362 Sinan, Abdul-Menan successes in their own schemes of conquest and colonization in the Americas Yet the very different histories of these emergent nation-states generated very different models of colonization, with the English, French, Portuguese, and Dutch states playing a far lesser role than the Spanish Crown, and with a much greater role for private and entrepreneurial enterprises, most notably joint-stock companies, such as the Virginia Company, as the principal engines driving the initiatives that constituted the next wave of American conquests and colonization See also New Spain, Viceroyalty of (Mexico); Peru, Viceroyalty of; slave trade, Africa and the Further reading: Bakewell, Peter J Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546–1700 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971; Bakewell, Peter J., ed Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Vol 19 Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Limited, 1997; Bakewell, Peter J Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian Labor in Potosí, 1545–1650 Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984; Braudel, Fernand The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II New York: Harper & Row, 1972 Michael J Schroeder the mosque, with tall needle shaped minarets, opens onto a courtyard with a portico, a style much favored in Ottoman architecture The vast complex, with over 400 domes in total, also includes schools, a hospice, a soup kitchen, and commercial shops to support the social work of the complex Sinan also built the elaborately decorated Rustem Pasha mosque for the grand vizier as well as the tombs for Suleiman’s son Mehmed and Suleiman’s beloved wife, Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana); these are adorned with brightly colored Iznik tiles in deep blues and reds In his autobiography, Sinan rated the Selimya mosque in Edirne, outside Istanbul, as his masterpiece owing to its huge central dome, which seems to float over a vast open interior space Sinan died in 1574 at the age of 99 and is buried in a simple tomb close to one of his greatest accomplishments, the Suleimaniya complex See also Ottoman Empire (1450–1750); Safavid Empire Further reading: Goodwin, Godfrey A History of Ottoman Architecture Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971; Kuran, Aptullah The Mosque in Early Ottoman Architecture Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968; Levey, Michael The World of Ottoman Art London: Thames and Hudson, 1975; Stratton, Arthur Sinan New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972 Janice J Terry Sinan, Abdul-Menan (1489–1574) Ottoman architect Sinan was born in Kayseri in central Anatolia to a Greek Orthodox family When he was in his early 20s, older than was customary, he was recruited in the devshirme levy to be educated in Istanbul He was selected for the elite Janissaries and served in several military campaigns, where he became a noted engineer building bridges and other structures He served as the major architect for sultans Suleiman I the Magnificent and Selim II (the sot) and became the empire’s chief architect (mimbar bashi) During his long and productive life, Sinan designed more known buildings than any other architect in history He built mosques, hammams, mausoleums, aqueducts, and palaces Building on ideas from earlier Byzantine designs, particularly the Aya Sopia in Istanbul, Sinan struggled to surpass the grandeur and size of the dome in that great Byzantine church Sinan’s Suleimaniya complex in Istanbul has a mosque with a huge central dome supported by two half-domes giving the appearance of soaring in the air; slave trade, Africa and the The discovery of the Americas created new economic opportunities with agriculture the foundation of these opportunities In 1493, only a year after his first voyage, Christopher Columbus introduced sugarcane into the Caribbean, the crop on which Europeans built the first plantations in the New World Sugarcane demanded a large labor force, particularly at harvest Europeans sought to meet the demand for labor by using criminals, orphans, indentured servants, and Native Americans But there was still a need for laborers Native Americans succumbed to Old World diseases, and the supply of European laborers met only a fraction of the demand In the mid-15th century, the Portuguese addressed the problem of labor by enslaving Africans to grow sugarcane on the Madeira Islands in the Atlantic Ocean The Spanish used slavery in their New World colony Hispaniola (now the island of Haiti and the Dominican Republic), importing the first slaves in 1502 The institutionalization of