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Encyclopedia of world history (facts on file library of world history) 7 volume set ( PDFDrive ) 1718

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1750 to 1900 century Britain was a major trading partner, providing textiles and clothing Britain, France, and Germany were especially significant partners for the southern republics of Chile, Brazil, and Argentina The United States was more dominant in Central America and northern South America, even before seizing Puerto Rico and Cuba from Spain in 1898’s Spanish-American War Although Mexico lost territories in the Mexican War with the United States in 1848, it became linked to the U.S economy by mining, agriculture, and railroads Mexico maintained strong trade ties with European powers Such Euro-American ideological imports as socialism, communism, anarchism, and syndicalism found fertile ground among Latin America’s growing working and urban classes Imperialism had very different consequences in India and Egypt, where Britain held sway Attempts at local industrialization were discouraged Instead, these regions were obliged by their colonial masters to provide cheap agricultural products and other raw materials These policies enriched quasi-private trade groups like the British East India Company and protected European and American manufacturing During the U.S Civil War, Egyptian cotton mostly replaced Confederate cotton in French and British textile factories, with long-term consequences for one of the United States’s most successful agricultural commodities The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 further marginalized Ottoman trade power and enhanced European influence and trade in the Middle East and Asia China, the world’s most populous country, was viewed by imperial powers as a vast potential market for all manner of manufactured products By 1900 European powers and Japan had essentially carved China into spheres of influence within which each country hoped to control trade and exploit natural resources Meanwhile, enterprising traders from China and the Indian subcontinent became important agents of commerce in such regions as South Africa, the Caribbean, Indochina, and the East Indies (later Indonesia) Mohandas K Gandhi, a London-educated lawyer, spent 20 years in South Africa, fighting for rights of this Indian diaspora of traders and workers before shifting his freedom quest to his own colonized nation Cultural Imperialism Cultural exchange accompanied growing world trade To a great extent, Western imperial agents attempted to impose their culture and educational values on people they believed to be backward or inferior Christian missionaries, some Roman Catholic, but most from Protestant denominations, played an important role in spreading Western culture, even when, as in China and India, they were not successful in making many converts Among Native tribes in the Americas, and in Hawaii, the Philippines, and some African regions, groups like the YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) spread the word of God, and, if that failed, the benefits of modernization and education Although the missionaries themselves often returned home with a deeper knowledge of other cultures, it rarely translated into greater respect “Our little brown brothers” was how Americans defined the Filipinos who rose up against Spanish colonialism only to find themselves wards of the United States after the Spanish-American War Missionaries and government and corporate agents of imperialism did sometimes provide useful training and information Many Indians (like Gandhi) and a number of Africans received modern English educations in new schools and universities in India or in England Missionaries made modern schooling available to girls in China and India for the first time After 1895 thousands of Chinese men and women chose to study in Japan because of that country’s success Japan’s universal educational system was based on the German model, as was its constitution Westerners also introduced modern medicine, which contributed to lowering mortality rates In the 19th century greater wealth and mobility encouraged tourism as well as artistic and intellectual exchanges Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville was the most famous of the dozens of curious European observers who visited America to report back on the new nation’s progress The transatlantic Grand Tour became a rite of passage for young Americans looking for Old World culture More important, artists who gained fame through such media as newspapers, photography, the telegraph, and the telephone brought their talents to international audiences Writers and musical and theatrical stars such as British novelist Charles Dickens, Hungarian pianist Franz Liszt, Swedish xxxv

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