STYLISTIC DEVICES DESCRIBING FAITH IN THE NOVEL ‘LIFE OF PI’ BY YANN MARTEL AND ITSVIETNAMESE EQUIVALENT TRANSLATED BY TRINH LU. MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES ANDHUMANITIES

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG HỒ THỊ THU TRANG STYLISTIC DEVICES DESCRIBING FAITH IN THE NOVEL ‘LIFE OF PI’ BY YANN MARTEL AND ITS VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENT TRANSLATED BY TRINH LU MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Da Nang, 2015 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG HỒ THỊ THU TRANG STYLISTIC DEVICES DESCRIBING FAITH IN THE NOVEL ‘LIFE OF PI’ BY YANN MARTEL AND ITS VIETNAMESE VERSION TRANSLATED BY TRINH LU Field study: THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Code: 60.22.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Supervisor: Hồ Vũ Khuê Ngọc, Ph.D Da Nang, 2015 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, 2015 Hồ Thị Thu Trang ii ABSTRACT It goes without saying that stylistic devices are used as an important means of literature to effectively capture readers’s attention The proper use of those devices enables the author to keep us interested while we are reading a story There are different kinds of stylistic devices and each kind of them brings different effects to establish the mood and theme of the story Hence, this study attempts to investigate the stylistic devices describing faith in the novel “Life of Pi” by Yann Martel and its Vietnamese version translated by Trinh Lu The data for analysis are 120 samples (60 in Vietnamese and 60 in English) collected from the novel in two versions, English and Vietnamese The research is carried out based on the combination of a variety of methods, namely qualitative, quantitative, descriptive and comparative Data are collected, described, analyzed and compared to find out the similarities and differences of these features between the two languages Hopefully, the study could provide the readers a better insight into stylistic devices describing faith in the novel “Life of Pi” and its Vietnamese version, as well as help teachers, learners and translators of English understand and use them more effectively iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims .4 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .6 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.2.1 Stylistic Devices 2.2.2 Role of literary devices .22 Literary devices are the heart and soul of every expression These devices breathe life in words which are common to all forms of a language whether it is a narrative, story-writing, drama, journalistic writing or poetry Imagine a person's feelings, landscape, speech or views on a subject, stated plainly without the aid of a literary device It would be a dull task We all love to see our favorite characters delivering wonderful dialogs with great passion and intensity, beautiful scenery well iv depicted, excellent speeches delivered or an opinion clearly reflected All these expressions are a manifestation of the beauty of words, which we refer to as literary devices The English language encompasses a host of literary devices that make it so rich and expressive They provide a broad structure under which all the types of literature are classified, studied and understood The importance of literary devices therefore cannot be underestimated 22 2.2.3 Translation 23 a Definition of Translation 23 Generally, translation is a process of rendering meaning, ideas, or messages of a text from one language to other language However, many experts also gave different definitions of translation as follows: 23 One of the most prominent one is stated by Newmark [1988] who defines translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” [10, p.5] This definition stresses on rendering meaning of the source language text into the target language text as what is intended by the author Hatim and Munday [2004] define translation as “the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)” [9, p.6] In this definition they not explicitly express that the object being transferred is meaning or message They emphasis on translation as a process Nida and Taber [1982], on the other hand, state that “translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message” [11, p.12] This definition is more comprehensive than the previous ones Nida and Taber explicitly state that translation is closely related to the problems of languages, meaning, and equivalence 23 v All in all, there are so many different definitions of translation but they all share one thing in common Translation is a process which is intended to find meaning equivalence in the target text 24 b Translation Methods 24 Newmark [1988] lists the following translation methods: 24 Word-for-word translation: preservation of word order and as literal translation as possible of individual words, including cultural words 24 Literal translation: apart from as literal as possible translation of individual words, grammatical structures are converted into the nearest target language equivalents 24 Faithful translation: stays, if possible, within the constraints of the grammatical structures of the target text, but draws on certain contextual factors 24 Semantic translation: more emphasis on naturalness than in faithful translation, and translation of certain cultural words into neutral equivalents in the TL 24 Communicative