TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 26

Unit 26 MUR POLIS/POLIT NUMER KILO MICRO MULTI PAR PHOB HEM/HEMO ITIS Medical Words Quiz 26-1 Quiz 26-2 Quiz 26-3 Quiz 26-4 Quiz 26-5 Review Quizzes 26 MUR, from the Latin noun murus, meaning “wall,” has produced a modest number of English words muralist A painter of wall paintings • She's enjoying her new career as a muralist, but it's terribly hard on her when she sees her works wrecked by vandals Any wall painting may be called a mural Murals have been around since long before the framed painting Scenic murals date back to at least 2000 B.C on the island of Crete Indoor murals for private homes were popular in ancient Greece and Rome, and many of those at Pompeii were preserved by the lava of Mt Vesuvius In the Renaissance the muralists Raphael and Michelangelo created great wall and ceiling paintings for the Catholic Church, and Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper became one of the most famous of all murals Mural painting saw a great revival in Mexico beginning in the 1920s, when a group of muralists inspired by the Mexican Revolution, including Diego Rivera, J C Orozco, and D A Siqueiros, began taking their intensely political art to the public by creating giant wall paintings, sometimes on outdoor surfaces intramural Existing or occurring within the bounds of an institution, especially a school • At college he lacked the time to go out for sports in a serious way, but he did play intramural hockey all four years With its Latin prefix intra-, “within” (not to be confused with inter-, “between”), intramural means literally “within the walls.” The word is usually used for sports played between teams made up only from students at one campus Intramural athletics is often the most popular extracurricular activity at a college or university extramural Existing outside or beyond the walls or boundaries of an organized unit such as a school or hospital • “Hospital Without Walls” is an extramural program that offers home healthcare services Extramural contains the Latin extra-, meaning “outside” or “beyond” (see EXTRA) The walls in extramural are usually those of schools, colleges, and universities, and the word is often seen in phrases like “extramural activities” and “extramural competition,” referring to things that involve the world beyond the campus Some institutions use the term “extramural study” for what others call “distance learning”—that is, teaching and learning by means of Web connections to the classroom and to videos of lectures Money that flows into universities to support research (from foundations, government institutes, etc.) is usually called “extramural income.” immure To enclose within, or as if within, walls; imprison • In Dumas's famous novel, the Count of Monte Cristo is in fact a sailor who had been unjustly immured in an island prison for 15 years before breaking out and taking his revenge In Eastern European legend, whenever a large bridge or fort was completed, a young maiden would be immured in the stonework as a sacrifice (It's not certain that such things were actually done.) In Poe's grim story “A Cask of Amontillado,” a man achieves revenge on a fellow nobleman by chaining him to a cellar wall and bricking him up alive At the end of Verdi's great opera Aida, Aida joins her lover so that they can die immured together But real-life examples of immurement as a final punishment are somewhat harder to find POLIS/POLIT comes from the Greek word for “city.” The ancient Greek city-states, such as Athens, Thebes, and Sparta, operated much like separate nations, so all their politics was local, like all their public policy—and even all their police! politic of action (1) Cleverly tactful (2) Wise in promoting a plan or plan • Anger is rarely a politic way to seek agreement, since it usually comes across as rude and self-righteous Politic behavior in class always requires a respectful attitude toward your teacher It's never politic to ask for a raise when your boss is in a terrible mood And once teenagers learn to drive, they quickly learn the politic way to ask for the car—that is, whatever gets the keys without upsetting the parents As you can see, politic can be used for many situations that have nothing to with public politics politicize To give a political tone or character to • By 1968 the Vietnam War had deeply politicized most of America's college campuses Sexual harassment was once seen as a private matter, but in the 1980s and '90s it became thoroughly politicized, with women loudly pressuring lawmakers to make it illegal So, at the same time, the issue of sexual harassment politicized many women, who began to take an interest in political action because of it In other words, we may speak of an issue becoming politicized, but also of a person or group becoming politicized acropolis ancient Greek city The high, fortified part of a city, especially an • On the Athenian Acropolis, high above the rest of the city, stands the Parthenon, a temple to Athena The Greek root acro- means “high”; thus, an acropolis is basically a “high city.” Ancient cities often grew up around a high point, in order that they could easily be defended The Greeks and Romans usually included in their acropolises temples to the city's most important gods; so, for example, Athens built a great temple on its Acropolis to its protector goddess, Athena, from which the city took its name Many later European cities cluster around a walled castle on a height, into which the population of the city and the surrounding area could retreat in case of attack, and even South American cities often contain a similar walled area on high ground megalopolis (1) A very large city (2) A thickly populated area that includes one or more cities with the surrounding suburbs • With its rapid development, the southern coast of Florida around Miami quickly became a megalopolis A “large city” named Megalopolis was founded in Greece in 371 