370 Stuart, House of (England) Charles (Charles VI) to the thrones of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire The English opened negotiations to end the war The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ended hostilities among France, Spain, England, and the Netherlands Charles VI continued the war, finally ending hostilities by signing the Treaties of Rastatt and Baden (1714), which complemented the general settlement of the Treaty of Utrecht Philip V retained the Spanish throne under the condition that he and his descendants were barred from the throne of France Austria gained territory in Italy and the Netherlands previously belonging to Spain while England gained Gibraltar, Minorca, and exclusive rights to slave trading in Spanish America for 30 years France recognized Anne as queen of England and surrendered some of its American territories France’s dominance over the European continent was checked and the notion of the preservation of the balance of power emerged as the cornerstone of European politics for centuries to come See also Austrian Succession, War of the (1740– 1748); Stuart, House of Further reading: Dickinson, W Calvin, and Eloise R Hitchcock, eds The War of the Spanish Succession, 1702–1713: A Selected Bibliography Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996; Frey, Linda, and Marsha Frey, eds The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995; Lynn, John The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 Upper Saddle River, NJ: Longman, 1999; Sturgill, Claude Marshal Villars and the War of the Spanish Succession Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1965 Eric Martone Stuart, House of (England) The Stuart dynasty ruled England at a time when the power of the absolute monarchy was declining in En gland and the powers of representative government were increasing The Stuart dynasty came into power in England with the death of the last Tudor monarch, Queen Elizabeth I, in 1603 Elizabeth died without an heir, forcing the English government to ask the Stuart family of Scotland to assume the throne of England The Stuarts were related to the House of Tudor, as Mary Stuart and Elizabeth were cousins Despite the fact that Mary was executed for treason in 1587, her son James Stuart (James i), the king of Scotland, was chosen to succeed Elizabeth This choice brought the Crowns of Scotland and England under one monarch, despite the fact that they remained two separate kingdoms James was a firm believer in the powers of an absolute monarch, as is evidenced by his writings and speeches to the English parliament When James came to the throne of England, he had to contend with financial difficulties and clashes with Parliament over the prerogatives of the monarchy These issues arose as James attempted to raise new revenues by imposing taxes on his subjects without the approval of Parliament James was also upset by the fact Parliament was against his choice of a potential bride for his son because she was Catholic and Spanish This hostility occurred as a result of the tensions between Protestant England and Catholic Spain James was so infuriated by the Parliament’s creation of the Great Protestation in 1621, a list of privileges the English parliament claimed it was entitled to, that he dissolved Parliament and arrested four individuals responsible for this action Charles i succeeded his father to the thrones of Scotland and England when James died in 1625 Parliament continued to attempt to place restrictions on the power of the king by issuing a Petition of Rights in 1628 The petition placed limitations on the king’s power to raise revenue without the permission of Parliament, required the permission of subjects to house soldiers in their homes, placed restrictions on the king to impose martial law, and restricted the king from arresting a subject without laying proper criminal charges Charles signed this petition because he wished to obtain funds from Parliament, but he soon illustrated his desire to subvert the petition by acquiring as much money from his subjects as possible without assembling Parliament through the extension of existing taxes The attempt by Charles I to rule England without the assent of Parliament caused many problems and violated the traditional institutional basis of English law Charles also made many enemies by imposing Anglican conformity on the populace and taking away the pulpits of the Puritans Dissolution And Recall of Parliment It was the desire of the archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, to impose Anglican conformity on the Presbyterian Scots that led to the English Civil War Charles prepared to move an army into Scotland in 1638 to create a settlement to this religious dispute with the Scots Charles could not afford this army, and Parliament refused to give Charles any more money unless he rectified the grievances that had occurred during his