUDIES ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT IN CAN THO CITY In recent years, there are much research on climate change Studies not only focus on describing trends and manifestations of climate change but also focus on describing the impacts of climate change on the economy and social life as well as solutions to minimize the negative impacts of climate change Like many other provinces in Mekong Delta, Can Tho city is one of the localities heavily affected by phenomena such as river bank erosion, inundation, saltwater intrusion, flood, and landslides hot sun, storms, tornadoes According to the report of the authorities of Can Tho city, the riverbank and canal erosion in the city is becoming more and more serious and complicated, increasing in both intensity and quantity Large, destructive fluctuations due to natural disasters, landslides, and floods can disrupt the operation of some or all urban systems and may cause financial loss and damage production and life Serious upheavals or prolonged stressful situations can also have profound, lasting consequences for human development Previous studies show us the manifestations and impacts of climate change in Can Tho city These are theoretical and practical guidelines to help the author select the research site and understand the context in which occupational mobility processes take place 1.2 STUDIES ON INTERGENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE WORLD AND IN VIETNAM Starting in the mid-twentieth century, especially in the years after the Second World War, the issue of intergenerational mobility was studied by many scientists Theoretical contributions to the study of intergenerational mobility include the work of Peter M Blau and Otis D Duncan, (1967) when these authors show the relationship between a father's occupational status and a son's Theoretical contributions to the study of intergenerational mobility must also include the article by Conlisk (1974) when the author analyzed the process of transferring economic resources between generations through the analysis of an individual's socioeconomic status as measured by income or sources of income Thus, theoretically and methodically, intergenerational mobility studies are often interested in the transfer of resources such as assets, income, and occupational status between generations in the family to describe different dimensions of inequality Intergenerational occupational mobility is assessed through shifting occupational status between generations However, it should be noted that when studying intergenerational occupational mobility, classical researchers in the US and Europe both consider only the mobility and achievement of sons compared with their fathers as shown in the Father-son Turnover Table This has been theoretically and methodically criticized In particular, feminists argue that selecting only men as the mobile analysis unit does not fully reflect gender differences as well as the consequences for the gender division of occupational labor in research on social mobility in general as well as occupational mobility in particular From a theoretical and methodological perspective, we also need to see that the intergenerational occupational mobility models often associate mobility with the transition of occupational status in the occupational stratification system Thus, the identification of stratification systems is one of the central issues of intergenerational occupational mobility studies So far, the studies related to intergenerational occupational mobility have not been consistent in the way of classifying occupations or choosing occupational stratification systems, although occupational stratification has been mentioned for many years in the world 1.3 THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND STUDIES ON INTRAGENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY The change in research methodology on occupational mobility toward describing mobility within a generation was preceded by the work of Blau/Duncan This study focused on understanding the determinants of horizontal occupational advancement and looked at within a generation “mobility of career prospects” of people who are observed" This approach does not analyze mobility across different generations such as: fathers and children but focuses on mobility within a generation considering changes in career or changes in skills and occupational advancement of individuals In this approach, the concept of occupational mobility was expanded, it not only refers to the relationship of occupational status between generations in the family but also to internal occupational change in a generation that is the career change over time of selected individuals observed In the context of climate change, many studies investigated the impacts of environmental changes on people's livelihoods and jobs Research results show that the main impacts of climate change on labor and employment include: migration, change in labor structure; loss, and change in the quality of jobs Although, it is clear about the impact of climate change on labor, and the employment of people in the region There are a few studies investigating this impact However, there are not many studies on people's occupation adaptability in the new context Occupational mobility in the context of climate change is still a gap that needs further research to find a scientific and practical basis for programs and policies to support people in finding and developing develop careers, and stabilize lives So that no one has to bear the heavy consequences of changes in the economy caused by changes in science and technology levels; environmental and climate changes Especially in the context of relatively slow change in occupational structures, vertical mobility may