B.C to help defend the region called Arcadia against the city-state of Sparta Though a stadium seating 20,000 was built there, indicating the city's impressive size for its time, Megalopolis today has only about 5,000 people Social scientists now identify 10 megalopolises in the U.S., each with more than 10 million people The one on the eastern seaboard that stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C., where the densely populated cities seem to flow into each other all along the coast, is now home to over 50 million people But it's easily surpassed by the Japanese megalopolis that includes Tokyo, with more than 80 million inhabitants B Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: fear of spiders a agoraphobia gap b xenophobe fear of open or public places c nonpareil ideal d acrophobic fearful of heights e subpar equality f parity one fearful of foreigners g disparity inferior h arachnophobia Answers Medical Words HEM/HEMO comes from the Greek word for “blood” and is found at the beginning of many medical terms By dropping the h-, the same word produced the suffix -emia, which likewise shows up in lots of “blood” words, including anemia, leukemia and hyperglycemia hemorrhage (1) A large loss of blood from a blood vessel (2) A rapid and uncontrollable loss or outflow • He arrived at the emergency room reporting headache, nausea, and drowsiness, and the doctor immediately suspected that he'd suffered a brain hemorrhage A hemorrhage usually results from either a severe blow to the body or from medication being taken for something else Though many hemorrhages aren't particularly serious, those that occur in the brain (cerebral hemorrhages) can be life-threatening In older people, hemorrhages are often caused by bloodthinning medication taken to prevent heart attacks A bruise (or hematoma) is a hemorrhage close enough to the surface of the skin to be visible Hemorrhage is also a verb, which isn't always used to talk about actual blood; thus, we may hear that a business is hemorrhaging money, or that the U.S has been hemorrhaging industrial jobs for decades Be careful when writing hemorrhage; it's not an easy word to spell hematology organs The study of blood and blood-forming • Her specialty in hematology let her work with patients of all ages and types, since blood problems may affect almost anyone Blood is basic to almost all the body's functions, and a blood test can reveal more about your physical condition than almost any other kind of examination, so hematology is an important medical specialty, with many separate subjects Since blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, the bones are one important focus for hematologists The coagulation, or thickening, of the blood is another important subject, since coagulation is what keeps us from bleeding to death from even small wounds And there are dozens of serious blood diseases, including anemia (a lack of red blood cells) and leukemia (cancer involving a buildup of white blood cells) hemophilia inability to coagulate A bleeding disorder caused by the blood's • When he was a child, his hemophilia had kept him from joining the other kids in rough play at recess The dreaded disease known as hemophilia is the result of an inherited gene, and almost always strikes boys rather than girls (though mothers may pass the gene to their sons) Since the blood lacks an ingredient that causes it to clot or coagulate when a blood vessel breaks, even a minor wound can cause a hemophiliac to bleed to death if not treated Bleeding can be particularly dangerous when it's entirely internal, with no visible wound, since the person may not be aware it's happening Queen Victoria transmitted the hemophilia gene to royal families all across Europe; the hemophilia of a young Russian prince played a part in the downfall of the Russian czars Today, hemophiliacs take drugs that stop the bleeding by speeding coagulation, and hemophiliac life expectancies in developed countries are almost as long as the average hemoglobin The element in blood that transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and transports carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs • Her doctor had noticed her low hemoglobin count and was insisting that she include more iron-rich vegetables in her diet When filled with oxygen, the hemoglobin in your blood is bright red; returning to the lungs without its oxygen, it loses its brightness and becomes somewhat bluish Hemoglobin levels can change from day to day, and may be affected by such factors as a lack of iron in the diet, a recent loss of blood, and being pregnant When you give blood, a nurse first pricks your finger to test your hemoglobin level; a low hemoglobin count indicates anemia and may mean that you shouldn't give blood that day Mild anemia is generally of little importance, but some types can be very serious ITIS, a suffix found in both Greek and Latin, means “disease” or “inflammation.” In appendicitis your appendix is swollen and painful, and in tonsillitis the same is true of your tonsils With laryngitis, your throat and larynx may become so sore that it's difficult to talk Some of us enjoy making up our own -itis words; high-school teachers, for example, long ago noticed that many of their seniors tended to lose all interest in schoolwork and start skipping classes, and labeled the condition senioritis bursitis Inflammation of a lubricating sac (bursa), especially of the shoulder or elbow • My barber developed bursitis after many years of lifting his arms all day A bursa is a little pouch filled with fluid that sits between a tendon and a bone When the fluid becomes infected by bacteria or irritated by too much movement, bursitis results Throwing a baseball too many times at one session, for example, may inflame and irritate one of the bursae (notice the plural form) in the shoulder Bursitis in another part of the body may be known by a traditional name such as “housemaid's