TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 2

Unit MANIA PSYCH CEPT FIN JECT TRACT DUC/DUCT SEQU Words from Mythology Quiz 2-1 Quiz 2-2 Quiz 2-3 Quiz 2-4 Quiz 2-5 Review Quizzes MANIA in Latin means “madness,” and the meaning passed over into English unchanged Our word mania can mean a mental illness, or at least an excessive enthusiasm We might call someone a maniac who was wild, violent, and mentally ill—or maybe just really enthusiastic about something Too much caffeine might make you a bit manic But the intense mood swings once known as manic-depressive illness are now usually called bipolar disorder instead kleptomania strong desire to steal things A mental illness in which a person has a • Kleptomania leads its sufferers to steal items of little value that they don't need anyway Klepto- comes from the Greek word kleptein, “to steal.” Even though kleptomania is often the butt of jokes, it's actually a serious mental illness, often associated with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse Klepotomaniacs tend to be depressed, and many live lives of secret shame because they're afraid to seek treatment dipsomaniac uncontrollable desire for alcohol A person with an extreme and • She didn't like the word alcoholic being applied to her, and liked dipsomaniac even less Dipsomaniac comes from the Greek noun dipsa, “thirst,” but thirst usually has nothing to with it Some experts distinguish between an alcoholic and a dipsomaniac, reserving dipsomaniac for someone involved in frequent episodes of binge drinking and blackouts In any case, there are plenty of less respectful words for a person of similar habits: sot, lush, wino, souse, boozer, guzzler, tippler, tosspot, drunkard, boozehound the list goes on and on and on megalomaniac A mental disorder marked by feelings of great personal power and importance • When the governor started calling for arming his National Guard with nuclear weapons, the voters finally realized they had elected a megalomaniac Since the Greek root megalo- means “large,” someone who is megalomaniacal has a mental disorder marked by feelings of personal grandeur Megalomania has probably afflicted many rulers throughout history: The Roman emperor Caligula insisted that he be worshipped as a living god Joseph Stalin suffered from the paranoia that often accompanies megalomania, and had thousands of his countrymen executed as a result J.B Bokassa, dictator of a small and extremely poor African nation, proclaimed himself emperor of the country he renamed the Central African Empire And even democratically elected leaders have often acquired huge egos as a result of public acclaim But megalomaniac is generally thrown around as an insult and rarely refers to real mental illness egomaniac Someone who is extremely self-centered and ignores the problems and concerns of others • He's a completely unimpressive person, but that doesn't keep him from being an egomaniac Ego is Latin for “I,” and in English ego usually means “sense of self-worth.” Most people's egos stay at a healthy level, but some become exaggerated Egomaniacs may display a grandiose sense of self-importance, with fantasies about their own brilliance or beauty, intense envy of others, a lack of sympathy, and a need to be adored or feared But, like megalomaniac, the word egomaniac is thrown around by lots of people who don't mean much more by it than blowhard or know-it-all PSYCH comes from the Greek word psyche, meaning “breath, life, soul.” Psychology is the science of mind and behavior, and a psychologist treats or studies the mental problems of individuals and groups Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental and emotional disorders, and a psychiatrist (like any other doctor) may prescribe drugs to treat them psyche Soul, personality, mind • Analysts are constantly trying to understand the nation's psyche and why the U.S often behaves so differently from other countries Sometime back in the 16th century, we borrowed the word psyche directly from Greek into English In Greek mythology, Psyche was a beautiful princess who fell in love with Eros (Cupid), god of love, and went through terrible trials before being allowed to marry him The story is often understood to be about the soul redeeming itself through love (To the Greeks, psyche also meant “butterfly,” which suggests how they imagined the soul.) In English, psyche often sounds less spiritual than soul, less intellectual than mind, and more private than personality psychedelic (1) Of or relating to a drug (such as LSD) that produces abnormal and often extreme mental effects such as hallucinations (2) Imitating the effects of psychedelic drugs • In her only psychedelic experience, back in 1970, she had watched with horror as the walls began crawling with bizarrely colored creatures The most famous—or notorious—of the psychedelic drugs is LSD, a compound that can be obtained from various mushrooms and other fungi but is usually created in the lab The other well-known psychedelics are psilocybin (likewise obtained from fungi) and mescaline (obtained from peyote cactus) How psychedelics produce their effects is still fairly mysterious, partly because research ceased for almost 20 years because of their reputation, but scientists are determined to find the answers and much research is now under way Psychedelics are now used to treat anxiety in patients with cancer, and are being tested in the treatment of such serious conditions as severe depression, alcoholism, and drug addiction psychosomatic Caused by mental or emotional problems rather than by physical illness • Her doctor assumed her stomach problems were psychosomatic but gave her some harmless medication anyway Since the Greek word soma means “body,” psychosomatic suggests the link between mind and body Since one's mental state may have an important effect on one's physical state, research on new medicines always involves giving