TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 10

Unit 10 PUT LOG TERR MAR PATH PEN/PUN MATR/MATER AQU Words from Mythology Quiz 10-1 Quiz 10-2 Quiz 10-3 Quiz 10-4 Quiz 10-5 Review Quizzes 10 PUT comes from the Latin verb putare, meaning “to think, consider, or believe.” So, for example, a reputation is what others think of you But when the root shows up in such words as compute, dispute, and deputy, its meaning is harder to trace reputed Believed to be a certain way by popular opinion • The 15th-century prince Vlad the Impaler is reputed to have inspired the character Dracula, though in fact, evil though Vlad was, Dracula's creator only borrowed his nickname Reputed is used constantly today by reporters, and almost always to describe suspected criminals—“the reputed mobster,” “the reputed drug kingpin,” “the reputed gang leader,” etc But the word shouldn't be left to journalists; your elderly aunt may, for instance, be reputed to have made a large fortune in oil, or to have had four husbands who all died mysteriously Reputed is easy to confuse with reputable, and they used to mean the same thing—that is, “having a good reputation”—but it's become rare to hear reputed used with that meaning today disrepute Loss or lack of good reputation; disgrace • The family had fallen into disrepute after the conviction and imprisonment of his father and uncle A reputation can be easy to lose, and someone who is no longer respectable may eventually find he's become genuinely disreputable—the kind of person that almost no one wants to be seen with Disrepute isn't only for individuals: A company may fall into disrepute as a result of news stories about its products' defects; drug scandals have brought entire sports into disrepute; and a scientific theory may fall into disrepute as a result of new discoveries impute To attribute • The British imputed motives of piracy to American ships trying to prevent them from interfering with American trade during the War of 1812 Imputing something to someone (or something) usually means observing something invisible in that person (or thing) We may impute meaning to a play or novel, or to a casual remark by a friend, that was never intended Many of us like to impute bad motives to others, while always regarding our own motives as pure In tax law, imputed income is something that isn't actual money but might as well be—for example, the free use of a car lent to you by your employer putative Generally supposed; assumed to exist • To strengthen the case for the defense, a putative expert took the stand Putative is almost always used to express doubt or skepticism about a common belief Thus, Tintagel Castle in Cornwall, a picturesque ruin, is the putative fortress of the medieval King Arthur The residents of New York City are putatively chic, neurotic, rude, and dangerous And cable TV is full of putative experts, who often turn out not to have much knowledge of the subjects they're talking about LOG, from the Greek word logos, meaning “word,” “speech,” or “reason,” is found particularly in English words that end in -logy and -logue The ending logy often means “the study of”; so, for instance, biology is the study of life, and anthropology is the study of humans And -logue usually indicates a type of discussion; thus, dialogue is conversation between two people or groups, and an epilogue is an author's last words on a subject But exceptions aren't hard to find physiology (1) A branch of biology dealing with the processes and activities by which living things, tissues, and cells function (2) The life processes and activities of a living thing or any of its parts • For students planning to go to medical school, the university's most popular major is Human Physiology The Latin root physio- generally means “physical,” so human physiology deals with just about everything that keeps us alive and working, and other physiology specialties the same for other animals and for plants To anything serious in the field of health, you've obviously got to know how the body's organs and cells function normally Physiology used to be considered separately from anatomy, which focuses on the body's structures; however, it's now known that structure and function can't easily be separated in a scientific way, so “anatomy and physiology” are often spoken of in the same breath methodology science or field A set of methods or rules followed in a • Some researchers claimed that Dr Keller's methodology was sloppy and had led to unreliable conclusions The methodology employed in an experiment is essential to its success, and bad methodology has spoiled thousands of research projects So whenever a piece of research is published in a scientific or medical journal, the researchers always carefully describe their methodology; otherwise, other scientists couldn't possibly judge the quality of what they've done ideology party The set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political • By the time she turned 19, she realized she no longer believed in her family's political ideology The root ideo-, as you might guess, means “idea.” Ideas and theories about human behavior can always be carried too far, since such behavior is very hard to pin down So ideological thinkers—people who come up with large theories about how the world works and try to explain everything (and maybe even predict the future) according to those theories—are almost always disappointed, sooner or later, to find that it doesn't really work out A person intensely devoted to a set of political ideas or theories can be called an ideologue—a translation of the French idéologue, a word actually coined by Napoleon as a