The Fiery Furnaces of Hell- Rhetorical Dynamism in Youngstown

University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School March 2020 "The Fiery Furnaces of Hell": Rhetorical Dynamism in Youngstown, OH Joshua M Rea University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Rhetoric Commons Scholar Commons Citation Rea, Joshua M., ""The Fiery Furnaces of Hell": Rhetorical Dynamism in Youngstown, OH" (2020) Graduate Theses and Dissertations https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8285 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons For more information, please contact scholarcommons@usf.edu “The Fiery Furnaces of Hell”: Rhetorical Dynamism in Youngstown, OH by Joshua M Rea A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English with a concentration in Rhetoric and Composition Department of English College of Arts & Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Lisa Melonỗon, Ph.D Carl G Herndl, Ph.D Nathan R Johnson, Ph.D Nicole Guenther Discenza, Ph.D Date of Approval: 21 February, 2020 Keywords: rhetoric, place, invention, new materialism Copyright © 2020, Joshua M Rea Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures iii Abstract iv Introduction “Here in Youngstown” Westlake Terrace and Idora Park Theoretical Exigency and Framework 10 Dynamism 12 Chapter Outlines 16 Notes 18 Chapter One: Rhetoric, Place, and Dynamism 19 Rhetoric’s Spatial Turn 19 Place as Setting for Rhetoric 20 Rhetorical Practices of Engaging With Place 21 Place as an Organizational Practice 22 Place as a Topos for Public Discourse 22 Place’s Effect on Identity 23 Relationship Between Place and Memory 24 Building a Foundation: Ecologies, Force, and Ambience 25 Ecologies and Subjectivity 26 Rhetorical Force 28 Ambience 29 Moving Toward Dynamism 30 Rhetorical Dynamism 32 Invention and Re-invention 33 Rhetorical Tensions 37 Fluidity and Evolution 39 Place as Reciprocal Participant 41 Developing a Heuristic 43 Chapter Two: Archives, Histories, and Dynamism 45 Rhetorical History 46 Youngstown’s Archives 48 The Maag Library 48 i The Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County 51 Reading the Archives 52 The Materiality of Place in Research 55 Why Archives? Why History? 56 Limitations 57 Conclusion 60 Notes 60 Chapter Three: Westlake Terrace 61 Slums and Beginnings: The Invention of Westlake 62 Building Westlake: Re-Inventing the Space of Slums 66 A Nice Place to Live: New Meanings and New Tensions 70 Desegregation and Freeway Construction: Material Refigurations 76 De-segregation and White Flight 76 Freeway Development and Material Re-invention 79 Dynamic Decay: The Decline of Westlake 81 The Villages at Arlington: A New Invention 87 Conclusion 89 Notes 90 Chapter Four: Idora Park 92 The History of Idora Park 93 The Invention of Idora 100 Idora Park’s Shifting Rhetorical Tensions 106 The Fluidity and Evolution of Idora Park 109 Idora Park as a Reciprocal Participant 112 Conclusion 114 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Implications 117 Westlake Terrace and Idora Park as Rhetorically Dynamic Places 117 Invention and Re-invention 118 Rhetorical Tensions 120 Fluidity and Constant Evolution 122 Place as Reciprocal Participant 124 Material Impact of Place 126 Inventing Better Places? 129 Implications 134 Future Research 136 Conclusion 137 Notes 137 References 138 Appendix A 150 ii List of Figures Figure 1.1: Downtown in 1965 vs Downtown now Figure 1.2: Youngstown’s position relative to nearby cities Figure 1.3: Downtown Youngstown c 1950 Figure 1.4: Abandoned steelworker homes on Youngstown’s east side Figure 1.5: Westlake Terrace (left) and the Village at Arlington (right) Figure 1.6: Idora Park in its prime (left) and after its closure (right) 10 Figure 3.1: Images of Slums 68 Figure 4.1: Idora Park in 1910 .100 Figure 4.2: A home on Volney Ave in Idora 102 Figure 4.3: The fire at Idora Park .104 Figure 4.4: The South Side after Idora Park 105 Figure 4.5: Idora Park in 2018 .107 iii Abstract This dissertation seeks to define the theory of rhetorical dynamism and illustrate how this theory can be applied to studies of rhetoric and place The study builds on current rhetorical scholarship and adds to it with the four characteristics of rhetorical dynamism: that places are rhetorically invented, that they hold rhetorical tensions, that they are fluid and constantly evolving, and that they are active participants in a reciprocal rhetorical process Rhetorical dynamism is illustrated in two places, Westlake Terrace and Idora Park, each in Youngstown, OH By building a rhetorical history of each site, the study shows how each place is representative of the study’s theoretical claims Finally, the study finds that rhetorical dynamism can be usefully applied as a heuristic in future rhetorical scholarship to uncover instances of inequality and injustice and to find avenues to address these issues as they are grounded in particular places iv Introduction In Youngstown, Ohio’s heyday, downtown (Figure 1.1 below) was a center of entertainment, business, and shopping One could safely stroll down Federal Street or take a trolley to see Aretha Franklin perform at the Oaks Ballroom, shop at the Woolworth’s department store, or watch a play at Stambaugh Auditorium The downtown many current residents grew up with, however, was far different From the 1970s on, if people even dared to brave this dangerous part of town, it was only to go to work at one of the few call centers populating the small skyscrapers or to drown their sorrows in a dingy dive bar Boarded doors, empty buildings, and broken windows