some patients in the experiment a placebo (fake medicine), and some who receive the sugar pills will seem to improve You may hear someone say of someone else's symptoms, “Oh, it's probably just psychosomatic,” implying that the physical pain or illness is imaginary—maybe just an attempt to get sympathy—and that the person could will it away if he or she wanted to But this can be harsh and unfair, since, whatever the cause is, the pain is usually real psychotherapist One who treats mental or emotional disorder or related bodily ills by psychological means • He's getting medication from a psychiatrist, but it's his sessions with the psychotherapist that he really values Many psychologists offer psychological counseling, and psychological counseling can usually be called psychotherapy, so many psychologists can be called psychotherapists The most intense form of psychotherapy, called psychoanalysis, usually requires several visits a week A competing type of therapy known as behavior therapy focuses on changing a person's behavior (often some individual habit such as stuttering, tics, or phobias) without looking very deeply into his or her mental state non sequitur from anything previously said A statement that does not follow logically • Rattled by the question, his mind went blank, and he blurted out a non sequitur that fetched a few laughs from members of the audience Non sequitur is actually a complete sentence in Latin, meaning “It does not follow”—that is, something said or written doesn't logically follow what came before it It was Aristotle who identified the non sequitur as one of the basic fallacies of logic—that is, one of the ways in which a person's reasoning may go wrong For Aristotle, the non sequitur is usually a conclusion that doesn't actually result from the reasoning and evidence presented Sometime when you're listening to politicians answering questions, see how many non sequiturs you can spot Quiz 2-4 A Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: out-of-place statement a deduction persuade b non sequitur temptation c induce subtraction d subsequent helpful e seduction ordered f consequential following g conducive significant h sequential Answers B Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a conducive b deduction c induce d seduction e consequential f subsequent g non sequitur h sequential The detectives insisted on a detailed and _ account of the evening's events She fended off all his clumsy attempts at _ Conditions on the noisy hallway were not at all _ to sleep There were a few arguments that first day, but all the _ meetings went smoothly He sometimes thought that missing that plane had been the most _ event of his life They arrived at the correct conclusion by simple _ He's hopeless at conversation, since practically everything he says is a _ He had tried to _ sleep by all his usual methods, with no success Answers Words from Mythology Apollonian Harmonious, ordered, rational, calm • After a century of Romantic emotion, some composers adopted a more Apollonian style, producing clearly patterned pieces that avoided extremes of all kinds In Greek mythology, Apollo was the god of the sun, light, prophecy, and music, and the most revered of all the gods Partly because of the writings of Nietzsche, we now often think of Apollo (in contrast to the god Dionysus) as a model of calm reason, and we may call anything with those qualities Apollonian This isn't the whole story about Apollo, however; he had a terrible temper and could be viciously cruel when he felt like it bacchanalian Frenzied, orgiastic • The bacchanalian partying on graduation night resulted in three wrecked cars, two lawsuits by unamused parents, and more new experiences than most of the participants could remember the next day The Roman god of drama, wine, and ecstasy, Bacchus was the focus of a widespread celebration, the Bacchanalia The festivities were originally secret, and only initiated members could participate There was wine in abundance, and participants were expected to cut loose from normal restraints and give in to all sorts of wild desires Eventually the Bacchanalia became more public and uncontrolled, finally getting so out of hand that in 186 B.C the Roman authorities had it banned Much the same bacchanalian spirit fills tropical carnivals every year, including New Orleans' Mardi Gras delphic Unclear, ambiguous, or confusing • All she could get from the strange old woman were a few delphic comments that left her more confused than ever about the missing documents Delphi in Greece was the site of a temple to Apollo at which there resided an oracle, a woman through whom Apollo would speak, foretelling the future The Greeks consulted the oracle frequently on matters both private and public The prophecies were given in difficult poetry that had to be interpreted by priests, and even the interpretations could be hard to understand When Croesus, king of Lydia, asked what would happen if he attacked the Persians, the oracle announced that he would destroy a great empire; what she didn't say was that the empire destroyed would be his own Modern-day descendants of the oracle include some political commentators, who utter words of delphic complexity every week Dionysian Frenzied, delirious • Only in the tropics did such festivals become truly Dionysian, he said, which was why he was booking his flight to Rio Dionysus was the Greek forerunner of Bacchus He was the inventor of wine, which he gave to the human race For that gift and for all the wild behavior that it led to, Dionysus became immensely popular, and he appears in a great many myths He is often shown holding a wine goblet, with his hair full of vine leaves, and attended by a band of goat-footed satyrs and wild female spirits called maenads In the 19th century, scholars such as Nietzsche claimed that the ancient world could be understood as a continuing conflict between the