translation: aims at reproducing the exact message of the source text content-wise and context-wise but with emphasis on naturalness and acceptability/comprehensiveness to the target text readership .24 Idiomatic translation: makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that are not present in the source text 24 Free translation: focuses on the content of the target text rather than the form, which means that the same content is expressed in the target text but with very different grammatical structures .24 vi Adaptation: the freest form of translation and more of a target language/culture based on the interpretation of the source text than a translation 25 c Translation Procedures 25 2.2.4 The Author Yann Martel 26 2.2.5 The Novel “Life of Pi” 27 2.2.6 Translator Trinh Lu 29 2.2.7 Literary values of the novel “Life of Pi” 30 CHAPTER 32 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .32 3.1 RESEACH DESIGN 32 3.2 RESEARCH METHODS 33 3.3 DATA COLLECTION 34 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 34 3.5 RESEARCH PROCEDURES .35 CHAPTER 36 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 36 4.1 LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES .36 4.1.1 Metaphor 36 4.1.2 Hyperbole 46 4.2 SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES 49 4.2.1 Rhetorical Question 49 4.2.2 Repetition 53 4.3 LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES 59 4.3.1 Climax .59 4.3.2 Paradox .69 4.3.3 Simile 72 vii 4.5 REMARKS OF STYLISTIC DEVICES DESCRIBING FAITH IN “LIFE OF PI” IN ENGLISH AND ITS VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENT 83 CHAPTER 84 CONCLUSION - IMPLICATIONS 84 LIMITATIONS - RECOMMENDATIONS 84 5.1 CONCLUSION .85 5.2 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY 86 5.2.1 Implications for students 86 5.2.2 Implications for teachers 87 5.2.3 Implications for translators .89 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .90 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 91 REFERENCES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SD Stylistic device SDs Stylistic devices ST Source text SL Source language TT Target text TL Target language 80 beautiful Hope is “like a song in my heart” to show the happy feeling of Pi after miseries and sufferings he has to face (42) A modest glow of hope flickered to life within me, like a candle in the night I had a plan and it was a good one I only needed to survive to put it into effect [1, p.200] Một tia hy vọng nhỏ nhoi loé lên tôi, nến đêm Tơi có kế hoạch kế hoạch tốt Chỉ cần tơi sống sót thành cơng [18, p.236] In the sea, Pi confronts the reality of trying to survive while sharing the lifeboat with Richard Parker After carefully reviewing his options, he concludes that he will have to keep the animal alive Only by caring for the tiger can Pi protect himself from being killed and eaten by him He is not sure for this moment whether his plan works or not as Martel compares his hope with just “a candle in the night”, but better than having nothing, it is worthy to cling to and remain survived Literal translation can best describe the sentence (52) I cannot think of a better way to spread the faith No thundering from a pulpit, no condemnation from bad churches, no peer pressure, just a book of scripture quietly waiting to say hello, as gentle and powerful as a little girl’s kiss on your cheek [1, p.262] Tôi cho cách tốt để rao giảng lịng tin Không phải đao to búa lớn từ bục giảng, lời lên án giáo hội, áp lực đồng đẳng, cần sách thiêng lặng lẽ đợi ta để nói lời chào đón, nhẹ nhàng mà mãnh liệt nụ hôn cô gái má ta 300-301] [18, p 81 Pi's greatest wish, above salvation, is for a religous book We can understand it is greatest because Matel uses “a little girl’s kiss on your cheek” in the comparison For a teenager like Pi, love is something pure, passionate and life-lasting but he is also too shy to express his feelings to any girl Receiving a kiss from a girl can be too overwhelming as we can imagine that Pi will stand still with rapid heartbeat However, all he has is his survival manual and the diary he keeps for himself He adapts his religious rituals to the circumstances, and does his best to fight the despair that so often comes (49) I wore these spots of shine and silver like tilaks, the marks of colour that we Hindus wear on our foreheads as symbols of the divine [1, p.247] Tôi để nguyên chấm sáng ngời ánh bạc người tín đồ Hinđu mang trán biểu tượng thần linh [18, p.285] Do you remember earlier in the novel when Pi talks about Atman and Brahman and how the divine in humans seeks the divine in the world? Here's an image of just such a connection: the fish scales, in a kind of silver-blue flame, draw out the divine in Pi (59) Since the trees continued to stand, I continued to look To take in green, after so much blue, was like music to my eyes Green is a lovely colour It is the colour of Islam It is my favourite colour [1, p.323] Màu xanh cây, toàn xanh da trời nước biển giống thứ âm nhạc mắt Xanh màu đáng yêu Đó màu đạo Hồi Nó màu tơi ưa thích [18, p.366] Green is the color of nature, fertility, and life It symbolizes self-respect 82 and well being Green can be the colour of balance as well The colour green is extremly significant as well as helpful through out Pi's journey and holds a wide range of meaning behind it It is not only Pi's favourite colour and the colour of Islam but it also expresses his