Modern cosmology s bonometto

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[...]... models This section attempts to set the scene by summarizing the key basic features of relativistic cosmology 2.4.1 Cosmological coordinates The simplest possible mass distribution is one whose properties are homogeneous (constant density) and isotropic (the same in all directions) The first point to note is that something suspiciously like a universal time exists in an isotropic universe Consider a set... (LSS) How could such fluctuations arise and why did they have such a spectrum? Apart from these basic requirements, there are a few other requests such as the absence of topological monsters that we shall not discuss here The scheme of inflationary theories amounts then to seeking a theory of fundamental interactions which eliminates these paradoxes The essential ingredient in achieving such an aim is... things The only answers to such questions, for ages, came from metaphysics or religious beliefs During the last century, instead, a large number of such questions could be put into a scientific form and quite a significant number could be answered As an example, it is now clear that the universe is evolutionary At the beginning of modern cosmology, models claiming a steady state (SS) of the universe had... more specialized topics by discussing the following subjects: (1) (2) (3) (4) some cosmological aspects of general relativity, basics of the Friedmann models, quantum fields and physics of the vacuum and dynamics of cosmological perturbations 2.1 Aspects of general relativity The aim of general relativity is to write down laws of physics that are valid descriptions of nature as seen from any viewpoint Special... 1.1.1 The middle-age cosmology This program, essentially based on the use of general relativity, led to great results It was shown that, during its early stages, the universe had been homogeneous and isotropic, apart from tiny fluctuations, seeds of the present inhomogeneities Cosmic times (t) can be associated with redshifts (z), which relate the scale factor a(t) to the present scale factor a0 , through... Kallosh) 8 The physics of the early universe (an overview) While supersymmetries can soon be confirmed, either by the discovery of neutralinos by passive detectors or at CERN s new accelerator, string theories might only find confirmation if signals arriving from the Planck era can be observed This might be possible if future analyses of CBR anisotropies and polarization show the presence of tensor modes... 2, 3, using relativistic invariants such as the the rest mass m and proper time dτ For example, defining the 4-momentum P µ = m dx µ /dτ allows an immediate relativistic generalization of conservation of mass and momentum, 9 10 An introduction to the physics of cosmology since the equation P µ = 0 reduces to these laws for an observer who sees a set of slowly-moving particles None of this seems to depend... equations of the previous type in matrix form: ∂ν T µν = 0 Now, if this equation is to be covariant, T µν must be a tensor and is known as the energy–momentum tensor (or sometimes as the stress–energy tensor) The meanings of its components in words are: T 00 = c2 × (mass density) = energy density; T 12 = x-component of current of y-momentum etc From these definitions, the tensor is readily seen to be symmetric... density and energy flux density are the product of a mass density and a net velocity, so T 0µ = T µ0 The spatial stress tensor T i j is also symmetric because any small volume element would otherwise suffer infinite angular acceleration: any asymmetric stress acting on a cube of side L gives a couple ∝L 3 , whereas the moment of inertia is ∝L 5 An important special case is the energy–momentum tensor... to the physics of cosmology John A Peacock Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom In asking me to write on ‘The Physics of Cosmology , the editors of this book have placed no restrictions on the material, since the wonderful thing about modern cosmology is that it draws on just about every branch of physics In practice, this chapter attempts to set the scene for some of the . particle physics 188 5.2.1 The Higgs mechanism and vector boson masses 189 5.2.2 Fermion masses 191 5.2.3 Successes and difficulties of the SM 192 5.3 The. class="bi x0 y0 w0 h1" alt="" MODERN COSMOLOGY Studies in High Energy Physics, Cosmology and Gravitation Other books in the series Electron–Positron Physics