Index Second Punic War, 69, 187, 397, 400, 443 Second Settlement, 62 Second Sophistic, 174, 420–421 Second Temple, 19, 80, 276, 370 Sejanus, 232, 364 Seleucid Empire, 29, 44, 45, 137, 216, 256, 263, 293, 330, 333, 346, 387, 388, 421–422 Seleucus I Nicator, 45, 87, 115, 116, 117, 263, 270, 333 Seleucus IV Philopator, 421 Seljuk Empire, 472 Seneca, 131, 233, 248, 305, 390, 392, 398, 422–423, 444, 445 Sennacherib, xxxvii, 35, 43, 148, 216, 311 Senusret I, 278 Senusret II, 278 Senusret III, 278 Septimania, 483 Septimus Severus, 228, 249, 423 Septuagint, 12, 50, 51, 99, 219, 337, 355, 371 Seqenenre Taa, 208 Serapio, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, 163 Seredniy Stig culture, 211, 212 Sertorius, 468 Servant Songs of Isaiah, 423–424 Servile War, 70 Servius, Tullus, 399 Servius Sulpicius Galba, 233 Seth, 350 Seti I, 382, 383 Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, 107 Severus, Alexander, 456 Severus, Sextus Julius, 223 sevoraim, 451, 452 Sextus Empiricus, 442 Sextus Julius Africanus, 208 Sextus Pompeius (Sextus Pompey), 65, 470 Sextus Roscius, 83 Shabaka, 240, 312 Shahin, 416 Shahrbaraz, 416 Shakespeare, William, 204, 307 Shakkanakku, 260 Shalmaneser I, 34, 202, 285, 311 Shalmaneser III, 23, 35, 216 Shalmaneser V, 35, 43 Shamash-shuma-ukin, 35, 43 Shammai, 353, 452, 503 Shamshi-Adad I, 34, 41, 43, 260 Shang, Lord, 377 Shangdi (Shang-ti), 18, 425, 486 Shang dynasty, xxxi, xxxii, xxxvii, 17–18, 91, 120–121, 238, 418, 424–426, 490, 499, 505 Shang Yang, 245, 377 Shankara, 432–433 Shapur I, 412, 413 Shapur II, 413 Shapur III, 30, 413 Shardana, 419 Shar-kali-sharri, 7, 8, 41 Sheba, 499 Shem, 23 Shengnong (Sheng-nung), 498–499 Shenoute of Atripe, 286 Shepherd of Hermas, 82 Shiji (Shih-chi), 46, 184, 429, 430, 491 Shi Jing (Shih Ching), 91, 93 Shimashki dynasty, 476 Shintoism, 426–428 Shiruya, 416 Shiva, 214, 235 Shomu, 154 Shoshone, 297 Shôtoku Taishi, 436, 445, 446, 496 Shou, 486, 505 shrine Shinto, 427 Shu-Durul, Shu Han, 464 Shu Jing (Shu Ching), 91, 93, 429 Shulgi, 147, 476 Shun, 91, 94, 490, 493, 497, 499 Shuppiluliuma I, 202 Shutruk-Nahhunte, 128 Siculus, 73 Sidon, 11 sieges in warfare, xxxviii–xxxix Silk Road, xxxiii, xxxvi, 45, 46, 55, 74, 105, 132, 145, 153, 177, 184, 186, 206, 240, 330, 428–429, 436, 501 Silla kingdom, 464–465, 496 Silvanus, 259 silver, xxxi Sima Dan (Ssu-ma T’an), 429 Sima Qian (Ssu-ma Ch’ien), 46, 164, 184, 272, 429–430, 491 Sima Yuan, 464 Simeon the Stylite, 286, 321, 430–431 Simon, 256 Simonides, 76, 254, 347 Simon Magus, 78 Simon Peter, 20, 21 Simon the Cananaean, 20–21 531 Sinai, Mount, 29, 110, 114, 125, 288, 431, 466 Sin-leqe-unnini, 161 Sirach, 90, 372, 488 Siricius, 219 Sisebut, 483 Six Schools of classical Hindu philosophy, 431–433 Sixtus III, 247 Skamandronymos, 410 skene, 171 Skopas, 86, 191 Slavs, 59, 166, 205, 402 Slayer of Foes, 263 smallpox, 281 Smenkhare, 352 Smerdis, 66 Smith, Adam, 365 Sneferu, 316, 351, 374 Sobekhotep IV, 279 Sobekneferu, 279, 352 Social War, 83, 155, 387 Socrates, 9, 19, 28, 39, 168, 171, 179, 195, 307, 349, 358, 433–435, 441, 442, 452, 487 Soga clan, 436, 445, 496 Soga Iname, 436 Soga Umako, 436, 446 Sogdians, 103, 389, 436–438, 493, 504 Solomon, xxxvii, 23, 29, 109, 197, 215, 216, 229, 239, 320, 370, 371, 419, 439–440, 467, 487 Odes of, 448 Wisdom of, 488 Solon, 37, 89, 90, 167, 341, 440–441 Soma, 478 Some Works of the Law, 380 Song (Sung) dynasty, 92 Song of Solomon and Qoheleth, 439 Sons and Daughters of the Covenant, 448 sophism, 28, 173, 195, 441–442, 487 See also Second Sophistic Sophocles, 140, 170, 179, 392, 423, 442–443 Southern Agrarian tradition, 295–296 Spain, 72, 482–483 Sparta, 8, 10, 31, 37, 84, 86, 167, 189, 195, 246, 258, 325, 342, 343, 344, 376, 387, 434, 443–444, 447, 448, 489 Spartacus, xxxiii, 61, 70, 443–444, 469 Spencer, Philip, 411 Spinoza, Baruch de, 304 squash, xxx