324 Nyerere, Julius the Arctic landscape, in some cases leaching PCBs and industrial solvents into the ground Around the same time as the DEW Line’s installation, Canada’s government began to move Inuit families into permanent settlements where they were offered health care, education, and other services, but at a price Their new lifestyle pushed many Inuit communities from subsistence hunting to fur trapping for the cash needed to buy newly available “southern” goods Reliable sources of income remain scarce in Nunavut, although mining, fisheries, tourism, and cultural products are being aggressively explored The Internet plays a significant role, allowing Nunavut’s widely separated citizens to communicate with each other and the world via expensive satellite hookups that leaders hope to replace with fiber-optic installations The emergence of global warming patterns in the Arctic poses both threats and opportunities Some believe that the storied Northwest Passage, now frozen most of the year, will soon be navigable in summer, cutting almost 5,000 miles from a sea voyage between Europe and Asia Nunavut’s government has discussed building a deepwater port and a 185-mile all-season road On the other hand, climate change would likely further endanger Inuit ecology and traditions of self-sufficiency See also environmental problems Further reading: Dickason, Olive Patricia Canada’s First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times 3d ed Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, 2002; Miller, J R Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Indian-White Relations in Canada 3d ed Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000 Marsha E Ackermann Nyerere, Julius (1922–1999) Tanzanian president Julius Kambarge Nyerere, born in 1922, attended a mission school in Tanganyika, Makerere University College in Tanganyika, and the University of Edinburgh He returned to teach at a Roman Catholic school near Dar es Salaam and was known as Mwalimu, or teacher In 1954 he organized the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and was elected to the legislature as Tanganyika prepared for full independence in 1961 Nyerere was elected as the first prime minister of the newly independent state and became President of the Republic in 1962 When Tanganyika and Zanzibar unified as Tanzania, Nyerere became the nation’s first president in 1964 In the 1967 Arusha Declaration, Nyerere instituted a state program of ujamaa (familyhood) based on collective sharing, traditional African values of the family, and collectivization of farms Ujamaa, a form of African socialism, was supported by the People’s Republic of China, but in the global economic system, Nyerere’s ujamaa failed to bring economic growth, and in 1976 he was forced to admit defeat and end the program Nyerere was an effective spokesperson in the campaign to end the apartheid system in South Africa and was also one of the founders of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) He hosted the African National Congress and Pan-African Congress, as well as other African nationalist movements that struggled against western imperial forces in Mozambique and Rhodesia He was also a sharp critic of African dictatorships and publicly condemned Idi Amin’s dictatorship in Uganda In the first contemporary military intervention by an African state against other, under Nyerere’s leadership, the Tanzania military attacked Amin and forced him out of power Refusing to run for reelection, Nyerere retired voluntarily in 1985 He was succeeded by Ali Hassan Mwinyi and served as a sort of elder statesman in Africa until his death in 1999 See also African Union Further reading: Mwakikagile, Godfrey Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era: Biography of Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922–1999) Dar es Salaam: Protea Publishing Co., 2002; Nyerere, Julius Freedom and Socialism: A Selection of Writings and Speeches, 1965–1967 Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press, 1968 Janice J Terry