110 Buddhist Ethics (2) Touching or holding is to touch the bare skin of a woman120 motivated by sexual desire (3) Speaking of sexual intercourse is to use lascivious language with a woman, with words that suggest sexual intercourse, etc., motivated by lust.121 (4) Extolling reverence means, motivated by sexual desire, to suggest to a woman in glorified terms that sexual intercourse would be a good way to revere oneself (5) Matchmaking means to cause a previously uninvolved man and woman to engage in sexual intercourse by carrying or having another carry a message between them three times.122 [Vishakadeva’s Stanzas on the Discipline] states123: The sword of the partial defeat Will cut off the head Of that monk who has united a man and a woman Or induced another to so (6) Constructing a hut means to build on an improper site,124 and for oneself, a house that exceeds the prescribed size The [prescribed] hut must be large enough to stretch the arms when standing; to extend or draw in the arms and legs when sleeping; to take three strides in each direction when moving around, and to easily assume the cross-legged posture It must not, however, exceed the [prescribed] size of eighteen cubits125 in length and ten and a half cubits in width (7) Constructing a large dwelling means to construct on an improper site, and with improper materials,126 a large house for four monks or more (8) Groundless accusation means to defame a fellow monk without any of the three [grounds for accusation] of having seen, heard about, or having suspected that he has incurred a defeating offense.127 (9) Accusation for a trivial reason means to falsely accuse a fellow monk of having committed a defeating offense, justifying this on the basis of a trivial event.128 The Vows of Personal Liberation 111 (10) Causing a schism means to persist in causing a division in the order, not desisting even though other monks have admonished one three times.129 (11) Taking sides refers to supporting a fellow monk who is trying to create a schism in the order, not desisting although admonished three times (12) Causing a layperson to lose faith means to defame the fellow monks who have expelled one [from the boundaries of the monastery] because one’s depraved conduct130 has subverted a lay devotee’s faith in the order, and not desisting even though admonished three times (13) Defiance means not to accept the allegation made by fellow monks when one has incurred a downfall, and persistently refusing to acknowledge [and amend] it in spite of the [triple] admonishments of the monastic community These thirteen are called “the class of partial defeats of the monastic community,” “of the monastic community” since amendment depends on the community and “partial” [or with remainder] because some trace of the vows’ purity remains.131 The Summary [of Discipline]132 mentions two undetermined offenses that may occur when a monk lures a woman into a secluded, sheltered place A secluded place refers to a situation where there are no other conscientious friends133 and that is a sheltered place providing concealment (1) If this is a convenient place for sexual intercourse, a monk might commit one of three [types of offenses]—a defeat, a partial defeat, or a downfall [requiring confession alone] (2) If it is not suitable for sexual intercourse, he might commit one of two [types of offenses]—a partial defeat or a downfall [requiring confession alone].134 These offenses are “undetermined” in the sense that it is uncertain which offense will occur or what will be the outcome The Downfalls that Require Forfeiture or Confession Alone [3"] This section has two parts: (1) downfalls that require forfeiture, and (2) downfalls that require confession alone 112 Buddhist Ethics Downfalls that Require Forfeiture [a"] Downfalls that require forfeiture consist of three sets of ten The First Set of Ten [i"] Keeping, being without, retaining cloth, or inducing a nun to wash robes, accepting, and requesting cloth, Asking for cloth of a greater measure or value from two donors, and excessive insistence (1) Keeping extra cloth means to keep for more than ten days an unconsecrated piece of cloth that is owned by oneself, measures one cubit or more, and is not intended for one’s robes (2) Being without is to be separated from the three robes for more than a day.135 (3) Retaining [cloth] for a month is to keep a piece of cloth in order to make one of the three robes that one is lacking, which is between one cubit long and the size sufficient to cover the three areas,136 and which remains unconsecrated for more than one month (The three areas refer to the waist and the two areas around the knees.) The first downfall of keeping unconsecrated cloth for more than ten days occurs at sunrise on the eleventh day The same downfall is accrued by vitiation if one receives a second piece of cloth subsequent to the first, even though one has [kept] the second piece less than ten days Further, if one obtains a stitched monastic robe after first acquiring a piece of