Index Butzer, Karl W., 273 Byblos, 11, 58, 278, 309, 316, 355 Byzantine Empire, 22, 97, 177, 182, 193, 385 Byzantine Empire under Justinian, 527–567, M31 Byzantine-Persian wars, 58–59 Byzantine-Sassanid wars, 98 Byzantium See Constantinople C Cabira, Battle of, 387 Cactus Hill site, 148 Caepio, 70 Caesar, Augustus (Octavian), 2, 3, 12, 61–63, 155, 231, 249, 304, 338, 384, 386, 388, 390, 456, 470 Caesar, Julius, xxxiii, 53, 61–62, 63–66, 71, 73, 84, 156–157, 231, 248, 338, 352, 373, 387, 390, 391, 398, 399, 400, 401, 469, 481–482 Caesarion, 470 Caesaropapacy, 165, 239 Caesoninus, Lucius Calpurnius Piso, 64 Caius Petronius Arbiter, 349 calculus, 13 Caleb, 138 calendrics, xxx, 265, 276 Caligula, 150, 196, 209, 231, 232–233, 305, 339, 355, 388, 422 Callias, Peace of, 31, 347 Callicrates, 84, 85, 331 Callimachus, 248, 258 Callistus, 81, 193 Calpurnia, 64 Calpurnius Piso, 349 Cambyses I, 66 Cambyses II, 66–67, 103, 108, 194, 273, 346 camels, xxx, 312 Canaanites, 58, 230, 284, 358, 473 Canon Law, 91 Cao Cao, 254, 464 Cao Pi, 254, 464 Cao Zhi, 254 Cappadocian Fathers, 48 Cappadocians, 26, 67–68, 100, 249, 287, 304, 320 Caracalla, 12, 248–249, 401 Edict of, 68–69 Caranus, 9, 354 Carausius, 118 Carchemish, Battle of, 216 Carinus, 118 Carnac, Monuments of, 301 Carolingian dynasty, 243 carpe diem, 411 Carter, Howard, 352 Carthage, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12, 69, 81, 187, 249, 386, 400, 416 Carus, 118, 397, 413 Cassandane, 66 Cassander, 116, 117, 375 Cassian, John, 100, 247, 287 Cassiodorus, 460 Cassius, 61, 66, 338, 469 Cassius Chaerea, 339 Cassius Dio, 69 Cassivelaunus, 65 caste, 70, 119, 417, 480 Castor, 188, 399 Catalaunian Fields, Battle of, 242, 405 Catechetical School of Alexandria, 98–99 catharsis, 169 Catholic Church, 14, 264, 482, 483 Catiline, 83 Cato, Marcus Porcius, 70–71, 394, 397 cattle, 152, 391, 426 Catullus, Gaius Valerius, 390–391, 392, 396, 397 cave paintings, 71–72, 121–122, 177, 386, 408 Caves of the Thousand Buddhas, 121 Cecilia, 262 Celestine, 247 Celsus, 80, 249 Celts, xxx, xxxviii, 32, 53–55, 72–73, 120, 155, 336, 481, 482 Cenobitism, 99 Cephas, 21 ceremonial pipes, 295 Ceres, 395, 396 Ceylon, xxxvi, 73–74, 145, 462 Chadwick, John, 250 Chaeronea, Battle of, 10, 112, 354, 387 Chalcedon, Council of, 30, 103, 129–130, 160, 165, 244, 247, 306, 310, 320, 449 Chaldea, 103 Chaldeans, 43 Champollion, Jean-Franỗois, 406 Chanakaya, 236237 Chandragupta, 74, 177 Chandragupta II, 74, 117, 153, 177, 421 Chandragupta Maurya, 33, 217, 236, 262–263, 270, 271, 333 Chang’an (Ch’ang-an), xxxvi, xxxvii, 55, 75, 121, 132, 176, 183, 251, 252, 385, 428, 437, 466 517 Chaos, 172 charakitai, 13 chariots, xxxv, xxxviii, 284, 319, 383, 425, 506 Charlemagne, 49, 165, 243 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 204, 398 Chauvet, Jean-Marie, 71 Chauvet Cave, 71–72 Chavaillon, Jean, 136 Chavaillon, N., 136 Chavín culture, 16 Chavín de Huantar, 16 Cheboksarov, N., 151 Chen (Ch’en), 186 Cheng (Ch’eng), 120, 486 Chernykh, Evgeniy, 213 Cherokee, 296 Chetaka, 217 chicken pox, 281 Chief of the West, 486 Chien-chen, 154 Childe, V G., 152, 211 China, xxix–xxx, xxxi, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxix, Buddhism in, 55–57, 132–133, 145 Confucianism in, 92–93, 132, 133 dynasties of, 132, 183, 250–251, 490–491, 505–507 Era of Division, 132–133, 466 Great Wall of, 132, 163–165, 184, 186, 251, 257, 272, 378, 466, 492 Hundred Schools of Philosophy, 93, 106, 204–205, 241, 288–289, 507 scribes and writing culture in, 418 Three Kingdoms, 464 Warring States era in, 447, 486, 492, 505 China during the Han Dynasty, 202 B.C.E.–250 C.E M23 Chindaswinth, 483 Chiyi (Chih-I), 55 Chlorus, Constantius, 189 Choctaw, 296 choregic poetry, 75–76 chorus, 170 Choson, 76–77, 238, 251, 486 Christian Dualism (Gnosticism), 62, 77–80, 81, 90, 125, 130, 221, 238, 248, 290, 372 Christianity, early, xxxv, 80–82, 157 Hellenization of, 192–193 persecutions of the church in, 344–345 during Roman Empire, 403–404 Chromatius, 219