label for those political thinkers full of ideas he had no use for cardiology diseases The study of the heart and its action and • After his heart attack, he actually bought himself a cardiology textbook and set about learning everything he could about his unreliable organ The root card- (closely related to cord—see CORD) shows up in many heartrelated words Cardiologists frequently find themselves studying cardiograms, the charts of heart activity, made by machines called cardiographs Heart attacks, and deaths caused by them, have both declined as a result of better medical emergency procedures, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and a decline in smoking But the factors likely to actually improve heart health, such as better diets and more cardiovascular exercise (exercise, such as running, that improves the heart and blood vessels), haven't made any progress at all So we should all be prepared to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an emergency procedure done on someone whose heart has stopped, to get the heart and lungs working again) Quiz 10-4 A Choose the closest definition: matriarch a goddess b mermaid c bride d grande dame aquaculture a aquarium design b reef diving c pearl fishing d water farming matrilineal a through the mother's family b graduating c adopted d female aqueduct a channel b dam c dike d reservoir matrix a formula b alternate reality c scheme d source aquanaut a swimmer b diver c surfer d pilot maternity a motherhood b nightgown c women's club d marriage aquifer a waterway b fishpond c spring d underground reservoir Answers B Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a aquifer b aquaculture c maternity d matrix e matrilineal f matriarch g aqueduct h aquanaut Marriage didn't seem to affect her much, but _ has changed her completely After five years living in the suburb, they felt they had become part of a complex social _ As an _ she often lives underwater for several days at a time The _ they depend on for irrigation is slowly being depleted, and the farmers are being forced to cut back on water use Wild salmon has become an expensive rarity, and _ is the source of most of the salmon we now eat The tribe seemed to be _, with all inheritances passing through the females rather than the males The _ that runs through the city is an open concrete-lined river He'd been married to Cynthia for three years, but she hadn't yet dared to introduce him to her great-aunt, the family _ Answers Words from Mythology cereal (1) A plant that produces grain that can be eaten as food, or the grain it produces (2) The food made from grain • Rice is the main food cereal of Asia, whereas wheat and corn are the main food cereals of the West The Roman goddess Ceres, the equivalent of the Greek Demeter, was a calm goddess who didn't take part in the quarrels of the other gods Her particular responsibility was the food-giving plants, and for that reason the food grains came to carry her name Cereals of the ancient Romans included wheat, barley, spelt, oats, and millet—but not corn (maize), which was a cereal of the Americas Junoesque Having mature, poised, and dignified beauty • In 1876, as a centennial gift, the French sent to America a massive statue of a robed Junoesque figure representing Liberty, to be erected in New York Harbor Juno was the wife of Jupiter, the chief of the Roman gods As the first among goddesses, her power gave her particular dignity; and as goddess of women and marriage, she was a mature matron But such younger goddesses as Diana, goddess of the hunt, perhaps came closer to today's ideals of slim and athletic female beauty martial Having to with war and military life • The stirring, martial strains of “The British Grenadiers” echoed down the snowy street just as dawn was breaking Mars was the Roman god of war and one of the patron gods of Rome itself He was responsible for everything military, from warriors to weapons to marching music Thus, martial arts are skills of combat and self-defense also practiced as sport When martial law is declared, a country's armed forces take over the functions of the police And a court-martial is a military court or trial Promethean New or creative in a daring way • Beginning in the 1950s, the little Asian countries of South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore began to display a Promethean energy that would become one of the marvels of the modern world Prometheus was a Titan, a generation older than Zeus When Zeus overthrew his own father Cronus and seized power, Prometheus fought on the side of the gods and against his fellow Titans But when Zeus later wanted to destroy the race of humans, Prometheus saved them by stealing fire for them from the gods He also taught them how to write, farm, build houses, read the stars and weather, cure themselves when sick, and tame animals—in short, all the arts and skills that make humans unique So inventive was he that anything of great creativity and originality can still be called Promethean But Prometheus had taken a terrible risk; enraged by his disobedience, Zeus had him chained to a rocky cliff, where for many long centuries an eagle daily tore at his liver Sisyphean disappointments Endless and difficult, involving many • After twenty years, many researchers had begun to think that defeating the virus was a Sisyphean task that would never succeed Reputedly the cleverest man on earth, King Sisyphus of Corinth tricked the gods into bringing him back to life after he had died For this they punished him by sending him back to the underworld, where he must eternally roll a huge rock up a long, steep hill, only to watch it roll back to