ADVANCESIN MODERNCOSMOLOGY EditedbyAdnanGhribi Advances in Modern Cosmology Edited by Adnan Ghribi Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Blecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright mozzyb, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Modern Cosmology, Edited by Adnan Ghribi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-423-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Part 1 Dark Matter 1 Chapter 1 F() Supergravity and Early Universe: the Meeting Point of Cosmology and High-Energy Physics 3 Sergei V. Ketov Chapter 2 Supersymmetric Dark Matter 39 Csaba Balázs and Daniel Carter Chapter 3 Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry and States in the Universe 61 F. L. Braghin Chapter 4 Galaxy Rotation Curves in the Context of CDM Cosmology 77 Marc S. Seigar and Joel Berrier Part 2 Dark Energy 103 Chapter 5 Holographic Dark Energy Model with Chaplygin Gas 105 B. C. Paul Chapter 6 Strong Lensing Systems as Probes of Dark Energy Models and Non-Standard Theories of Gravity 117 Marek Biesiada Part 3 Theoretical Investigations 137 Chapter 7 The Dirac Field at the Future Conformal Singularity 139 Michael Ibison Part 4 Observational Tools 173 Chapter 8 Statistical Study of the Galaxy Distribution 175 Antoine Labatie, Jean-Luc Starck and Marc Lachièze-Rey Preface Tobehumanistocarehowthe physicalwo rl d came,whetheritha sboundariesand what is to become of it. Cosmologyisthesciencethat tries to answer these eternal questions. During the twentieth century, it has been elevated from the rank of philosophy to precision science thanks to the adv ances in bo t h theory and observation. General relativity, quantum mechanics and observational techniques gavebirth tothemoderncosmology.Thefamilyof modelsthatareknowntoexplain the best the ob serva ti ons is the Cold Dark Matter model with dark energy also known as the standard model orΛCDM. TheΛCD M model opened the door for several cosmology subfields like the study of the very early Universe, Big‐Bang nucleosynthesis,Cos micMicrowaveBackground(CMB),formation andevolutionof largescalestructures,darkmatteranddarkenergy.A ccordingtotheobservationof galaxies and CMB (relic radiation emitted in the early ages of th e Universe), dark matteracco unts for23%ofthemassenergydensityoftheobservableUniversewhile ordinarymatter accountsonlyfor4.6%.Theremainderisattributedto darkenergy. That is that, today, nor do we know what constitutes 83% of the matter in the Universe (dark matter ), ne it he r do we und e rstand the nature of the energy that acceleratestheexpansionoftheUniverse(darkenergy).This bookfocusonthethese unanswered que stio n while providing an overview of some of the most promising advancesinmoderncosmology. Initsfirs tpart,thebookfocusondarkmatter.E xtensio nsofthestandardmodelare proposedbyintroducingthesupersymmetricdarkmatterandloc al supersymmetry, also known as supergravity. Other investigations of large scale and gal axy sc al e structures attempt to explain and understand the nature and distribution of dark matter. The seco nd part of the book is about the problem of dark energy. Se veral models try to understand the nature of dark energy. One of them, the holographic darkenergymodelwit h modified variableChaplygingas,isdetailed inchapter5. In chapter6,stronglensingsystemsareconsideredaspossibleobservationalprobesfor darkenergymodels.Theseventhchapterisatheor eticalinvestigationoftheeffectof theexpansionoftheUniverseinthecontextofgeneralrelativityonelectromagnetic radiation and fermionic matter. Finally, the lastchapter is a review of the different X Preface methods thatallowtoextractthe informationfromgalaxy surveysforthestudyof largescalestructures. Dr.AdnanGhribi ExperimentalCosmologyGroup UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley USA