were the portrait of downtown for years This makes the revived downtown of the past decade or so a stark contrast, but the signs of Youngstown’s decay and struggle are still prevalent There are still demolished buildings and vacant storefronts, but they’re interspersed with new restaurants, bars, and even the first downtown hotel in 44 years Businesses are finally starting to come back (see figure 1.1), young professionals live in downtown lofts, and entertainment is making a comeback Yet many people are still uneasy walking downtown; they stick to Federal Street, they don’t go down the dark alleys, and they walk quickly past the broken windows to get to the sparkling new places of a city rebuilding Youngstown, then, is an example of how places are constantly (re-)invented and change dynamically over time This brief example is one among many in Youngstown that make evident that the actual geographical and architectural landscapes that make up places are rhetorical - not just rhetorical artifacts to be read, but complex actors that are invented as rhetorical artifacts and Figure 1.1: Downtown in 1965 vs Downtown now Images courtesy of John Harris (left) and The Business Journal (right) then generate their own rhetoric as they evolve and change While some, such as Rai (2016), examine the rhetoric of place as a force enacted through dialogue and argument, I argue that places also enact rhetoric of their own, acting as “a form of communication” (Relph, 1976, p 34; also see Adams et al 2001) Here I want to develop a theory of places that rests on the idea that places are both constructed by and generative of rhetoric To encapsulate these concepts, I use the term rhetorical dynamism, which I employ because of the relative dearth of terminology available for rhetoricians to study places While there are some terms, such as Rice’s (2012b) ecologies, Rai’s (2016) rhetorical force, or Rickert’s ambience (2013), to name a few, none quite capture the fluid, evolutionary, reciprocal, and active nature of place that rhetorical dynamism provides In this introduction, I begin to build a theory of rhetorical dynamism as a guiding framework for understanding place Rhetorical dynamism means that places are active participants in an ongoing process of producing rhetoric, a process that is defined by shifting contexts and tensions Dynamism connotes energy, force, power, movement, and vigor As Adams et al (2001) point out, “place is increasingly recognized as dynamic and fluid” (p xxi), and rhetorical dynamism helps us understand these qualities of place in conjunction with places’ inherently rhetorical qualities Rhetorical dynamism, then, means that places (or other rhetorical actors) are active participants in an ever-present kairotic (see Rickert 2007) process of meaningmaking and negotiation; because of this process places are characterized by constant change, progress, and evolution Furthermore, actors other than the place itself can be either the thing changing or the thing that is causing change at any given moment in the process of rhetoric These actors are crucial to dynamism because places evolve with them in a reciprocal manner; they are part and parcel of the dynamism of a particular place Along with rhetorical dynamism, I use several other terms that have contested or complicated histories; because of this, I want to provide brief definitions now to lay the foundation for the rest of the dissertation These will be discussed in more detail in Chapter One and appear throughout the dissertation These terms include: ● Placemaking - a specific approach to urban planning, design, and management that emphasizes communal strengths to create places that promote the overall well-being of the populace Good placemaking practices generally involve transforming under-utilized space into productive urban places (Lynch 1960; Lynch 1984; Schneekloth and Shibley 1995) ● Place and space - Though I focus primarily on place, space will come up as well, especially as I discuss how space becomes place These terms are too often conflated, and I want to make a clear distinction here: ○ Space is that which we move through, the empty and open dimensions in which we all exist (Tuan 1977; Casey 1993) As Gieryn (2000) puts it, space “is more properly conceived as abstract geometries … detached from material form and cultural interpretation” (p 465) ○ Place is a particular location, position, or portion of space which is built, purposed, named, etc As Tuan (1977) puts it, “enclosed and humanized space is place” (p 54) These definitions inform my understanding of invention and of the rhetorics of place and help build my theory of rhetorical dynamism I put these concepts into play in a study of Youngstown, Ohio This dissertation explores Youngstown as one site that has been marked by the dynamism of place Two of Youngstown’s places in particular, Westlake Terrace and Idora Park, capture the tension of what cultural geographers call “a living design which changes and is eventually replaced by that of a future generation” (Jackson 1951) Similar to the example of downtown above, these places have each experienced significant change over their histories and provide tangible examples of places enacting rhetoric Furthermore, each of these shows how the rhetorical invention of places can have significant and far-ranging material impacts, especially for under-privileged and marginalized groups In what follows, I provide some general background on Youngstown and then introduce the two places I will study, Westlake Terrace and Idora Park, both for those unfamiliar with the city