becoming the first Democrat since Franklin D Roosevelt to be reelected Clinton’s second term in office was preoccupied, on the foreign policy front, by his attempts to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict In July 2000 Clinton brought both Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasir Arafat to Camp David, but the negotiations failed On the economic front, Clinton managed to balance the federal budget for the first time since 1969 His second term in office was overshadowed by the controversy over Clinton’s affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky Hillary Clinton stood by her husband throughout the crisis The Republicancontrolled House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton for lying under oath in his denial of the affair, but the Senate voted to acquit Clinton, and he remained in office until the end of his term, which he ended with a popularity approval rating of 65 percent The result of the Monica Lewinsky affair was that Bill Clinton had to abandon his plans for reforms of the health-care system, which had been heavily supported by his wife Throughout his presidency, Bill Clinton did much to improve the life of African Americans, who became some of his most loyal supporters Certainly Clinton saw as one of his major successes the implementation of majority rule in South Africa, with the election of the Nelson Mandela government after a peaceful transition of power Clinton’s secretary of state, Madeleine Albright, was also able to engage with North Korea and reduce tensions in Northeast Asia After completing his second term as president, Bill Clinton opened his office in the Harlem district of New York, showing his affinity for African Americans, and helped Hillary Clinton when she campaigned for a Senate seat for New York State Since then, Bill Clinton has been active in campaigning for measures to prevent climate change, speaking at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Montreal, Canada, on December 9, 2005, in which he was critical of the Bush administration Through the William J Clinton Foundation, he has also raised money for HIV/AIDS research through the Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS Initiative (CHAI) Hillary Clinton was elected to the U.S Senate on November 7, 2000, winning 55 percent of the vote to 43 percent for her Republican opponent, Rick Lazio During her time as First Lady, many Americans openly hated Hillary Clinton, with large numbers of Internet hate sites being established However, her election victory proved that she was popular in her own right She not only won in the traditionally Democratic Party base of New York City by a large majority, but she also car- cold war 99 ried suburban Westchester County and even did well in Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse, with Lazio winning in his home-base area of Long Island In the Senate, initially Hillary Clinton took a low profile After the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Hillary Clinton was active in gaining funding for rebuilding projects Hillary Clinton urged for the United States to take strong military action against Afghanistan, also highlighting the ill-treatment of women in that country by the Taliban She voted in favor of the Iraq War Resolution, but subsequently came to disagree with the prosecution of the war in Iraq On domestic issues, Hillary Clinton followed the same liberal traditions that had characterized her husband’s presidency On January 20, 2007, Hillary Clinton announced that she was forming a presidential exploratory committee to run as a candidate in the 2008 presidential elections and later officially pursued her electoral bid See also presidential impeachment, u.s Further reading: Blumenthal, Sidney The Clinton Wars New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003; Clinton, Bill My Life New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2004; Clinton, Hillary Rodham Living History New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003; Harris, John F The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House New York: Random House, 2005; Hyland, William G Clinton’s World: Remaking American Foreign Policy Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999; Landau, Elaine Bill Clinton New York: Franklin Watts, 1993 Justin Corfield cold war The cold war was the decade-long conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, especially characterized by its constant tensions, arms escalation, and lack of direct warfare First coined by author George Orwell to describe a state of permanent and unresolvable war, cold war was applied to the U.S.-Soviet conflict in 1947 by Bernard Baruch, the U.S representative to the UN Atomic Energy Commission and influential adviser to both Franklin Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson Both sides often phrased the conflict as one between capitalism and communism, not simply between two states Picking its endpoints requires some arbitrary choices, but it essentially lasted from shortly after World War II to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union