TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 28

Unit 28 MEDI OID SCOP TRANS PRO PRO RE RE- DERM ENDO Quiz 28-1 Quiz 28-2 Quiz 28-3 Quiz 28-4 Quiz 28-5 Review Quizzes 28 MEDI comes from the Latin medius, meaning “middle.” Our word medium refers to something in a middle position The medieval period of European history, also known as the Middle Ages, is the period between Greek and Roman antiquity and the “modern age.” But why people around 1620 began to use the term “Middle Ages,” because they regarded themselves as modern, is an interesting question median In the middle; especially, having a value that is in the middle of a series of values arranged from smallest to largest • The city's west side is well-off but its east side isn't, so the city's median house prices are typical for the region People often use the word average without realizing that there are two common forms of average Suppose you want to find the average net worth of a group of people—that is, the average value of everything they possess To find one type of average, called the mean, you'd simply add up the total value of money and property of everyone in the group and divide it by the number of people To find the other type, called the median, you'd identify the net worth of the person who is richer than half the people and poorer than the other half So if Warren Buffett drove through a tiny village in India, the mean net worth of those in the village would suddenly rise to perhaps a billion dollars, but their median net worth would remain close to zero Which figure would be more meaningful? mediate (1) To work with opposing sides in an argument or dispute in order to get an agreement (2) To achieve a settlement or agreement by working with the opposing sides • He was the third person who had attempted to mediate the dispute between the firm and its striking workers, the first two having given up in despair Mediation is often used in disputes between companies and labor unions, and the government actually provides mediators for such disagreements The mediator tries to bring the two sides to an agreement, but doesn't have the power to actually order such an agreement Mediators also sometimes have a role in international disputes; when two neighboring countries claim exclusive fishing rights in the same ocean waters, for example, they may invite a trained mediator to help settle the argument Arbitration is similar to mediation, but in arbitration both parties in a dispute agree to accept the arbitrator's decision intermediary A person who works with opposing sides in a dispute in order to bring about an agreement • The divorce had been bitter, and the two now communicated only through an old friend who they both trusted as an intermediary Since inter- means “between, among” (see INTER), an intermediary is someone who moves back and forth in the middle area between two sides—a “go-between.” Mediator (which shares the medi- root) is often a synonym, and so is facilitator; broker and agent are often others Thus, a real-estate broker or agent shuttles between a house's buyer and seller, who may never even meet each other Financial intermediation is what happens when you put money in a bank or investment firm, which then invests it in various companies; if you want, you can instead cut out the intermediary and invest the money directly in companies of your own choosing mediocrity The quality of being not very good • He's the kind of person who can get depressed by the mediocrity of a dinner, or even a wine People interested in words always point out that mediocrity doesn't mean quite what its main root would indicate: Why doesn't it describe something that's right in the middle of the pack, exactly what you would expect? Instead the words mediocrity and mediocre always suggest disappointment A mediocre play is one you wish you hadn't wasted an evening on, and the mediocre actor in it should probably find another profession A person can even be called a mediocrity, though it isn't very nice and you'd never it to his face OID comes from the Greek word for “appearance” or “form.” Since aster in ancient Greek meant “star,” the small bodies orbiting between Mars and Jupiter that looked like stars through primitive telescopes were called asteroids A factoid is a little bit of information that looks like a fact, whether it is or not And some people these days will attach -oid to just about anything; you can probably figure out the meaning of nutsoid, nerdoid, and freakazoid without much help rhomboid In geometry, a shape with four sides where only the opposite sides and angles are equal • The flimsy picture frame had been damaged en route, and its rectangular shape was now a rhomboid Rhomboids, like triangles, may take various different shapes, but they always look like a lopsided diamond or rectangle As both a noun and an adjective, rhomboid can be applied to anything with those shapes, such as certain muscles of the upper back when viewed from behind Whenever you hear about rhomboid exercises, rhomboid strain, or rhomboid pain, it involves those muscles, which attach your shoulder blades to your spine and can be strained by carrying a heavy backpack, serving a tennis ball, or just slumping in your chair in front of a computer all day deltoid A large muscle of the shoulder • In Anatomy class she had learned about the deltoids, which her trainer at the gym just called “delts.” The fourth letter of the Greek alphabet is delta, and a capital delta is triangleshaped In English, delta commonly means the sand deposits that form a huge triangle at the mouth of certain large rivers Deltoid as an adjective means “having a triangular shape,” and botanists often use the word to describe the shape of certain leaves The triangular, swept-back wings seen on jet fighter aircraft are called delta wings Your deltoid muscles—not far from your rhomboids—form a cap on your shoulders, and some gym trainers even treat shoulder