and to show why it is a rich site of study Then, I will outline my theoretical exigence, including how my terms and theoretical framework help us understand place Finally, I will conclude with an overview of the rest of the dissertation “Here in Youngstown” Situated in the Mahoning River Valley on the border of Ohio and Pennsylvania (see Figure 1.2), Youngstown was once a thriving industrial town With a peak population of interrogates various place-based issues, such as transportation equity, race and place, and even environmental issues The major contribution of this study, then, is providing this heuristic and illustrating the way that it can be employed in two different sites In the future, I plan to produce more research that does much of the same Future Research In the future, this study will be further extended in Youngstown Other sites such as downtown, Youngstown State University, Mill Creek Park, etc could potentially be productive sites for continuing the study in order to build a more generalizable picture of rhetorical dynamism in Youngstown as a whole Furthermore, I plan to take this study into public work and participate in future processes of city planning in the city using my research to make recommendations; indeed, I have already made contact with several planning experts in the area in order to so In addition to expanding this particular study on Youngstown, I also plan to more research using rhetorical dynamism in the future As of this writing, I reside in Tampa, Florida, a city which provides an excellent opportunity to apply rhetorical dynamism to a place that is currently undergoing rapid and far-reaching changes Tampa is a site of booming development, and has had recent and deep changes in areas such as Ybor City Rhetorical dynamism can be applied here to examine current, ongoing processes of development and study them in the context of the city’s wider history For others, I would call for the use of rhetorical dynamism as outlined above This theory has potential to provide some far-reaching insights into how places and rhetoric are connected We need to continue to better understand this connection, and so I would call on rhetoricians to employ this theory elsewhere to continue to build on this growing area of study and to work 136 towards answers to questions of rhetorical inequalities that have been built into other places I would particularly call for further studies into struggling Rust Belt areas, especially those that are undergoing processes that build on the principles of the Youngstown 2010 Plan, which has been seen as foundational for the region Conclusion This study has used rhetorical history to employ rhetorical dynamism as a theoretical heuristic for examining two places in Youngstown, Ohio: Westlake Terrace and Idora Park By doing so, the study has pointed to the rhetorical roots of issues such as systemic inequality and neighborhood decline in specific places These issues show us something about how Youngstown came to be what it is today: a shrinking city that is still in some ways stuck in its past and beset by continuing economic, criminal, and social issues Yet it also points us to some hope for the future as Youngstown tries to move forward and redefine itself The city itself is a rhetorically dynamic place, and it is one that is currently trying to re-invent itself as something better Youngstown, then, once again has hope for the future; this time, let’s hope that it does not succumb to the issues outlined here, but that this re-invention leads to a better, more sustainable and equitable city Notes Though I use urban renewal as a close term to what is happening at these places, it is a term that is fraught and complicated Rice (2012b), Rai (2016), Marback (1998), Hern (2016), and many others point to issues with urban renewal both as a term and as a process Perhaps more importantly, residents of Youngstown (especially black residents) are suspicious of the term Carter (1985) puts the skepticism best: “Urban renewal We called it instant black removal.” By one estimate, the city had torn down at least 2,566 structures between 2006 and 2013 (Denvir 2013) 137 References Adams, L & Adams, E (1998) African American migration to Youngstown, 1940-1965: Leroy and Ethel Adams oral history interview conducted by Michael Beverly in Youngstown, OH Maag Library Adams, P C., Hoelscher, S., & Till, K E (2001) Place in context: Rethinking humanist geographies In P C Adams, S Hoelscher, & K E Till (Eds.), Textures of place: Exploring humanist geographies (pp xiii-xxxiv) Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press Ball, M A (1998) Theoretical implications of doing rhetorical history: Groupthink, foreign policy making, and Vietnam In K J Turner (Ed.), Doing rhetorical history: Concepts and cases (pp 61-71) Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press Barthes, R (1997) The Eiffel Tower and other mythologies (R Howard, trans.) 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(p 54) These definitions inform my understanding of invention and of the rhetorics of place and help build my theory of rhetorical dynamism I put these concepts into play in a study of Youngstown, ... overview of rhetorical dynamism and discuss how it applies to each of the sites I investigate in this study Dynamism I argue, then, for the rhetorical dynamism of places Rhetorical dynamism brings rhetorical. .. processes of rhetorical invention constantly taking place in them Places invent themselves and are also invented by a variety of other actors, including both people and their surrounding/preceding