knee,” “soldier's heel,” or “tennis elbow.” Bursitis generally goes away after a few weeks of resting the affected area, and the pain can be treated with ice packs and aspirin hepatitis Inflammation of the liver • His skin now had a yellowish tinge, as did the whites of his eyes, and his doctor immediately recognized the signs of advanced hepatitis The liver, the body's largest gland, performs many important tasks, but is also vulnerable to many illnesses At least five types of hepatitis, labeled with the letters A–E, are caused by viruses The most common are hepatitis A, acquired through contaminated food and water; hepatitis B, which usually travels via sexual activity or shared needles; and hepatitis C, generally passed through shared needles Some other types, including alcoholic hepatitis (caused by drinking too much alcohol), aren't infectious There are vaccines for types A and B, and drug treatments for A, B, and C, though the drugs aren't always effective bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchial tubes • Before the smoking ban went into effect, three flight attendants had sued the airline, claiming secondhand smoke was to blame for their bronchitis The bronchial tubes carry air into the tiny branches and smaller cells of the lungs In bronchitis, the tubes become sore and you develop a deep cough Bronchitis caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but there's no drug treatment for the more common kind caused by a virus A bout of bronchitis may involve a couple of weeks of coughing (with no laughing allowed), weakness, and loss of energy and interest in doing things Apart from that, bronchitis is rarely serious—at least if it doesn't progress to pneumonia tendinitis or leg becomes inflamed A painful condition in which a tendon in the arm • After years of tennis and bicycling, she now has tendinitis of both the elbow and the knee Tendinitis is often seen in active, healthy people who something that requires repeated motion, including golfers and tennis players (especially those with improper form), carpenters, and violinists It's usually treated by keeping the joint from moving, by means of a splint, cast, or bandage If not dealt with in time, tendinitis can turn into the more serious tendinosis, or tendon degeneration Quiz 26-5 Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a hepatitis b hematology c bronchitis d hemophilia e bursitis f hemorrhage g hemoglobin h tendinitis After a week of lifting boxes he got a case of _, and they had to get movers in to finish the packing Blood samples get sent to the _ department for analysis From the yellowness of her eyes, he suspected that it was a serious case of _ Soon after they start playing tennis and golf each spring, they both find they've developed _ and have to give it up for a while He's a heavy smoker, and for several years he's been suffering from _ several times a year Oxygen turns the _ in the blood bright red; when the oxygen is removed, it becomes bluish The bleeding caused by the accident all seemed to be close to the surface, and there was no evidence of an internal _ The family had a history of _, so she was naturally worried when her 3year-old's wound kept bleeding for an hour Answers Review Quizzes 26 A Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: one fearful of foreigners a immure list b subpar wall up c xenophobe 2.2 pounds d enumerate liver disease e arachnophobia varied f parity equality g bronchitis lung inflammation h kilogram fear of spiders i hepatitis 10 inferior j multifarious Answers B Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a muralist b agoraphobia c multidisciplinary d nonpareil e supernumerary f kilometer g politicize h microclimate i intramural j disparity By their careful planting on this south-facing hillside, they had created a _ that was perfect for certain crops that no one else was able to grow Each year there seemed to be a larger _ between their expected income and what they actually earned The college has had an _ debating society for several years, but this year they've decided to challenge several nearby colleges in a debate competition Only six people could play on a side, so the _ volleyball players had to wait five minutes before rotating into the game A _ is more than half a mile but less than two-thirds of a mile The Congress has managed to _ an issue that always used to be thought of as a private matter He has a good reputation as a _ for the wall paintings he's done in public buildings Her _ has gotten worse, and now she refuses to even leave the house She's a _ classroom teacher—enthusiastic, knowledgeable, concerned, entertaining, funny, everything a teacher should be 10 The journal is devoted to water, taking a _ approach that involves chemistry, physics, biology, and environmental science Answers C Indicate whether the following pairs of terms have the same or different meanings: immure / embrace same _ / different _ subpar / below normal same _ / different _ enumerate / solve same _ / different _ acrophobic / fearful of heights same _ / different _ supernumerary / extra same _ / different _ hematology / liver medicine same _ / different _ kilohertz / unit of frequency same _ / different _ disparity / equality same _ / different _ hemorrhage / blood circulation same _ / different _ 10 nonpareil / unlikely same _ / different _ Answers ... first person to broadcast and receive radio waves kilogram A unit of weight equal to 1,000 grams • The kilogram is the only base unit of measurement still defined by a physical object rather... surpassed by the Japanese megalopolis that includes Tokyo, with more than 80 million inhabitants Quiz 26- 1 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a muralist b politic c megalopolis d immure e... the years following the French Revolution So in English, kilo- shows up chiefly in metric-system units Before the computer age, the most familiar kilo- words for Englishspeakers were probably kilowatt,