appreciation by finding the island The island is green, and according to the survival manual, this is a colour that one must watch out for Martel once uses “music” as a simile for “hope” and now he uses it again for “green” as “music to my eyes” This means how special and meaningful it is for Pi to see green and find out the island during his journey In conclusion, most of the similes used in source language are translated literally into target language, which maintains the meaning and praises the beauty of faith There are some similes transferred by borrowing idioms in some cases, the meaning is exact the same, just the form of comparison is dissimilar due to the different features of Vietnamese culture and Western one Table 4.1 Frequency of Occurrence of Stylistic Devices used in describing faith in the novel “Life of Pi” Types of Stylistic Devices Metaphor Hyperbole Rhetorical Question Repetition Climax Paradox Simile Occurrence 13 13 16 Percentage 22% 7% 5% 10% 22% 8% 27% Table 4.2 Translation Procedures of Stylistic Devices used in describing faith in the novel “Life of Pi” Translation Procedures Modulation Number Percentage 8% 83 Shift Componential analysis Cultural equivalent Descriptive equivalent Transference 2 46 5% 3% 3% 3% 77% 4.5 REMARKS OF STYLISTIC DEVICES DESCRIBING FAITH IN “LIFE OF PI” IN ENGLISH AND ITS VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENT Having examined through 120 samples both in the novel “Life of Pi” by Yann Martel and its Vietnamese equivalent translated by Trinh Lu, we could come to some conclusions about the SDs describing faith in the novel The story of Pi Patel is an astounding story of courage and endurance in the face of seemingly impossible odds Throughout the novel, the theme of faith remains at the heart Yann Martel has an incredibly skillful storytelling by applying various SDs to create vivid images of faith in the readers However, the Vietnamese equivalent has no less effect in translation to arouse the readers’ interest as well as make the theme unforgettable The fact that the Vietnamese equivalent “Cuộc đời Pi” is a translational equivalent so it is still compelled in the frame of the original language which is unpretentious but pretty poetic language The translator uses literal translation methods mostly in his translation procedure to maintain the meaning and dominant writing style of the novel; however he in some cases changes the translation procedures such as modulation, shift, descriptive equivalent or cultural equivalent in order to make the work suitable with the culture and language of Vietnam For instance, some metaphors are transferred into simile in the Vietnamese equivalent during the translation process as it helps the sentence smooth and meaning clearer The translator tends to use more exclamation words in translating hyperbole and choose truly valuable vocabulary for this SD 84 Besides, for rhetorical question, due to the difference in grammar, Vietnamese often have question words at the beginning or the end of the question Repetition, climax, paradox and simile share the same meaning when they are applied in the novel of two languages In addition, there are more words in the Vietnamese translation than in the English one It is due to the differences between the two cultures The wet-rice culture makes Vietnamese people have the lifestyle of respecting affection and gratitude, so they tend to use more words and beat around the bush in order not to displease others or to maintain a good relationship with people around them In contrast, western culture with the nomadic culture, they had to move their cattle from one grass field to another, so they don’t need to set a long-term relationship with others but get straight to the point All in all, those changes in the translational equivalent did no harm to the meaning of the original one but bring more colors and nuances of the target language “Cuộc đời Pi” has been an excellent Vietnamese translational equivalent of “Life of Pi” and it worthy to earn the two honourable prizes such as Ha Noi Writers’ Association Award for a Translated Book in 2004 and Viet Nam Writers’ Association Official Award for a Translated Book in 2005 CHAPTER CONCLUSION - IMPLICATIONS LIMITATIONS - RECOMMENDATIONS 85 In this chapter, based on the discussion of the data collected about SDs describing faith in the novel “Life of Pi” by Yann Martel and its Vietnamese equivalent translated by Trinh Lu, the suggestions to improve the case are put forward The first section is to give a conclusion of the study The second section is related to some implications for teachers, students and translators Finally, the limitations and recommendations for further study are presented 5.1 CONCLUSION Through the whole research, the data are collected, classified and analyzed following three categories: lexical SDs, syntactical SDs and lexicosyntactical SDs The study reveals that there are some common SDs describing faith in the novels such as metaphor, hyperbole, rhetorical question, repetition, climax, paradox and simile Obviously, on the basis of distinctive features of each SD, it leads to different effects on performance and certain impact on readers SDs describing faith can make texts or sentences more effective and persuasive for readers to comprehend the subject easier Overwhelmingly, among three categories, lexico-syntactical SDs are the most predominant