be less likely, but job change within the same occupational group can also lead to changes in income Therefore, in addition to paying attention to vertical mobility, the thesis also pays attention to horizontal mobility Besides considering the position mobility in the selected stratification system, the author also tries to describe the feelings of the workers about the improvement in income, life associated with the changes in job, and changing occupational status according to their own perception and evaluation 1.4 STUDIES ON FACTORS AFFECTING OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY Previous studies show three important groups of factors affecting individuals' occupational mobility which are: Factors of economic restructuring (including economic environment factors, Legal policy…); (2) family factors, or in other words, the origins of individuals that directly affect or and/or affect their professional position; (3) factors of personal characteristics such as age, gender, education level, skills, efforts, interests Sub-conclusion of chapter In chapter 1, the author focuses on overviewing the research area.The results show that: occupational mobility is always a topic that attracts the attention of many researchers The measurement methods to assess the types of mobility are also quite diverse depending on the context and socioeconomic conditions of each country However, up to now, there is still a lack of studies on the process of occupational mobility in the context of climate change; Occupational adaptation, an important factor determining people's living standards, prestige, and social status, is still being left open, requiring research to serve as a basis for the process of making and implementing policies CHAPTER THEORETICAL BASIS FOR RESEARCH ON OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 2.1 CONCEPT TOOLING SYSTEMS 2.1.1 Concept of Occupation In the thesis, a job refers to activities that are paid or self-generated, taking into account the stability of the job and taking into account the main income-generating activities to distinguish it from other jobs that the employee undertakes in the same period Compared with career or job, occupation is a concept used to classify jobs, occupations refer to groups of jobs that share certain characteristics In the thesis, occupation refers to "the type of job performed by a person during the reference period (or the type of job done before the reference time for the person who has temporarily quit)." Accordingly, occupation is considered as “a collection of specific jobs that are similar in terms of tasks or have a high degree of similarity in main tasks.” 2.1.2 Occupational stratification and determining the occupational status Based on research results related to the assessment of living standards, income levels, and education levels of occupations that have been published recently, the thesis arranges 10 groups of first-level occupations in the Vietnamese occupation list into four basic occupational statuses groups: Leaders, managers, and senior technical professionals; Middle technical expertise and staff, 3.Craftsmen, Workers, and other skilled workers; Simple labor and farmers 2.1.3 Occupational mobility 2.1.3.1 Concept of Occupational mobility To fully describe the characteristics and trends of occupational mobility in the context of climate change, in the thesis Occupational mobility refers to the ease with which a worker can leave one job for another in a different field; especially the position shift in the occupational stratification system 2.1.3.2 Types of occupational mobility, measurement methods, and calculation formulas There are different criteria for determining the types of occupational mobility If based on the subject to compare occupations we have intragenerational and intergenerational occupational mobility If based on the direction of mobility we have vertical and horizontal mobility * Intergenerational occupational mobility To fully consider gender factors in intergenerational occupational mobility, the concept of intergenerational occupational mobility refers to the relationship between parents' occupational status and children's occupational status The concept shows the process of transferring social advantages and disadvantages between generations * Formula for intergenerational occupational mobility percentage The thesis uses turnover matrices proposed by Japanese sociologist Saburo Yasudato to show the correlation between parents' occupational status and children's occupational status; calculate the occupational mobility percentage as well as point out the factors affecting intergenerational occupational mobility *Time to determine parents' occupation status and children's A child's occupation status is usually determined by the time he got his first job This is the best time to look at intergenerational occupational mobility and also the best time to calculate occupational status retention percentages *Intragenerational occupational mobility Intragenerational mobility refers to transitions over the life course Hence, analysis of intragenerational mobility should focus on the changes in occupational status over the life course These changes can be a change of position in the occupational stratification system; can also be a change in job; change in occupational skills, that are not related to the change of position in the occupational stratification system *Vertical occupational mobility When a worker of a lower grade and status in an occupation moves to another occupation in a higher grade and status, it is vertical mobility Researchers call a shift in occupational status, or an individual's social advancement or regression relative to the previous occupational status they occupied or relative to their parent's