Encyclopedia of world history (facts on file library of world history) 7 volume set ( PDFDrive ) 3104

284 Marshall, Thurgood long-term rivals of Marcos It is widely believed that had martial law not been declared, Aquino would have won the 1972 presidential election Although a high-level commission blamed Marcos loyalists for the killing, the government ignored its findings Aquino’s murder and the subsequent cover-up became the rallying point for a diverse group of opponents Still confident of his popularity, in November 1985 Marcos called a “snap” election for February 1986, 16 months before the end of his term After the Marcoscontrolled National Assembly declared him the victor, Catholic Primate of the Philippines Cardinal Jaime Sin, Minister of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile, and Lieutenant General Fidel V Ramos rallied around the legitimate winner, Aquino’s widow Corazon Cojuango Aquino The People Power Movement forced Marcos out of office on the day of his inauguration He fled in a U.S Air Force plane with his family and closest supporters and eventually settled in Honolulu, Hawaii In ensuing months details emerged about how he had used his office to accumulate vast amounts of wealth Filipino officials estimated that Marcos and his wife and supporters stole between $5 and $10 billion The great symbol of this corruption amid poverty became Imelda Marcos’s collection of shoes, handbags, and formal gowns, which numbered in the thousands Ferdinand Marcos died on September 28, 1989, in Hawaii Imelda Marcos returned to the Philippines in 1992, served in the House of Representatives from 1995 to 2001, and lost two bids for the presidency Further reading: Brands, H W Bound to Empire New York: Oxford, 1992; Marcos, Ferdinand Notes on the New Society of the Philippines Marcos Foundation, 1973; Rempel, William C Delusions of a Dictator Boston: Little, Brown, 1993; Zaide, Sonia M The Philippines: A Unique Nation Manila: All Nations Publishing, 1999 Thomas Robertson Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993) U.S Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall was special counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and a U.S Supreme Court justice during the 20th-century Civil Rights movement of the United States Marshall is lionized for his argument before the Supreme Court in the case Brown v Board of Education, which ended the federal sanction of segregation in public schools He was also the first African-American Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall was born Thoroughgood Marshall on June 2, 1908, in Baltimore, Maryland His father was a steward at a country club, and his mother was an elementary school teacher Marshall was named for his paternal grandfather, a slave from the Congo who won his freedom His grandfather had chosen the name Thoroughgood when he enlisted in the Union Army during the Civil War At age six, Marshall legally had his name changed to Thurgood due to criticism from his peers Marshall was a self-proclaimed hell-raiser in elementary school and was first introduced to the Constitution of the United States when he was forced to read it as punishment He took great interest in Article III, which concerned the judiciary branch, and also in the Bill of Rights Even from an early age, he was troubled by civil rights abuses Marshall graduated with honors from Douglas High School in Baltimore, Maryland, and then attended the all-black Lincoln University in Oxford, Pennsylvania, the oldest African-American institute of higher education in the country In his junior year Marshall married his first wife, Vivian Burey The next year, Marshall graduated Lincoln University Experience on the debate team at Lincoln University had inspired Marshall to major in prelaw After graduation Marshall applied to the University of Maryland Law School, but was rejected due to his race He then turned to Howard University Law School in Washington, D.C It was there that Marshall met Charles Hamilton Houston, the vigorous vice dean of the Howard law school Houston inspired Marshall’s interest in constitutional law and instilled in him the idea of lawyers as “social engineers” capable of effecting change for the AfricanAmerican community Marshall graduated Howard University Law School as valedictorian and opened a law practice in Baltimore Marshall acted as legal counsel to the local chapter of the NAACP In 1933 Marshall argued his first major court case with the NAACP, in which he won the first African-American student, Donald Gaines Murray, a place in the University of Maryland Law School, the school that had rejected Marshall In fact, Murray was the first African-American student to enter a state law school below the Mason-Dixon Line In 1935 Charles Hamilton Houston became chief counsel for the NAACP A year later, Marshall joined the New York City chapter of the NAACP as Hous-