ones, accounting for over 60% in the novels They include climax, paradox and simile helping sentences deep in meaning and making readers think over the topic in an innovative way Coming to the second place is lexical SDs with hyperbole and especially metaphor which can attract the senses of the readers and sharpen their imaginations about faith Lastly is syntactical SDs, including rhetorical question and repetition Their contribution is to lay emphasis for the topic “faith” so that the topic becomes all the more powerful, and our interest is aroused to continue to read and enjoy the technical and aesthetic beauty of them 86 In addition, SDs describing faith also creates special effect on Yann Martel’s story telling Remember that “Life of Pi” begins with an old man in Pondicherry who tells the narrator, “I have a story that will make you believe in God.” Thanks to those devices, Pi’s religious belief is linked closely to his spiritual growth, which makes the readers enjoy the wealth of the novel immensely They also evokes the human imagination to think of the goodness and morality of people Obviously, each one of Pi’s stories gives us a different truth, the physical truth and the metaphorical emotional truth of life and coping with it Even as children, fairytales and fables are told to us to teach a lesson about morals of human behavior Through SDs, Yann Martel can create lessons about the human self to be learned and to enable humans to use their imagination and their believability in faith and hope in life As for translation method, it can be seen that literal translation is the dominant one which aims to maintain the meaning as well as the intention of the author The translation procedure could be named by modulation, shift, cultural equivalent, descriptive equivalent as well as componential analysis 5.2 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY 5.2.1 Implications for students Literature is a very interesting but challenging subject All literature works are either the representation or the conclusions about life It therefore helps to nurture the spiritual life of a student by giving him a means of selfexpression and stimulates his very life In order to understand and absorb the hidden message of a literary work, students at first must familiarize themselves with the background of the literary work such as cultural and historical features at that time They then should read the work in their native language first to form the basic 87 impression and opinion Reading the translational equivalent later to have a general understanding as well as recognize differences between them In literature, SDs are very powerful but not easy to understand and use correctly As there are many SDs with different usages and effects, it is essential for the learners to read their theory in various sources After that, they have to identify different SDs from the literary work and be aware of their usage as they are the contributions for the success of the work Getting more chance to practice themselves in finding and using SDs, especially in describing faith, instead of normal writing style to improve their own writing skill At first, they can borrow good sentences or quotes describing faith from different novels to blossom their writing Later on, they can edit and turn those into their own ones Practicing more not only in literature but also in daily references such as conversations, advertisements or songs to apply them at the right time or place is not less important The more they practice using SDs, the more flexibly and effectively they can use Learning about different translation methods and procedures contributes greatly in learning languages and literature translation The fact that translating any text needs the understanding in culture and setting of the society of that time, students shouldn’t ignore them Hence they also need to discuss with friends and teacher about choosing the suitable methods and procedures to transfer smoothly the meaning of the novel and the intention of the author Reading as many translation works as possible is crutial also Like bees which must be very hard to gather honey day by day, learners must practice studying literary works in combination with SDs during their long path of study to improve their language skills because “practice makes perfect” 5.2.2 Implications for teachers 88 Teaching Vietnamese literature is already difficult, not to mention teaching foreign literature As there are so many differences in languages, culture and history among countries that students may not familiar with Besides, the main responsibility of teachers is inspiring their students to feel the literary work and express their opinion about the work by themselves After getting a full comprehension of what is communicated through the literary work, the students are guided to translate the work from the original language to the target language Most importantly, the teachers should help their students apply SDs the work in other relevant circumstances or be creative to flexibly use those SDs To achieve this procedure, first of all, the teachers should assign the students to read the literary work and provide them with some reliable sources about the setting, historical and cultural features of novel’s time before having lesson Then in class, the teachers could divide the class into many small groups of five people in order to discuss