Hangzhou ter struggle with his brother, Albrecht VI, over Austria He also fought with his nephew, Ladislaus Posthumus, over Bohemia and Hungary But the main threat came after Ladislaus’s death, with the ascension of Matthias Corvinus (1458–90) to the Hungarian throne This powerful king seized various Habsburg possessions in Austria, Moravia, and Silesia In 1485 Corvinus captured Vienna and resided there until his death in 1490 It was only his death that saved Frederick’s rule and perhaps the imperial rule of the Habsburgs Frederick’s son Maximilian (r 1493–1519) succeeded his father, controlling vast territories He inherited the Free County of Burgundy from his father-in-law, Charles the Bald, together with some parts of the Low Countries In 1490 he acquired Tyrol and parts of Austria from his half-uncle, Sigismund, son of Frederick IV of Austria Maximilian’s rule over the Free County of Burgundy provoked tensions with the French Crown, which led to the Italian Wars (1494–1559) In 1499 Maximilian’s army was badly beaten by the Swiss Confederation, resulting in the imperial recognition of the Swiss independence His grandson, Charles V of Spain, succeeded Maximilian During his reign (1519–56), the Habsburg house rose to the premier authority and influence in Europe, holding dominions in the central Europe, Germany, the Low Countries, parts of Burgundy, and Spain with its vast American colonies After his death, the Habsburg holdings were divided among his heirs The Habsburg dynasty ruled Spain until the death of Charles II in 1700, while the Austrian lineage did not cease until 1918, when the last emperor Karl, or Charles, resigned and Austria was proclaimed a republic See also Holy Roman Empire Further reading: Armstrong, Edward The Emperor Charles V London: The Macmillan Company, 1910; Bryce, James The Holy Roman Empire New York: The Macmillan Company, 1911; Du Boulay, F R H Germany in the Later Middle Ages London: The Athlone Press, 1983; Friedrich, Karl Rudolf von Habsburg Darmstadt: Primus, 2003; Heer, Friedrich The Holy Roman Empire Trans Janet Sondheimer London: Phoenix Giants, 1995 Heinig, Paul-Joachim Kaiser Friedrich III (1440–1493): Hof, Regierung und Politik Köln: Böhlau, 1997; Hödl, Günther Albrecht II : Königtum, Reichsregierung und Reichsreform 1438–1439 Wien: H Böhlaus, 1978; Redlich, Oswald Rudolf von Habsburg Das Deutsche Reich nach dem Untergange des alten Kaisertums Aalen: Scientia, 1965; Wies, Ernst Willhelm Kaiser Maximilian I.: ein Charakterbild München: Bechtle, 2003 Philip Slavin 155 Hafiz (1320–1389) Persian poet Hafiz, a pen name for Khajeh Shamseddin Mohammad Shirazi, was born in Shiraz in present-day Iran Following the death of his father, a merchant, Hafiz lived in poverty until his poetry earned him the patronage of several Persian rulers He is perhaps the most admired poet among Persians, who, up to the present day, memorize and quote extensively from his lyric poems He is best known for his over 500 Ghazals (sonnets) collected in his Diwan His lyricism is captured in the following portions of the sonnet “My Bird”: My soul is a scared bird, the highest heaven his next Fretting within its body-bars, it finds on earth its nest Hafiz often wrote about his favored hometown of Shiraz Other poems are highly erotic, while others are clearly influenced by Islamic mysticism or Sufism His many references to wine and drinking from the cup are believed by many to be symbolic of Sufi belief in mystical intoxication Others argue that the language is not symbolic Hafiz had an enormous influence on Arabic and Turkish literature and his poems have also been translated into many Western languages Authors as diverse as the American essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe admired the poetry of Hafiz See also Islam: literature and music in the golden age Further reading: Hafiz Drunk on the Wine of the Beloved: Poems of Hafiz Bucharest: Shambhala, 2001; Morrison, George, Julian Baldick, and Shafii Kadkani History of Persian Literature from the Beginning of the Islamic Period to the Present Day Leiden: Brill, 1981 Janice J Terry Hangzhou (Hangchou) Hangzhou is situated near the West Lake and the coast in southern China In 605 Emperor Yangdi (Yang-ti) of the Sui dynasty had the Grand Canal extended from Yangzhou (Yangchou) on the Yangzi (Yangtze) River to Hangzhou As a result an already fast-developing area of the lower Yangzi and the southeastern coast grew by leaps and bounds Hangzhou became the capital of a prefecture of the same name