Index Ishmael, 215, 287 Ishme-Dagan, 34 Ishtar, xxxvii, 207, 311 Isidore of Miletos, 182 Isis, Islam, xxxv, 5, 28, 51, 100, 105, 154, 230, 239, 249, 306, 314, 357–358, 416, 437, 507 Isocrates, 441 Israel and Judah, 109, 114, 197, 215–216, 229, 299, 420 Issus, Battle of, 11, 191 Ita, 54 Italian Renaissance, 191, 390 Italian school of pre-Socratic philosophers, 366 Ivanov, Vyacheslav, 212 Izanagi, 428 Izanami, 428 J Jaali, 314 Jacob, 23, 215, 287, 334, 335, 355, 357, 371, 472 Jacob of Edessa, 449 Jacob of Nisibis, 125 Jacob of Sarug, 125, 449 jade, 425, 426 Jainism, 177, 217–218, 263, 477, 481 James, 227 James, son of Alphaeus, 20 James, son of Zebedee, 20, 196 Janus, 395, 396 Japan, 55, 56, 154, 226, 426–428, 495–497 Japanese imperial law (ritsuryo), 427 Jaspers, Karl, 39 Jatakas, 159 Jawanshir, 416 Jedidiah, 439 Jefferson, Thomas, 84 Jehoram, 24 Jehovah, 431 Jehu, 23, 24 Jenné-jeno, Jeremiah, 39, 47, 227, 299, 368, 369 Jeroboam, 215 Jeroboam III, 24 Jerome, 47, 51, 99, 100, 218–220, 227, 249, 262, 287, 320, 321, 355, 357, 431 Jerusalem, xxxvii, 160, 165, 182, 216, 256, 310, 311, 334, 357, 368, 379, 416, 431 Jerusalem Talmud, 284 Jesus (Christ) of Nazareth, xxxi, 19, 30, 38, 48, 63, 67, 78, 80, 124, 130, 165, 189, 193, 196, 219, 220–222, 225, 227, 229, 238, 244, 261, 277, 282, 283, 288, 306, 320, 337, 357, 363, 369, 372, 392, 401, 424, 440, 467, 474 Jewish Commonwealth, 227 Jewish Law, 419 Jewish revolts, 12, 150, 222–223, 283, 388, 421 Jewish scriptures, xxxv, xxxvii, 23, 50–51, 80, 135, 216, 224, 230, 287, 290, 299, 311, 333, 334, 337, 355, 357, 369, 431, 439, 503 Jewish Temple, 388 Jezebel, 5–6, 216 Jie, 425, 490, 491 Jimnu, 495 Jin (Chin) dynasty, 132, 464, 466, 506 Jing (Ching), 185 Job, 175, 488 and theodicy, 223–224 Joel, 368 Johannine Christology, 192, 193 Johanson, Donald, 326 John (Apostle), 20, 79 John Hyrcanus, 229 John of Antioch, 129 John of Ephesus, 449 Johnson, Michael, 148 John the Baptist, 157, 196, 221, 225, 225–226, 227 John the Faster, 165 Jomon culture, 226, 427, 498 Jonah, book of, 311, 368, 488 Jonathan, 256 Jones, William, 210 Joram, Jordan, xxxvii Joseph, 63, 157, 215, 287, 335, 355 Joseph, Akiba ben, 223, 228 Josephus, Flavius, 6, 23, 29, 30, 133, 134, 196, 208, 220, 222, 225, 226–227, 277, 288, 353, 364, 407, 467 Joshua, 230, 356 Josiah, 29, 114, 197, 216, 227–228, 440 Jovian, 259 Joyce, James, 204 Jubilees, 19 523 Judah ha-Nasi, 228–229, 283, 284, 452 Judaism early (heterodoxies), xxxv, 216, 229–230 Essenes sect of, 133–134 rabbinic, 19, 223, 256, 276, 277, 290, 355, 380, 407, 440, 488, 503–504 scribes and writing culture in, 418–419 Judas Iscariot, 20, 21, 256 Judges, 215, 230, 256, 368, 417 judicial speech, 174 Judith, book of, 300, 372 Jugurtha, 387 Jugurthine War, 387 Juhayna, 314 Julia, 64, 71 Julian of Eclanum, 247 Julian the Apostate, 36, 48, 58, 96, 130, 230–231, 259, 262, 282, 291, 304 Julio-Claudian emperors, 231–233, 339 Julius I, 36 Julius Nepos, 315 Jung, Carl, 50 Juno, 155, 396 Jupiter, 395, 396, 399, 478 Justin, 82, 233–234 Justina, 14 Justinian I, 91, 98, 165, 182, 205, 233–234, 237, 243, 244, 249, 321, 322, 323, 384, 415, 431, 439, 440, 483 Justin Martyr, 81, 226, 262 Jutes, 242, 244 Juturna, 400 Juvenal, 247, 390, 393, 396, 397, 398 K Ka, 350 Ka’ba, 22 Kadesh, Battle of, 202, 383 Kalama, Alara, 158 Kama Sutra, 235 kami, 426–428, 446, 498 Kamose, 208, 307–308 Kanishka, 154, 235–236, 240 Kapila, 433 Kapport, I., 210 karma, 199, 218, 481 Karnak, 457, 458 Kartvelians, 160