414 Tlatelolco massacre (1968) Shastri died the following day of a heart attack The main provisions included the withdrawal of all troops to their prewar positions, the restoration of diplomatic relations, the promise not to intervene in the internal affairs of the other side, and the agreement to hold discussions concerning various social and economic issues The oversight of the withdrawal of forces was conducted by the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) and the United Nations IndiaPakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM) These missions were successfully concluded The permanent end to war and the renunciation of terrorist activities in Kashmir were not included in the final treaty, and both India and Pakistan suffered from some measure of internal disorder In the case of Pakistan, unrest forced the resignation of Ayub Khan, the head of a military government, in 1969 Meanwhile, Shastri was succeeded by indira gandhi, whose administration was troubled by right-wing opposition The two countries were at war again in 1971 as part of the secession of East Bengal from Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh See also indo-pakistani war (kashmir) Further reading: Edwardes, Michael “Tashkent and After.” International Affairs 42, no (July 1996); Schofield, Victoria Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War 2nd rev ed I.B Tauris, 2003; Talbot, Ian Pakistan: A Modern History Palgrave Macmillan, 2005; United Nations “United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM)—Background.” http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/ co_mission/unipombackgr.html (cited July 2006) John Walsh Tlatelolco massacre (1968) In one of the most important and controversial episodes in postwar Mexican history, on October 2, 1968, police and army units violently suppressed a demonstration in Tlatelolco Square in the heart of Mexico City The government’s version of events differed starkly from those of eyewitnesses and the version that gained currency among much of the populace The crackdown contributed to a growing crisis of legitimacy for the ruling party, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), fueling popular sentiments that the PRI was corrupt, dictatorial, and antidemocratic, and tarnishing Mexico’s image on the eve of the country’s hosting of the 1968 Summer Olympics The roots of the October 1968 events in Tlatelolco have been traced to the upsurge in student and worker democratic and anti-PRI activism from the late 1950s, including the Teachers’ Movement in 1958; the Railway Workers’ Movement in 1958–59; demonstrations in support of the Cuban Revolution (1959); a massive student strike at the National University (UNAM, spring 1966); and protest movements in the states of Puebla (1964), Morelia (1966), and Sonora and Tabasco (1967) More immediate antecedents include the government’s mobilization of an antiriot paramilitary squad, the granaderos, in response to street fights between two Mexico City schools in July 1968, and again in response to student protests commemorating the anniversary of fidel castro’s 26th of July Movement Tensions mounted throughout August as students held huge demonstrations at the UNAM and the National Polytechnic Institute The events prompted the formation of a National Student Strike Committee, which issued a list of demands that included disbandment of the granaderos and release of all political prisoners An estimated 500,000 people, mostly students and workers, participated in antigovernment demonstrations in Mexico City’s central square (Zócalo) on August 27, to that date the country’s single largest mass protest Law enforcement agencies responded with tanks and armored cars, killing at least one student In mid-September, President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz ordered 10,000 army troops to occupy the UNAM campus Some 500 protesters were jailed, and in the ensuing weeks tensions throughout Mexico City ran high The exact sequence of events on the evening of October in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas (Plaza of the Three Cultures) in the District of Tlatelolco, where 5,000 to 10,000 protesters had gathered, remains disputed The next day the government claimed that terrorists had opened fire on the police from a nearby building and that police had responded to the unprovoked attack Most newspapers at the time reported from 20 to 28 protestors killed Eyewitnesses recalled with near unanimity that police and army units had instigated the violence, dropping flares from helicopters before spraying machine-gun and small-arms fire indiscriminately into the crowd, killing hundreds The British newspaper The Guardian estimated after “careful investigation” that 325 were killed, a figure cited by Mexican writer Octavio Paz as the most plausible In the ensuing days and weeks, thousands were jailed Memories of Tlatelolco remained fresh into