more about the background as well as key points of the work SDs are supposed to be one of the most difficult elements of the language teaching as well as learning Therefore, the teachers should provide basic knowledge of the language features and functions of each SD to the students to give more examples in life In addition, the teachers should ask their students to find out some dominant SDs in a literary work and their effects to bring the theme of the work, then ask them to discuss the best way to deal with these SDs in the target language Using many good quotes describing faith from different works can help in developing the students’ mind about the topic and strengthen their ability in using them for their writing The teachers also should encourage the students to practice expressing their faith, using their imagination with SDs, not just let them use 89 the normal style or give them available vocabulary They eventually will be surprise how creative the students are in describing their own faith Last but not least, translation is the tough subject of students of English major The teacher should let their students work in group at home to discover as many translation methods and procedures together with their examples as possible; and guide them with the correct ones in class The teachers also provide more examples with inspiriting literature works to create exciting atmosphere during the lesson Indeed, cultural and historical features are the key points in translation so the teachers should focus on explaining these and give students time to discuss with their friends in practicing translating literature Obviously, the teachers will choose the best translation work and improve it Especially for translating texts describing faith, students must have knowledge about the religion in the literary work and put themselves in the shoes of the characters Assign students with more works related to faith to translate at home is extremely necessary 5.2.3 Implications for translators Translation is a highly skilled, rewarding and satisfying job A good translator must be a good writer Hence, for anyone who is doing as a translator, keep loving and studying your own language, practice writing well frequently and keep up with current affairs In order to translate any works, the translators must have profound understanding of the literary work including: language, history, culture, setting of society, author’s writing style and motivation for creating this work Mastering all of these will stop the translators from missing some of the nuances in the source language, assuming situations of the novel and avoid misunderstanding its theme They should attend workshops, seminars and conferences in the specialized subject; listen to experts and absorb their language For example, to the theme “faith” 90 in “Life of Pi”, it is very crucial to study about three religion: Christian, Muslim and Hinduism by reading books, watching documents and go to the religious places to talk to followers Once the translator could absorb the juice of the religions, he will eventually know how to transfer the meaning smoothly As a translation should never sound like a translation, it should sound like it was originally written in the language in which the audience is reading it Then choosing the suitable translation methods or procedures for the work is indeed crucial Furthermore, a translator’s experience is a factor in deciding if the translator is qualified, and determining a reasonable rate for services Both years of experience and type of experience are important to consider Education and work experience related to linguistics, language teaching, and translation are all desirable Therefore, people doing works as translators should continuously study and practice their skills to gain more experience 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Although the research has been completed with hard effort to achieve the aims in getting an insight into the SDs describing faith in the novel “Life of Pi” by Yann Martel and its Vietnamese equivalent translated by Trinh Lu, some limitations are unavoidable Since “Cuộc đời Pi” is the translational equivalent of “Life of Pi”, there are no much differences in using SDs in describing faith as the translator use literal translation mostly in the novel There should be the comparison between novels of original language with the same topic in the same time of society to get the full picture of what need to be studied However, there is no literary work related to the topic faith at the same time of “Life of Pi” Due to the shortage of materials relevant to the SDs, limited ability of the researcher in understanding faith and using SDs in describing it; the 91 research has just collected, investigated and analyzed 120 samples in both languages of the novel and the topic may not be discussed as extensively as it should be Therefore, it certainly contain some shortcomings I would be very grateful to receive any comments, advice or adjustment from teachers, friends and those who are interested in the topic because they are definitely valuable to make the thesis more fulfilled and perfect 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES The thesis is just a part of the research in Stylistics, so its limitations should be pointed out, discussed and suggested for further study 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