attitudes represented by Apollo (see Apollonian) and Dionysus— that is, between order and disorder, between moderation and excess, between the controlled and the ecstatic jovial Jolly, good-natured • Their grandfather was as jovial and sociable as their grandmother was quiet and withdrawn Jove, or Jupiter, was the Roman counterpart of the Greek's Zeus, and like Zeus was regarded as chief among the gods When the Romans were naming the planets, they gave the name Jupiter to the one that, as they may have already known, was the largest of all (though only the second-brightest to the naked eye) When the practice of astrology reached the Roman empire from the East, astrologers declared that those “born under Jupiter” were destined to be merry and generous, and many centuries later this would result in the words jovial and joviality mercurial mood Having rapid and unpredictable changes of • His mother's always mercurial temper became even more unpredictable, to the point where the slightest thing would trigger a violent fit The god Mercury, with his winged cap and sandals, was the very symbol of speed, and the planet Mercury was named for him by the Romans because it is the fastest-moving of the planets His name was also given to the liquid silver metal that skitters around on a surface so quickly and unpredictably And the word mercurial seems to have come from the metal, rather than directly from the god (or an astrologer's view of the planet's influence) Mercurial people are usually bright but impulsive and changeable (and sometimes a bit unstable) Olympian Lofty, superior, and detached • Now 77, he moved slowly and spoke to the younger lawyers in Olympian tones, but his college friends could remember when he was a brash, crazy risk-taker The Greek gods lived high atop Mt Olympus, which allowed them to watch what went on in the human realm below and intervene as they saw fit They insisted on being properly worshipped by humans, but otherwise tended to treat the affairs of these weak and short-lived creatures almost like a sport So Olympian describes someone who seems “lofty” and “above it all,” as if surveying a scene in which other people appear the size of ants The Olympic Games were first celebrated in the 8th century B.C., at the religious site called Olympia (far from Mt Olympus), and Olympian today actually most often refers to Olympic athletes venereal transmitted by it Having to with sexual intercourse or diseases • In the 19th century syphilis especially was often fatal, and venereal diseases killed some of the greatest figures of the time Venus was the Roman goddess of love, the equivalent of the Greek Aphrodite Since she governed all aspects of love and desire, a word derived from her name was given to the diseases acquired through sexual contact Most of these venereal diseases have been around for many centuries, but only in the 20th century did doctors devise tests to identify them or medicines to cure them Today the official term is sexually transmitted disease, or STD; but even this name turns out to be ambiguous, since some of these diseases can be contracted in other ways as well Quiz 2-5 Choose the correct synonym and the correct antonym: Dionysian a frenzied b angry c calm d fatal apollonian a fruity b irrational c single d harmonious mercurial a stable b changeable c sociable d depressed jovial a youthful b mean-spirited c merry d magical olympian a involved b lame c detached d everyday venereal a sensual b intellectual c diseased d arthritic bacchanalian a restrained b dynamic c frenzied d forthright delphic a clear b dark c stormy d ambiguous Answers Review Quizzes A Choose the closest definition: reprobate a prosecution b scoundrel c trial d refund intercept a throw b seize c arrest d close confine a erect b restrict c ignore d lock out deduction a addition b flirtation c total d reasoning subsequent a unimportant b early c first d later sequential a important b noticeable c in order d distant non sequitur a distrust b refusal c odd statement d denial conjecture a ask b state c guess d exclaim perceptible a noticeable b capable c readable d thinkable 10 finite a vast b finished c nearby d limited Answers B Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: guess a olympian soul b perceptible lengthy c conjecture godlike d definitive ordered e protracted clear-cut f psyche noticeable g susceptible sensitive h jovial significant i sequential 10 jolly j consequential Answers C Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a mercurial b induce c intractable d amicable e interject f seduction g bacchanalian h traction i retract j trajectory The public isn't aware of the company's _ of Congress through its huge contributions over many years The truck was getting almost no _ on the snowy road The prison situation is _, and likely to get worse He tried to _ his statement the next day, but the damage had been done Surprisingly, her first and second husbands actually have a completely _ relationship The argument had gotten fierce, but he somehow managed to _ a remark about how they were both wrong The disappointing _ of his career often puzzled his friends She again told her family that nothing could _ her to marry him By 2:00 a.m the party was a scene of _ frenzy 10 Her only excuse for her behavior was her well-known _ temper Answers ... someone confined to the state prison for 20 years has probably committed quite a serious crime definitive or precisely (1) Authoritative and final (2) Specifying perfectly • The team's brilliant... us to see infinitesimal aspects of matter that even Leeuwenhoek could not have imagined Quiz 2- 2 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a confine b susceptible c definitive d reception... as stuttering, tics, or phobias) without looking very deeply into his or her mental state Quiz 2- 1 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a psychedelic b kleptomania c psyche d egomaniac