Industrial Revolution ued to 1858 Its end also spelled the end of the Mughal dynasty and the British East India Company See also Sikh wars Further reading: Allen, Charles Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier London: Abacus, 2000; Hibbert, Christopher Great Mutiny: India 1857 New York: Penguin, 1980; James, Lawrence Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India New York: St Martin’s Griffin, 2000; Ward, Andrew Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1996 John F Murphy, Jr Industrial Revolution The term Industrial Revolution has been used to describe the most extensive change the world has ever experienced It was coined by English philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806–73) but brought into popular use by English historian Arnold Toynbee (1889–1975) The most significant aspect of the Industrial Revolution was that it changed much of the world from a collection of separate agrarian communities into interconnected industrialized cities In the process, much of the work that had been done by human hands for centuries was performed by machines, which were faster and more efficient than humans could ever be While many scholars accept 1760–1850 as the official period in which the Industrial Revolution took place, it actually continued into the 20th century in parts of the world and continues to evolve in developing nations into the 21st century The Industrial Revolution is said to have actually started in England during the early 18th century when Abraham Darby at Madeley, in Shropshire, in the west of the country, and others, became involved in improving the production of iron, as well as improving its quality This led to the building of ironworks, and later steelworks, in some parts of England, with charcoal use being phased out, and with coke iron being used to increase the production of iron and then steel Much of this development took place close to the coalfields in the Midlands and also in the north of England By 1770 there were over 170 steam engines being used in various industries around Britain, and in 1775 James Watt started to develop his first steam engine, which generated much more power using far less fuel than before Watt’s design helped manufacturers such as 191 Matthew Boulton produce buttons, buckles, and plate metal cheaply There were also major developments in the textile industry, with Richard Arkwright developing water-driven mills (although others have claimed to have invented them), with the result that large wool and cotton mills were built in Lancashire Artisan riots led to the smashing of machines in the Luddite attacks Other pioneers during the Industrial Revolution in Britain included Thomas Telford, who worked with canals and locks, and Humphrey Davy, who invented the miner’s safety lamp in 1815 Although there was extensive use of child labor and exploitation of the poor, there were also many industrialists who exhibited a strong social conscience The heavy emphasis on the Protestant work ethic led to Quakers such as John Cadbury (1801–89) and others like Josiah Wedgwood (1730–95) and William Lever (1851–1925) introducing medical care, pensions, and profit-sharing for employees, who were often provided with company housing British manufacturing was so important to the British economy by the time of the Napoleonic Wars that the French blockade, known as the “Continental System,” which prevented the sale of British goods in the European continent, severely affected the British economy The end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 led to a resurgence in British manufacturing, exporting goods to many parts of Europe and South America This helped create an Industrial Revolution in Scotland during the late 1810s and the 1820s, leading to the building of factories in Edinburgh and Glasgow The invention of the steam locomotive by George Stephenson in 1833 led to private railway companies building lines throughout the British Isles, starting in the 1840s Shipbuilding in London, Glasgow, Newcastle, Clyde, Belfast, Hull, and Sunderland developed and became increasingly important to the British economy Rapid improvements in printing and book production meant that the ideas of the Industrial Revolution spread quickly around the world The first part of the European mainland to take part in the Industrial Revolution was Belgium (then a part of France), with William and John Cockerill moving from Britain to establish small factories in Liège, in about 1807 After 1830 Belgium became wealthy due to its iron, coal, and textile industries, and also its railways, which were also constructed by the government France developed later industrially, with the emergence of manufacturing in northern France and in Alsace-Lorraine It was not until 1848 that France emerged as a major industrial power