occupational status as “vertical mobility” *Horizontal occupational mobility The movement of labour from one occupation to another in the same grade or level is called horizontal mobility According to Sorokin, all changes that are "unrelated to class change" or, in other words, not change position in the occupational stratification system are called "horizontal mobility" 2.1.4 Generation The thesis approaches the concept of generation by family (that is, different generations in each family in which: Parents are one generation and children are the next generation 2.1.5 Climate Change We can understand climate change “as a change in the climate and related components including the oceans, land, Earth's surface, and the lithosphere such as increasing temperatures, melting ice, and sea level rise.” These changes must be observable and measurable over a certain reference period 2.2 THEORIES APPLICATION FOR RESEARCH OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 2.2.1 Karl Marx's view on social stratification and social mobility Marx pointed out that: "for the new generations of the upper class, the inheritance of property is the vital economic mode, it is essential for the reproduction of this class over time" Accordingly, the transfer of social advantages and disadvantages will mainly be done through the transfer mechanism of the types of assets that individuals and groups can own Based on Marx's theory, the author analyzes and finds out the influence of the ownership of the means of production on the process of occupying occupation status and the mechanism through which families transfer resources to their children 2.2.2 Max Weber's view on social stratification and social mobility When studying social mobility, and analyzing the process of social reconstruction or social closure Weber refers to the desire of groups with occupational advantages to "enhance self-containment and economic security" His explanations on the subject help us to explain the economic processes that place people in a hierarchical organization in which the ability to occupy positions will depend on the “perception of people into class, their sense of class culture.” 2.2.3 Pierre Bourdieu's view of social space, behavior, and social reproduction Bourdieu's theory of social practice of social space help us model the structures of positions in social space and show the pathways and ways in which individuals occupy positions.The process and mechanism by which society operates to reproduce classes Applying his theory helps us to explain the process of social reproduction, and the way, and manner in which group society is established and maintained 2.2.4 Theory of Career Choice Applying the theory of Career Choice, the thesis pays attention to the influence of factors belonging to the characteristics of interests, needs, and abilities of individuals on the tendency to choose jobs However, the author also puts it in the context of specific socio-economic development to see the greater impact of structural factors Sub-conclusion of chapter In chapter 2, the author mentions the theoretical basis for applying occupational mobility analysis in the context of climate change In this chapter, the author analyzed the main concepts related to occupation, the occupational stratification system, occupational mobility, and types of occupational mobility as well as the concept of climate change In order to be able to describe and explain the occupational mobility processes in the next chapter, in chapter 2, the author analyzed the views of some main theories CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CAN THO CITY 3.1 OVERVIEW OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS, SOCIAL ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CAN THO CITY With a total area of 1439km2, the population in 2020 is 1240.7 thousand people, Can Tho is a central city, it is the 4th largest population city in Vietnam As a dynamically developing city, in recent years “Can Tho has faced many threats affecting its ability to achieve its development goals – floods, sea level rise, subsidence, and rapid urbanization.” For many years, the people of Can Tho have to live with constant seasonal flooding and periodic floods Under the increasing influence of climate change, uncontrolled landslides have affected the safety and quality of life of many people in major riverine areas The districts most affected by climate change are Ninh Kieu, Cai Rang, Binh Thuy, and Phong Dien There are many places located along major rivers with many landslides, and high tide levels causing flooding in Ninh Kieu, Cai Rang, Binh Thuy, and Phong Dien 3.2 INTRAGENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CAN THO 3.2.1 The transition of job in the context of climate change Mekong Delta where 38.5% of laborers work in the field of agriculture, forestry, and fishery; 36% work in the service industry, which are occupations that are heavily affected by climate change Accordingly, many areas of employment in the region are affected Changes in the occupational structure also increase In Can Tho city, the research results of the thesis show that many workers who participated in the questionnaire said they had to change jobs; occupations, and consequently change in vocational skills that have followed them throughout their lives Changing or not changing jobs is closely related to factors such as gender, the location where workers live, and the economic sector in which workers work The risks caused by climate change such as landslides have reduced the job stability of workers Workers in areas most affected by landslides had to change jobs more often than those whose areas are less prone to landslides 3.2.2 Shifting occupation status in the occupation stratification system 3.2.2.1 