where he started Something Sisyphean demands the same kind of unending, thankless, and ultimately unsuccessful efforts titanic Having great size, strength, or power; colossal • The titanic floods of 1993 destroyed whole towns on the Mississippi River In Greek mythology, the Titans were the generation of giant creators that produced the younger, stronger, cleverer gods, who soon overpowered and replaced them (see Promethean above) In 1911 the largest ship that had ever been built was christened the Titanic for its unmatched size and strength But the name may have proved unlucky; on its maiden voyage in 1912 a massive iceberg ripped a fatal hole in the great ship, and it sank in the icy waters off Newfoundland Triton (1) A being with a human upper body and the lower body of a fish; a merman (2) Any of various large mollusks with a heavy, conical shell • In one corner of the painting, a robust Triton emerges from the sea with his conch to announce the coming of the radiant queen Triton was originally the son of the sea god Poseidon (or Neptune) A guardian of the fish and other creatures of the sea, he is usually shown as hearty, muscular, and cheerful Like his father, he often carries a trident (three-pronged fork) and may ride in a chariot drawn by seahorses Blowing on his conch shell, he creates the roar of the ocean As a decorative image, Tritons are simply the male version of mermaids The handsome seashells that bear their name are the very conchs on which they blow Triton has also given his name to the planet Neptune's largest moon vulcanize To treat crude or synthetic rubber or plastic so that it becomes elastic and strong and resists decay • The native islanders had even discovered how to vulcanize the rubber from the local trees in a primitive way The Roman god Vulcan (the Greek Hephaestus) was in charge of fire and the skills that use fire, especially blacksmithing When Charles Goodyear almost accidentally discovered how to vulcanize rubber in 1839, he revolutionized the rubber industry He called his process vulcanization because it used fire to heat a mix of rubber and sulfur Vulcanized rubber was soon being used for shoes and other products, and in the Civil War balloons made of this new, stronger rubber carried Union spies over the Confederate armies The material's importance increased greatly over the years, and today vulcanized rubber remains in use for automobile tires and numerous other products Quiz 10-5 Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a Promethean b titanic c Triton d Junoesque e Sisyphean f vulcanize g cereal h martial For a mother of nine, laundry and ironing can seem _ in their endlessness and drudgery One clear and beautiful morning, a series of _ waves swept the entire village into the sea The aging jazz singer acquired a certain _ quality in her mature years On each arm of the great candelabra was carved a _ blowing on his conch Corn, unknown in ancient Europe, has become a staple _ of the modern world When Goodyear discovered how to _ rubber, he made Henry Ford's Model T possible In some ways, Edison's mind may have been the most _ since Leonardo da Vinci's The _ arts of the Far East have become popular in the West as means of self-defense Answers Review Quizzes 10 A Indicate whether the following pairs of words have the same or different meanings: aquamarine / navy blue same _ / different _ subterranean / underground same _ / different _ physiology / sports medicine same _ / different _ disrepute / disgrace same _ / different _ empathy / sentimentality same _ / different _ Junoesque / slender same _ / different _ Promethean / creative same _ / different _ penance / regret same _ / different _ mariner / sailor same _ / different _ 10 pathos / anger same _ / different _ 11 titanic / powerful same _ / different _ 12 vulcanize / organize same _ / different _ 13 terrestrial / earthly same _ / different _ 14 impunity / freedom from harm same _ / different _ 15 penal / legal same _ / different _ 16 matrix / puzzle same _ / different _ 17 marina / dock same _ / different _ 18 putative / natural same _ / different _ 19 terrarium / garden same _ / different _ 20 apathetic / indifferent same _ / different _ Answers B Choose the word that does not belong: Sisyphean a difficult b unending c demanding d rolling maternity a femininity b parenthood c motherliness d motherhood mariner a sailor b seaman c crew member d archer cereal a corn b eggplant c rice d barley reputed a known b reported c believed d thought ideology a essay b philosophy c principles d beliefs punitive a disciplinary b punishing c correctional d encouraging empathy a fascination b pity c concern d compassion maritime a coastal b nautical c oceangoing d lakeside 10 apathetic a unfortunate b unconcerned c uncaring d uninterested Answers C Match the definition on the right to the correct word on the left: impute a fancy garden martial b through the mother's line parterre c assign maritime d nautical penal e related to war matrilineal f disciplinary terrestrial g procedure methodology h earthly Answers ... field with impunity Impunity is protection from punishment, just as immunity is protection from disease Tom Sawyer, in Mark Twain's novel, broke his Aunt Polly's rules with near impunity because... penance punitive Giving, involving, or aiming at punishment • The least popular teachers are usually the ones with punitive attitudes, those who seem to enjoy punishing more than teaching Punitive... as much as four times the size of the basic damages Quiz 10- 3 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a impunity b apathetic c punitive d telepathic e empathy f penal g pathos h penance