and deltoid as synonyms Can you guess the general shape of deltoids when seen from the side? dendroid Resembling a tree in form • The reef was a fantastic jungle, its dendroid corals resembling luminous, poisonous trees in a landscape of bizarre beauty Dendrology is the study of trees, and those who the studying are called dendrologists So dendroid describes something that “branches” in all directions from a central “trunk” in an irregular way The word is almost always used by biologists, who often speak of dendroid seaweeds, dendroid moss, and dendroid algae humanoid Looking or acting like a human • We slowly learn that most of Dr Bennell's friends have been replaced by humanoid substitutes that have emerged from pods A humanoid robot, sometimes called an android, is a robot that resembles a human Accounts of the yeti, Sasquatch, and Bigfoot continue to fascinate us mainly because of their humanoid characteristics The idea of creating a monstrous humanoid, such as the Jewish golem or Victor Frankenstein's creation, has intrigued us for centuries “Humanoid Animation” is a standard for creating humanlike figures for video that lets the same figure be used in a variety of 3-D games—some of which have nothing but humanoids for characters B Indicate whether the following pairs of words have the same or different meanings: revoke / cancel same _ / different _ regress / backslide same _ / different _ remorse / regret same _ / different _ rejuvenate / return same _ / different _ reconcile / fight back same _ / different _ rebut / send back same _ / different _ reciprocal / mutual same _ / different _ reiterate / modernize same _ / different _ Answers DERM comes from the Greek derma, meaning “skin.” For medical advice on a skin problem such as acne, we may go to a dermatologist, or skin specialist When we get a shot, it's usually with a hypodermic, a needle that goes “under the skin” (see HYP/HYPO) A pachyderm is a “thick-skinned” animal, which most of us just call an elephant dermal Relating to the skin and especially to the dermis • The agency is always studying what can be done to prevent dermal exposure to chemicals in the workplace The word dermal often comes up nowadays in connection with cosmetic treatments Dermal therapy usually means restoring moisture to dry, cracked skin Dermal fillers such as collagen can be injected to fill in acne scars or reduce wrinkles These have now been joined by treatments like Botox, which paralyzes facial dermal muscles, again in order to reduce wrinkles (since those dermal muscles are used to form expressions) A synonym for dermal is cutaneous epidermis The outer layer of the skin • The epidermis is the body's first line of defense against infection, external injury, and environmental stresses Epidermis includes the Greek prefix epi-, meaning “outer” (see EPI); thus, the epidermis overlies the dermis, or inner layer of skin The epidermis itself consists of four or five layers; the outermost layer is made of dead cells, which are being shed continuously The epidermis acts as a physical barrier —a protective wrap over the body's surface, which, by preventing water loss, allows vertebrates to live on land taxidermist skins of dead animals One who prepares, stuffs, and mounts the • The taxidermist suggested that the bobcat be displayed in the act of leaping fiercely toward the viewer Taxidermists are called on not only by sportsmen and collectors but by museums, movie studios, and advertisers Taxidermists first remove the skin (with its fur, hair, or feathers), then create a plaster cast of the carcass with which to produce a “mannequin,” on which they replace the skin Producing trophies of lifelike quality that often recreate an exciting moment requires physical skill, attention to detail, and sometimes artistic talent dermatitis Inflammation of the skin • The only dermatitis she had ever suffered had been the result of playing in poison ivy when she was little Dermatitis usually appears as a rash, and may cause itching, blisters, swelling, and often scabbing and scaling It often marks an allergic reaction of some kind Contact dermatitis is caused by something (often a chemical) touching the skin Atopic dermatitis usually affects the insides of the elbows, the backs of the knees, and the face; generally resulting from an inherited sensitivity, it's often triggered by inhaling something Eczema, psoriasis, and dandruff are all forms of dermatitis Even in the worst cases, dermatitis isn't infectious and doesn't produce serious health consequences ENDO comes from the Greek endon, meaning “within.” In English it appears almost always in scientific terms, especially in biology A nonscientific endoword is endogamy, meaning marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law—one of the many customs that can be seen everywhere from the most remote tribes to the highest society in wealthy countries endocrine (1) A hormone (2) Any of several glands (such as the thyroid) that pour their secretions directly into the blood or lymph • Since the endocrines are so vital to human life, affecting such things as cell growth and blood sugar, the chemicals known as endocrine disrupters can be destructive and even deadly The body's glands remove specific substances from the blood and alter them for rerelease into the blood or removal Glands such as those that produce saliva and sweat secrete their products through tiny ducts or tubes on or near the body's surface The glands without ducts, called the endocrine glands, instead secrete their products into the bloodstream; the endo- root indicates that the secretions are internal rather than on the surface The endocrine system includes such glands as the pituitary (which controls growth, regulates the other endocrines, and performs many other tasks), the thyroid (another growth gland that also influences metabolism), the adrenals (which secrete adrenaline and steroids), the hypothalamus (which influences sleep