Schism of 1054 Even today the samurai is a prevalent image associated with Japan and the subject of movies and television dramas, in Japan and abroad Bushido has been given credit for the loyal and hard-working Japanese businessmen who have made the Japanese economy one of the largest in the world The samurai may be extinct, but the warrior spirit lives on See also Ming dynasty Further reading: Duus, Peter Feudalism in Japan New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1993; Friday, Karl F Samurai Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan New York: Routledge, 2004; O’Neill, Tom “Samurai: Japan’s Way of the Warrior.” National Geographic (December 2003); Reischauer, Edwin O The Japanese Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977; Yamamoto, Tsunetomo Bushido: The Way of the Samurai Garden City Park, NJ: Square One Publishers, 2001 Mohammad Gharipour and Ethan Savage Schism of 1054 The Schism of 1054 marks the official breach that separated Roman Catholic Christianity from Orthodox Christianity It occurred when delegates of Pope Leo IX (1049–54) excommunicated Michael Keroularios, patriarch of Constantinople (1043–58), and his associates The patriarch, in turn, excommunicated the papal delegates These mutual condemnations tore Christendom into its Catholic and Orthodox branches The ecclesiastical division became permanent in the following decades, particularly because of the effect of the Crusades and their impact on Orthodox-Catholic relations The quarrel that led to these events surfaced by the ninth century when Byzantium was emerging from the long controversy called iconoclasm and was engaging in a new period of missionary activity in eastern Europe (and elsewhere) At the same time Western Christians were expanding, moving Latin Christianity farther east into the Slavic kingdoms of eastern Europe Missionaries bearing their respective forms of Christianity (Greek and Latin) met in the kingdoms of Moravia and Bulgaria During this interaction certain differences in practice became evident The two forms of Christianity used different languages in their liturgy (Latin in the West and Greek in the East, though the Eastern Christians also supported the use of native languages for worship and Scripture and developed the Cyrillic alphabet for this purpose among the Slavs); they had different rules on fasting; they differed in their eucharistic prac- 355 tice with leavened bread used by Eastern Christians and unleavened by Western Another distinction was the official acceptance of married priests among the Eastern Christians, though bishops could not be married Furthermore the two forms of Christianity were at odds over their understanding of papal leadership From the Eastern perspective the pope received the primacy of honor among the bishops, since his was the church diocese of St Peter, but he was simply one of the five great regional leaders called patriarchs who were all needed to hold an ecumenical council (churchwide) to decide doctrine From the Western perspective, however, the bishop of Rome was also the heir of St Peter, and the supreme voice in Christendom Finally another important distinction was a small difference in the profession of the Nicene Creed by Western Christians This creed was established by the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 325 and augmented by the Second Ecumenical Council in 787 This creed was used as a simple definition of faith, professing belief in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, “which proceeds from the Father.” In the West the term filioque (and the son) was added to the latter phrase to exclude heretics from professing it This addition received official sanction by the papacy in the early 11th century Eastern Christians viewed this as a mistake both theologically (arguing that it confuses the proper understanding of the Trinity) and ecclesiastically (arguing that only an ecumenical council could change the creed) In addition to these matters the breach in 1054 is connected to other historical developments in the 11th century This period witnessed the development of the papacy as an institutional entity freed from lay control and able to assert its authority in Italy and abroad One 11th-century pope, for example, asserted that he had the power to depose and reinstate bishops and emperors and that he was above any earthly judge At the same time, the Byzantine Empire had reached its political apogee and its church was led by one of its strongest willed patriarchs, Michael Keroularios The revived papacy and the powerful patriarchate crashed together in the summer of 1054 A final factor influencing the breach was the arrival of the Normans in Italy in the 11th century The Normans (from Normandy in France) passed through Italy en route to the Holy Land for pilgrimage and, because of their renowned military skills, were hired as mercenaries by rulers in southern Italy The Normans soon took advantage of this situation and seized southern Italy This brought them into conflict with both the