The scale of shifting occupation status in the occupation stratification system Out Of the 784 participants, there are 662 people, accounting for 84.4%, who did not change their occupation status at the time of the survey (Compare their current occupation with their most recent previous occupation) The number of people who shelf occupation status in the occupational stratification system is: 122 people, accounting for 15.6% The percentage of shifting occupation status takes place the most in the group of workers who are workers or skilled workers The highest percentage of retention occupation status is among those who are leaders, managers, technical professionals, and groups of simple workers or farmers 3.2.2.2 Occupational mobility direction The direction of occupational mobility of workers in Can Tho city in recent times is mainly horizontal mobility to change jobs in the same occupational group Horizontal mobility occurs mainly in groups of people working as leaders, managers, high-level technical professionals, and groups of simple workers or farmers The direction of occupational mobility strongly depends on factors such as age, sex, professional education level, economic sector, or damage caused by climate environment to households The group of women experiences more horizontal mobility than upward mobility, and they also experience more downward mobility than upward mobility if compared to the labor mobility trend of the male group 3.2.3 Occupational development of labour The level of occupational development is assessed through a number of key aspects such as 1) Change in professional qualifications; 2) upward direction, occupying a higher position in the occupational stratification system; 3) Improve and diversification of income activities 3.2.3.1 Change in professional qualifications Out of 784 participants, there are 547 people, accounting for 69.77%, developed professional qualifications The change in the professional qualifications of laborers depends on factors such as sex, age, the location where they live, the type of work, and the economic sector 3.2.3.2 Shifting the occupational status in the occupational stratification system If we compare the first occupation to the occupation at the time of the survey, the percentage of labor in Can thơ city who shifted their occupational status is quite large Workers or skilled labor are the groups with the largest percentage of occupational displacement The group's trend of occupational mobility is in stark contrast to the general trend of occupational mobility While the majority of labor has an upward movement, the majority of workers and technical labor have downward mobility The direction of change in occupational status closely depends on factors such as occupational group, education level, professional qualification, sex, living place, settlement status, or age 3.2.3.3 Improve and diversification of income activities The survey shows that: Change in job and shift in occupational status have a relationship with the level of change in income 3.3 INTERGENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CAN THO CITY 3.3.1 Trends of maintaining the parent's occupational status The research shows that: the process of economic and social restructuring takes place quickly in the context of environmental and climate change along with changes in science and technology creating a society in which the opportunity to change occupational status is wider We saw a society in which the children of farmers continue to become farmers, there is little opportunity for the children of the lower classes to move up to occupy the high position in the occupational stratification system The rate of social transition is very slow but then we witness a society in which the shift in occupational status is a popular social phenomenon taking place The research shows that in families in Can Tho city, the percentage of children who continue their parent's occupational status is quite low 3.3.2 Size and direction of intergenerational occupational mobility In both the occupational status shift model between father and child and the occupational status shift model between mother and child, upward mobility is still the common trend, but the probability of joining each occupational group is significant differences Children whose parents are farmers or simple laborers mainly join the working class or other skilled workers The probability of children whose parents are farmers or laborers simply joining the top class as management leaders or high-level technical expertise is always low in both models While a large percentage of children whose parents are leaders, managers, or high-level technical professionals continue to maintain their parent's occupational status, the rest join the mid-level technician's group The majority of children whose parents are workers or technicians move up to join the middle-class technical, staff or Leadership, Managerial positions, and highly skilled positions It shows that although we live in a society with a relatively high rate of occupational status change, the opportunities and trends of occupational status change are very different between groups with different social characteristics Sub-conclusion of chapter Chapter focuses on describing the scale and direction of two types of occupational mobility, intra-generational mobility and inter-generational mobility The research shows that Firstly, in terms of intragenerational mobility, in terms of overall scale, horizontal mobility changes jobs within the same occupational group are popular in the study place Second, regarding intergenerational occupational mobility, the author's research shows that the process of socio-economic development in the context of climate change promotes intergenerational occupational