368 Salvation Army modern Salafiyya movement, would return to Cairo to head al-Azhar and write his famous Risalat al-Tawhid (The message of unity) In their time, both Afghani and ‘Abduh were controversial to some (because of their heterodox teachings) and inspirational to others (because of their reform-mindedness) And though Afghani and ‘Abduh would become the icons of the modern Salafiyya movement, there were others who would also play a major role Most prominent among them was ‘Abduh’s famous student Muhammad Rashid Rida Rida was especially instrumental in propagating Salafi ideas by way of his periodical Al-Manar, which was initially a joint effort with ‘Abduh before the latter’s death It is notable, however, that the movement under Rida came to acquire a reputation of being more conservative, and his ideas have been considered a link between the reformism of Afghani and ‘Abduh and the activism of the famous Egyptian neorevivalist organization, the Muslim Brotherhood, which was established by Hasan al-Banna The ideas of the modern Salafiyya movement spread throughout North Africa and the Muslim world In Algeria the reformist ‘Abd al-Hamid Ibn Badis took a stance against Muslim mystical (Sufi) orders, focused much of his efforts on education reform in order to safeguard national identity (in light of the assimilationist policy of the French), and established the Association of Algerian Ulema (Scholars) In Morocco Wahhabi and modern Salafi ideals would be adopted by the reformist scholars Abu Shu‘ayb al-Dukkali and Muhammad ibn al-‘Arabi al‘Alawi, both of whose ideas would influence Moroccan nationalist movements and their leaders, such as ‘Allal al-Fasi In Tunisia modern Salafi thought would be adopted by ‘Abd al-‘Aziz al-Tha’alibi, founder of the Destour Party, as well as by prominent scholars of al-Zaytuna University, including Bashir Safar, Muhammad al-Tahir ibn ‘Ashur, and his son Muhammad al-Fadil ibn ‘Ashur In light of contemporary Muslim scholarly discourse, it would appear that many of the ideas put forth by the modern Salafiyya movement are as relevant (and contentious) now as they were over a century ago See also British occupation of Egypt Further reading: Amin, Osman Muhammad ‘Abduh New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1953; Hiskett, Mervyn The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973; Keddie, Nikki R An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal ad- Din “al-Afghani.” Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968; Kedourie, Elie Afghani and ‘Abduh London: Frank Cass, 1997; Shahin, Emad Eldin The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 Muhammad Hassan Khalil Salvation Army In 1878 in London, England, William Booth and his wife, Catherine, became the founders of a Wesleyan- and Holiness-oriented organization, which they called the Salvation Army William, a discontented Methodist minister and then an evangelist, envisioned “a cathedral of the open air.” The couple had eight children, and all of them became major figures in this new organization, which developed a military structure and esprit de corps to serve better the spread of the Christian message and a welfare program based on the Gospels William gave himself the title of “General,” which his wife and children were enjoined to use even at home Catherine became known as the “Army Mother.” Converts and members were known as “Salvationists.” Within a decade, and particularly after the 1890 publication of William’s book, In Darkest England and the Way Out, this new movement was well established not only in the British Isles but also throughout Europe, Canada, and Australia Already, by 1880, the Salvation Army had “opened fire” on the United States, and one of the older children, Ballington, soon became the “Commander” of operations there The doctrine of sanctification, by which God’s grace and believers’s practical exercise of faith give rise to a host of virtues and a deep sense of love for humanity, is preeminent in the ideology of the Salvation Army, functioning as a guiding force in members’ lives While many other evangelical doctrines, including faith in the sacrificial atonement of Christ’s death, are of enormous importance for Salvationists, all mainstream Protestant sacraments and rituals were jettisoned as confusing and divisive, in order to streamline the Army’s evangelistic goals In addition to the Booths’s evangelistic fervor for lost souls, demanding of all Salvationists, both Officers and Soldiers, that they sign the Army’s Articles of War on unbelief and poverty, the Salvation Army has always advocated humane treatment of animals and supported women’s rights With respect to the latter, William and Catherine insisted that all three of their married daughters hyphenate their last names, long before the practice became more common