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terrorism Beautiful for God: Mother Teresa of Calcutta New York: Harper and Row, 1971 Brian Kolodiejchuk terrorism Terrorism—attacks on civilians and noncombatants for political purposes—has an ancient history In earlier eras, terrorism was often religiously motivated In the first century c.e Jewish Zealots fought the Romans; the Assassins, a Shi’i sect of Islam, killed Muslims who disagreed with their practices in the 11th century; and Hindu Thugees in India killed innocents as part of ritualistic practices from the 7th to the 19th century From the 18th to the late 20th century, most terrorists were motivated by nationalist or political causes Contemporary terrorism is systematic, political, conveys a message, and generates fear Terrorism may be committed by a state or by individual groups, although some dispute the use of the term for governmental actions In 417 English the term terrorism derives from the French revolutionary reign of terror under Maximilien Robespierre, when thousands were sent to their deaths, often at the guillotine, in 1793–94 After World War II nonstate groups often adopted terrorist tactics to achieve political goals Terrorism was usually the tactic of the weak and disaffected who lacked access to or possession of high technology and sophisticated weapons of war In the modern era, the media and instant communications provided terrorists with ready platforms to publicize their programs and grievances Publicity on a global scale permitted terrorists to have a psychological impact far beyond single deeds, thereby greatly magnifying their effects In their struggles against imperial powers, Third World liberation movements sometimes adopted terrorist tactics by attacking civilians as well as colonial armed forces to achieve national independence Third World leaders often argued that these tactics were no less “terrifying” or horrific than the bombing of villages, the use of napalm, or the imprisonment of thousands in concentration camps However, governments tended The Pentagon in Washington, D.C., was damaged by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, concurrently with attacks on the World Trade Center using hijacked airliners filled with passengers Nearly 3,000 people lost their lives in the attack
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