mobility The percentage of children who inheritance of their parent's occupational status is much lower than the percentage of children who did not inheritance of their parent's occupational status CHAPTER FACTORS AFFECTING OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CAN THO CITY 4.1 CHANGE OF OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY 4.1.1 Transforming occupational structure in the context of climate change in the Mekong Delta and in Can Tho city People in the city said that in recent years, where they live, there have been frequent occurrences of natural disasters and unusual weather phenomena such as High temperatures; abnormal rain, high tides causing flooding; alum; salinization; landslides, and landslides Unusual weather caused by climate change has been affecting the lives of many people The major impacts of climate change can be mentioned: Shrinking of arable land; causing diseases to livestock, and plants; reduce productivity/income; job loss, or change in the quality of employment The manifestations of climate change impact the occupational structure in the Mekong Delta and in Can Tho city In the context of climate change, the occupational structure in the Mekong Delta is transformed in the direction of reducing the proportion of skilled workers in agriculture, forestry, and fishery At the same time, there is an increase in skilled craftsmen technicians and other technicians, as well as an increase in the proportion of workers in the assembler and machine operator occupations, and an increase in the number of employees in the personal service, security and sales occupations 4.1.2 The influence of contextual factors on occupational mobility in Can Tho city The impact of contextual factors such as the transformation of the occupational structure taking place in the context of climate change is the main cause of occupational mobility in Can Tho (both intra-generational and inter-generational mobility) In all occupational mobility models the structural mobility rate is higher than the net mobility rate The net mobility rate is lower than the structural mobility rate, which suggests that the increase in labor flows is mainly due to a change in the occupational structure of the economy, not due to changes in labor mobility change in individual career choice style The rapid transformation of the scientific and technological revolution, along with the process of industrialization and modernization taking place in the context of environmental and climate change created great changes in the occupational structure in the Mekong Delta and Can Tho city Accordingly, the process of occupational structural transformation taking place throughout the economy affects the occupational decisions of individual workers 4.2 THE EFFECT OF PERSONAL FACTORS ON OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CAN THO CITY 4.2.1 The influence of age on occupational mobility In both models, intergenerational occupational mobility and intragenerational occupational mobility, the age of the employee is a factor that directly affects the number of times the employee changes jobs, and the ability to change the occupational status 4.2.2 The influence of education level, professional qualifications The number of schooling years and professional qualifications are also two factors that directly affect the level and trend of occupational mobility Employees who have more advantages in terms of education and professional qualifications are likely to maintain and occupy a higher occupational position in the stratification system When changing jobs, laborers with more years of schooling, or having higher professional qualifications, the ratio of the difference between the probability of mobility going up is higher than that of mobility going down in both types of occupational mobility (intragenerational mobility and intergenerational mobility) 4.2.3 The influence of sex factor In both types of occupational mobility (intragenerational mobility and intergenerational mobility), female labor has a lower rate of occupational mobility than men In the dimensions of mobility, female labor has a higher rate of horizontal mobility, in the vertical direction, female workers experience more downward mobility than male workers 4.2.4 The influence of other personal factors In addition to factors such as age, education, professional qualifications, sex, and some other personal characteristics such as immigrants or natives, contract workers, or unskilled workers, work in the formal economy sector or the informal economy sector, are the factor affecting the size and direction of occupational mobility 4.3 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PARENT'S OCCUPATIONAL STATUS AND CHILDREN'S OCCUPATIONAL STATUS There is a fairly close relationship between the occupational status of parents and the occupational status of children The closeness of the simple laborer's group and the leaders and managers group shows the influence of family on a child's occupation The Leadership, Managerial positions and highly skilled positions, and Farmers, and other simple laborers are more closed groups That is, the participation in these two groups is the lowest The influence of origin on a child's occupation is also shown through the impact of educational factors The research shows that the number of years attending high school of children is influenced by parents' educational level Sub-conclusion of chapter Chapter shows that economic restructuring in the context of climate change causes many changes in the occupational structure in Can Tho city The change in the occupational structure under the impact of climate change affects the occupational mobility of each laborer In the same context, individuals with different characteristics in