cloth [as described in] the downfall of “retaining for a month,” at sunrise on the eleventh day one incurs the downfall of “keeping [extra cloth] for ten days.” Downfalls by vitiation occur in relation not only to cloth but also to the begging bowl and food Concerning the second downfall, to determine whether or not a monk has incurred the downfall of being without robes, different factors such as boundary, dispensation, and consecration137 must be taken into consideration One should refer to other books [for more information] on this point (4) Having one’s robes washed is to ask a nun who is not a relative to wash one’s robes Here, “relative” includes one’s kin up to seven times removed on either one’s mother’s or father’s side The Vows of Personal Liberation 113 (5) Accepting cloth is to accept cloth sufficient to cover the three areas, when one already has the three robes, from a nun who is not a relative (6) Requesting is to request cloth as just described from a layperson who is not a relative (7) Requesting more than the permissible means to request more cloth than the measure [required for] one set of the upper and lower robes, when one lacks the three monastic robes, from a layperson who is not a relative (8) Requesting finer means to request from a layperson who is not a relative [robe material of] a fine quality, more valuable than that which the layperson had intended to offer (9) Requesting finer quality than two donors have prepared to offer differs [from the previous downfall] only in that it concerns [robe material] offered by male or female donors separately, [rather than] a common offering from a household (10) Insistence means to accept a robe after one has insistently asked for it more than three times, and [when undelivered] has made oneself obvious more than three times to the caretaker of the community who has been given [by a patron] precious items [such as gold or silver] to purchase the cloth.138 The Second Set of Ten [ii"] To make a mat with silk, black wool, or more than half black wool, making a new one before six years, Not adding to it a handspan’s patch, carrying, and spinning wool, handling gold or silver, Usury, trading (1) A silk mat is to make139 for oneself a mat out of a valuable material such as silk of at least the measure that covers the three areas (2) A black wool mat is to make a mat out of only black [sheep’s] wool measuring as above (3) A mixture with more than half black wool is to make a mat [of white and black wool] containing more than half black wool (4) Six years is to make a new mat while the old one has not been used for [the prescribed period of] six years 114 Buddhist Ethics (5) A handspan is to use a new mat that has not been sewn with a patch from the old one the length of the Joyful One’s handspan.140 (6) Carrying wool on the road is to walk more than an earshot141 within a single day while carrying a great load such as wool, motivated by acquisitiveness (7) Having wool washed is to have a nun who is not a relative wash, spin, or dye wool (8) Handling what is precious is to handle or induce [another person] to handle gold or other precious substances [that are one’s property but] unconsecrated142 and to consider these as one’s own, motivated by acquisitiveness (9) Usury is to lend gold or other commodities to make a profit or gain interest to a layperson who is not a relative, motivated by acquisitiveness (10) Trading means to buy and sell [to a layman] other nonprecious items such as grain in order to make a profit In the last two rules, the actual downfall is accrued only if a profit is realized The Third Set of Ten [iii"] keeping an unconsecrated begging bowl, or requesting an extra one, engaging a weaver, improving the weave, Taking back gifts, using rainy season retreat offerings, being separated from the robes, keeping the large rain cloak too long, Redirecting dedicated offerings, and storing food constitute the class of downfalls that require forfeiture Two downfalls concern the begging bowl: (1) Keeping a begging bowl is to keep an unconsecrated begging bowl for more than ten days (2) Requesting an extra begging bowl is to ask for and obtain a begging bowl from a layperson who is not a relative, when one already has an appropriate begging bowl Two downfalls concern weavers: (3) Engaging a weaver is to have a weaver who is not a relative make cloth for one’s robes without payment or remuneration ... refusing to acknowledge [and amend] it in spite of the [triple] admonishments of the monastic community These thirteen are called ? ?the class of partial defeats of the monastic community,” ? ?of the monastic... times removed on either one’s mother’s or father’s side The Vows of Personal Liberation 113 (5) Accepting cloth is to accept cloth sufficient to cover the three areas, when one already has the three... undelivered] has made oneself obvious more than three times to the caretaker of the community who has been given [by a patron] precious items [such as gold or silver] to purchase the cloth.138 The