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V Vatican I Council (1869–1870) Pope Pius IX began laying the groundwork for the first Vatican Council in late 1864 He intended to consult various bishops throughout the world concerning whether the church should convene an ecumenical council and what its agenda should be The responses were favorable enough that Pius IX announced on June 26, 1867, his intention to summon the Council On June 29, 1868, a proclamation, or bull, was written announcing December 8, 1869, as the day the Council would solemnly begin Throughout Europe and America, critics asserted that the pope’s hidden agenda was to promote papal infallibility On the eve of the Council, however, official papers showed the following agenda: errors resulting from Rationalism; the Church of Christ; Christian marriage; church discipline concerning bishops, dioceses, seminaries, catechism, rituals, Christian morals, customs of the church year, and current developments in society such as dueling, spiritualism and secret societies; decrees on religious orders; and concerns involving the Eastern Churches In addition, many Catholic bishops throughout the world demanded that a dogma concerning the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary be addressed, that St Joseph be proclaimed Patron of the Universal Church, and that the infallibility of the pope be clearly defined A document concerning infallibility was not found in any of the drafts of preparation The preliminary gathering for Vatican I began as close to 500 bishops met in the Sistine Chapel on December 2, 1869 Approximately 74 percent of the eligible 1,050 worldwide prelates played some role in the nine-month proceedings All told, the Council Fathers sat at 89 general congregations and four public sessions The first debate of the council was on the errors resulting from rationalism This philosophy places human reason as the supreme criterion of truth It flows from the teachings of Gottfried Leibniz and Christian Wolff and can be characterized by spiritualism, dogmatism, and determinism The church wished to address the weaknesses of these philosophies and offer a Catholic response to them The next topics to be discussed concerned bishops, dioceses without a bishop, morality among clerics, and a catechism These items were sidelined throughout the proceedings by the growing desire among many of the bishops for a statement on papal infallibility Meanwhile, pressures were being felt by the bishops that impeded the progress of the council, so the pope made some procedural changes that expedited decision making One important result was the “constitution,” De Fide Catholica, promulgated on April 24, 1870 Finally, on May 9, participants received a draft of De Romano Pontifice, a document that spelled out the dogma of papal infallibility Debate about this issue continued through June and into July On July the debate ended, and a vote was called for July 13 By this time many bishops had left Rome on hearing the news 429
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