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362 Roy, Ram Mohan many French migrated to the city, their government was unable to gain for them the privileges afforded to the British, and they became liable for national service and high local taxes This resulted in many French businesses moving their headquarters to Montevideo in neighboring Uruguay, and in 1838, a French fleet blockaded Buenos Aires As trade in Buenos Aires dried up, Rosas responded by tripling the amount of paper money in circulation; massive inflation resulted It also led to regional caudillos to try to achieve regional autonomy The British eventually persuaded the French to stop the blockade, and Rosas paid a token indemnity Rosas was also forced to end the blockade he had been imposing on Paraguay, allowing that nation to start trading with Britain and other countries In 1841 Rosas was able to destroy and then kill his main political opponent (and predecessor), Lavalle, who had been leading a small rebellion in the north In 1845 Rosas started his own blockade of the River Paraná in order to bring some of the provinces into line The British and French sent in their navies to reopen trade but soon had to balance the small amount of commerce with these provinces, with far greater money to be made from Buenos Aires After two years the blockade was abandoned, leaving Rosas triumphant However, he had made many enemies Paraguay was much angered by the seemingly cavalier fashion in which Rosas had been able to close the river, and it started to industrialize and then build its own arms industry Brazil had been unable to send goods by ship to the Mato Grosso region of the country, and Uruguay became the place for many exiles from Buenos Aires When the blockade of the Paraná River started again in 1848, the governor of Entre Ríos, Justo José de Urquiza, who was actually placed in charge of a large part of the army by Rosas, launched a rebellion against Rosas In May 1851 Urquiza opposed the reelection of Rosas as governor of Buenos Aires, forcing him to adopt the title supreme chief of the confederation Urquiza then led his forces against those of Rosas and defeated them at the battle of Caseros on February 3, 1852 As Urquiza was about to enter Buenos Aires, Rosas fled onto a British naval vessel, leaving hundreds of his supporters to be massacred by Urquiza’s men Rosas settled in England and took up farming near Southampton, Hampshire He died on March 14, 1877, and was buried in Southampton Despite his long dominance of Argentine politics, or possibly because of it, it was not until 1935 that he was featured on an Argentine postage stamp in a series that included all the famous figures of 19th-century Argentina; the series also included Urquiza A grandson, who shared the same name as the dictator, became governor of Buenos Aires province in 1910 In 1990 the family moved the body of Rosas from England back to Buenos Aires, and it was interred in the family mausoleum at Recoleta Further reading: Cowles, Fleur Bloody Precedent: The Peron Story London: Frederick Muller, 1952; Lynch, John Argentine Dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas 1829–1852 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981; ——— Caudillos in Spanish America Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992; Ziegler, Philip The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929 London: Collins, 1988 Justin Corfield Roy, Ram Mohan (1774–1833) Indian reformer and scholar Raja Ram Mohan Roy exemplified the new Englisheducated class of Indians who emerged in the late 18th century He came from a distinguished Brahman family in Bengal—the headquarters of the British East India Company Feeling somewhat alienated from his orthodox family, he eventually became an employee of the British East India Company After a few years, Roy left the company to pursue humanism and religious reform Influenced by contemporary European liberalism, he challenged traditional Hindu beliefs In 1803 he produced a tract that denounced religious superstition and segregation By 1815 he had begun translation of ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Sutras and various Upanishads (philosophic writings) into modern Hindi and Bengali He was also the progenitor of many modern secular movements in India He actively campaigned against suttee (the burning of widows) He also argued for reform of Hindu law, upholding the rights of women, freedom of the press, more just land laws, Indian participation in the government of India, and establishment of an English-style education system in India He opposed the founding of Sanskrit College, which he viewed as too traditional Roy backed his writings and views with action In 1815 he founded a publishing house that translated the New Testament into Bengali In 1820 he published a work on the “Precepts of Jesus, the Guide to Peace and Happiness,” the beginning of a pantheistic approach that would combine Christianity and Hin-
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