terms of age, sex, and family background tend to have different occupational mobility CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATION Conclusion The research results analyzed in the chapters of the thesis show some key points as follows: Firstly, the climate and environmental changes affected the lives of many people in Can Tho city The biggest impacts that can be mentioned are: Shrinking arable land, causes diseases for livestock, and crops, reducing productivity/income; job loss, or change in the quality of employment These losses not occur to the same extent to families with different standards of living, working in different economic sectors, and living in different places Secondly, In the field of labor, the research shows that environmental change, climate change, economic restructuring along with the industrialization process are creating challenges that make many people have to change the occupations that they pursue However, the pressure of transformation also creates many opportunities for people to change their occupational skills so that they can move up to occupy a better position at the top of the occupational stratification system Thirdly, In all occupational mobility models, the proportion of structural mobility is higher than net mobility The majority of occupational mobility in the study place is structural mobility, the change comes from changes in the economic structure Fourthly, Different from other occupational groups, many laborers who are workers or skilled workers experienced downward mobility Many workers who are working in the formal economic sector move to work in the informal economy, becoming self-employed Fifth, The process of socio-economic restructuring thanks to industrialization and modernization increased the occupations with high positions in the occupational stratification system and broadened the opportunities to move in the direction of higher education up for the vast majority of people Can Tho Vietnam is currently a society with an open stratification system and a high rate of social displacement Sixthly, the research results also show that although Can Tho is a society with an open stratification system, with relatively large opportunities for the displacement of occupational positions, this opportunity for mobility is very different between occupational groups ; groups with distinct social characteristics Policy recommendation Firstly, for the National Assembly, the National Assembly needs to reshape legislative thinking, because Social security with components of health insurance, and compulsory social insurance is mainly based on jobs at companies, enterprises, and organizations In the future, when the trend of changing occupations as described continues to increase, social security policies will face many challenges, so it is necessary to consider changing the approach of this policy, especially regulations related to health insurance, and social insurance for workers The National Assembly also needs to supervise the promulgation of legal documents; Promote the integration of climate change adaptation into the process of promulgating legal documents Second, for the government, ministries and ministerial-level agencies The Government and ministries need to step up the implementation of socioeconomic development policies to create an environment for employees to take advantage of opportunities, reduce risks, and improve their ability to adapt to new conditions, changes in the new context Third, the Ministry of Education and Schools The Ministry of Education needs to guide schools to build open interconnected training programs In which, learners can accumulate qualifications through training courses at different institutions Training programs should emphasize vocational skills training and should aim to promote training in information and communication technology Fourth, for Can Tho city It is necessary to accelerate the implementation of measures to adapt to climate change The implementation of structural and non-structural solutions in adaptation will help increase employment This creates an opportunity to promote occupational mobility in an upward direction Thursday, The researchers Occupational mobility is still a topic that requires further in-depth research Therefore, in the coming years, besides the trend of occupational mobility research in the direction of the achieved position approach, which emphasizes changing occupational statuses; in the context of transition, researchers need to continue to study the multi-dimensional structure of occupational mobility and toward macro studies on occupational status re-hierarchy in the occupational stratification system Sixth, for laborers It is necessary to continue learning and equipping myself to adapt to the changes in the fields of labor and employment Labors not only have to adapt to new production methods but in many cases workplaces can disappear due to unsustainable production or even because a particular geographical area no longer exists Accordingly, it is necessary to self-study to improve occupation skills, and accumulate resources to be able to better adapt to the instability of the occupation ... Effects of climate change on individual and family life Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references and appendices, the thesis is divided into 04 chapters... status according to their own perception and evaluation 1.4 STUDIES ON FACTORS AFFECTING OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY Previous studies show three important groups of factors affecting individuals' occupational... types of mobility are also quite diverse depending on the context and socioeconomic conditions of each country However, up to now, there is still a lack of studies on the process of occupational