36 art and architecture (1750–1900) theme David was made Napoleon’s official painter, his Coronation of Napoleon being perhaps his most famous work Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780–1867) continued the neoclassical tradition, and the Raft of the Medusa by Théodore Géricault (1791–1824) signaled the arrival of romanticism Eugène Delacroix drew much on his travels around the Mediterranean, with his great work being Liberty Leading the People, commemorating the July Revolution of 1830 It was not long before the emergence of the Barbizon School, with Camille Corot (17961875) and Jean-Franỗois Millet (181475) taking peasant life as their inspiration and providing a basis for such later painters as Vincent Van Gogh (1853–90) Impressionism saw the emergence of painters such as Edouard Manet (1832–83), Claude Monet (1840–1926), Alfred Sisley (1839–99), Camille Pissarro (1830–1903), Berthe Morisot (1841–95), and Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919) Other important painters of this style included Edgar Degas (1834–1917) and Paul Cézanne (1839–1906), providing an influence for Paul Gauguin (1848–1903), the foremost of the postimpressionists Vincent Van Gogh from the Netherlands created haunting self-portraits and landscapes of bright color, making his work instantly recognizable Mention should also be made of Henri Rousseau (1844–1910), who used a naïve style, and Gustave Moreau of the symbolist school In Italy and Spain, baroque architecture gave way to neoclassicism, with tastes becoming more sober and restrained In Italy this was exemplified by Giambattisa Tiepolo (1696–1770) and his son Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo (1727–1804) and their work on churches and palaces in Venice In Spain the reaction against classicism was marked, especially in Catalonia, where Antoni Gaudi (1852–1926) worked on a free-form style, a geometrically based style using a variety of material and mosaics, with work on his Sagrada Familia Church in Barcelona starting in 1882 Francisco José de Goya (1746–1828) was the greatest of the Spanish painters in the last part of the 18th and first part of the 19th centuries He was profoundly affected by the Peninsula War and his painting El Tres de Mayo, showing the execution by French soldiers of rebels in Madrid, is among his most well known Other Spanish painters of the 19th century include Ignacio Pinazo (1849–1916), Francisco Domingo (1842–1920), Emilio Sala (1850– 1910), Ignacio Zuloaga (1870–1945), and Joaquín Sorolla (1863–1923) In Central Europe, increased wealth led to the construction of many major government buildings In Austria, rococo design gave way to historicism, with the development of the Ringstrasse in Vienna This changed with the advent of the Secession movement in 1897 King Ludwig of Bavaria financed the construction of large numbers of “dream” castles throughout his kingdom In Russia, the emergence of St Petersburg led to the construction of massive public and private buildings The Winter Palace, commissioned from Francesco Bertolomeo Rastrelli (1700–71) in 1754 by Catherine the Great, is certainly the most well known, with others including the Yelagin Palace built for Alexander I by the architect Carlo Rossi (1775–1849) also important The Church of the Resurrection of Christ was built in the late 1880s on the site where Czar Alexander II was killed in 1881 The building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad led to the construction of large numbers of railway stations along the length of the railroad It was a period when Russians were collecting art from around the world In China, with the capital Beijing divided between the Chinese City and the Tartar City, the major change came from the 1860s with the building of foreign legations in former princely palaces in the Tartar City This followed the Second Opium War, which saw the sacking of the “Old” Summer Palace, with work beginning on the massive enlargement of the “New” Summer Palace in 1888 Building work continued on parts of the Forbidden City, and the Manchu Qing (Ch’ing) emperors also spent much energy in the late 18th century on enlarging the palaces at their summer residence at Chengde (Jehol) The late 19th century saw a massive influx of foreign influence into Shanghai, Tianjin (Tientsin), Weihai (Weihaiwei), Qingdao (Tsingtao), Macau, Hong Kong, Hankou (Hankow), and Guangzhou (Canton) As well as warehouses, bank chambers, office buildings, railway stations, and accommodations, there were also Christian churches for both Chinese and foreign parishioners There were also churches built around India—especially in Calcutta—with many buildings being erected throughout the Indian subcontinent for the military and traders Herman Willem Daendels (1762–1818), governor of the Netherlands East Indies, helped redesign the city of Batavia (Jakarta) In Japan, many modern buildings were erected, including the famous Imperial Hotel in Tokyo Holiday retreats such as Simla in India, Maymyo in Burma, and the Cameron Highlands in Malaya were also built toward the end of the 19th century Many of these places, as well as earlier temples and landmarks, were the subject of drawings by Thomas and William Daniell In North America, vast change was reflected in the architecture From the 1750s, there were small build-