and weight regulation), and the ovaries (which produce eggs) Endocrine problems are treated by endocrinologists endodontic with the pulp of the teeth Relating to a branch of dentistry that deals • Her dentist told her the problem was endodontic and that she should see a specialist soon to prevent loss of the tooth Endodontists, as you might expect from the endo- root, deal with the interior of the tooth The tooth's enamel, on the outside, covers a thick layer called the dentin; this in turn surrounds the innermost part, called the pulp, a mass of soft tissue through which nerves and blood vessels run When a tooth has been badly damaged by decay or cracking, producing a risk of dangerous infection of the pulp, a “root canal” procedure is performed by an endodontist Try to avoid ever getting to know an endodontist; brush your teeth twice daily, floss before bedtime, and never let a cavity go unfilled for long endogenous body, or system Developing or originating within a cell, organ, • Vitamin D can be obtained from food and supplements, but it's also an endogenous vitamin, produced by the body when the skin is exposed to sunlight When biologists need to make a distinction between things that are produced within a cell or organ and things that affect it from the outside, they use the terms endogenous and exogenous It used to be thought, for instance, that mutations in cells always resulted from exogenous causes, until it was discovered that substances in the body, including those called oxidants, could cause them endogenously as well “Circadian rhythms”—the regular cycles, roughly 24 hours in length, that plants, animals, and humans rely on to regulate their days—are endogenously generated and don't actually depend on the sun for their timing endorphin able to relieve pain Any of a group of proteins in the brain that are • On the final stretch of her daily five-mile run, she could usually count on the endorphins kicking in, giving her that beautiful “runner's high.” The word endorphin was coined, back when the substances were discovered in the 1970s, by joining pieces of endogenous and morphine, morphine being a narcotic that closely resembles the endorphins and relieves pain in a similar way Studies suggest that the pain-relieving practice called acupuncture (see acupuncture) works by releasing endorphins Endorphins also seem to play an important role in pregnancy Though much remains to be learned about the endorphins, the general public seems ready to give them credit for any allnatural high Quiz 28-5 Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a taxidermist b endodontic c endogenous d dermatitis e endocrine f dermal g endorphin h epidermis He had a mild form of _ that occasionally produced a rash on his upper arms To get rid of wrinkles, you can have a _ filler injected into parts of your face This _ is released in large quantities during serious physical activity and seems to have important painkilling effects She has always had bad teeth, and now she's finally having _ work done on the really rotten ones Low growth rate in teenagers is often an _ problem that can be fixed with hormones The _ keeps the body waterproof and provides a barrier against infection They had come across a dead eagle in perfect condition, and a _ had done a beautiful job of mounting it for display Vitamin D is an _ vitamin, but bodies seem to require sunlight to produce it Answers Review Quizzes 28 A Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: go backward a transient skin rash b dendroid brief c protrude tree-shaped d regress internally produced e reconcile repeat f endogenous refresh g reiterate declare publicly h promulgate jut out i dermatitis 10 bring into agreement j rejuvenate Answers B Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a pro forma b reciprocal c proponent d endodontic e revoke f pro bono g dermal h remorse i reconcile j rebut When she tried to _ the claims her opponent had made, the crowd broke out in jeers He has always been a _ of women's issues, particularly governmentfunded day care In the past she's gotten _ silicone injections to erase her facial wrinkles Most of the _ work he's done has been for environmental groups that can't afford legal fees The application process was just _, since they had already promised her the job _ over the accident seems to be the main cause of his depression They haven't been able to _ the results of the two studies, which came to very different conclusions The tooth had been aching for several weeks, but he was still surprised when his dentist told him it would require _ work Expensive golf courses sometimes have _ agreements that enable members to use courses in other cities for the same price 10 Because of numerous violations, the city is threatening to _ the nightclub's license to operate Answers C Indicate whether the following pairs of terms have the same or different meanings: prophylaxis / support same _ / different _ prologue / extension same _ / different _ epidermis / outer skin same _ / different _ endogenous / produced inside same _ / different _ reiterate / restate same _ / different _ endodontic / relating to tooth enamel same _ / different _ proactive / anticipating same _ / different _ rejuvenate / renew same _ / different _ rebut / disprove same _ / different _ 10 dermal / skin-related same _ / different _ Answers ... be used in a variety of 3-D games—some of which have nothing but humanoids for characters Quiz 28- 1 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a mediocrity b humanoid c median d rhomboid e... the Transcendentalists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, believed in the unity of all creation, the basic goodness of humankind, and the superiority of spiritual vision... such as climate change, we may mean that everything else on earth actually depends on it Quiz 28- 2 A Indicate whether the following pairs of words have the same or different meanings: transient