Index Apocrypha, the, 216, 261, 277, 299, 371–372, 380 Apollinare Nuovo, Church of St., 460 Apollinarianism, 129 Apollinaris, Sidonius, 405 Apollo, 49, 76, 108, 110, 111, 172, 189, 200, 332, 396, 400, 421 Apollonius (sculptor), 179 Apollonius Molo, 64 Apollonius of Perga, 13 Apollonius of Rhodes, 2, 13 Apollonius the Stoic, 39 Apologists, 82 Apostles, Twelve, 19–21, 81, 221 Apostolic Fathers, 82, 193 Appian, 69, 375, 443 Appius Claudius, 375 Apuleius, 249 Aqhat, 473 Aqqi, aqueducts, xxxvii, 139, 400, 460, 468 Aquila, 51 Aquinas, Thomas, 28, 52, 337 Arabia, pre-Islamic, 21–22 Arahath Mahinda Thero, 74 Aramaeans, 6, 22–24, 42, 43, 105, 216, 230, 239, 472, 487 Arar, Battle of, 156 Arausio, Battle of, 387 Arcadius, 402, 461 Archaic Greece, 24–25 Archaic Tradition, 280, 281 Archelaus, 140, 434 Archilochus, 24 Archimedes, xxxi, 13, 39 Archiochus, 254 archons, 37 Ardashir I See Artaxerxes (Ardashir I) Ardashir II, 413 Ardashir III, 416 Areopagus, 37 Ares, 143, 172, 332 Aretas IV, 293 Argaeus, 354 Argentoratum, Battle of, 243 Argos, 9, 290, 326, 376, 459 Arianism, 14, 26, 36, 48, 52, 82, 99, 129, 130, 141, 230, 234, 309–310, 461, 474, 483 Ariovistus, 156 Aristarchus, xxxi Aristeides, 322 aristocracy, 167 Aristophanes, 26–27, 140, 171, 307, 434 Aristotelianism, 28, 52, 302 Aristotle, 9, 27–29, 52, 167, 174, 178, 193, 200–201, 203, 248, 254, 302, 358, 361, 364, 376, 433, 434, 435, 443, 487 Arius, 26, 99, 309–310 Ariwara no Narihara, 254 Ark of the Covenant, 29, 110, 137, 143, 357, 431, 466 Armenia, xxxv, 21, 29–30, 58, 160, 237, 412, 413, 449 Arridaeus, 115 Arses, 32 Arsinoe II, 373 Artabanus V, 412 Artatama, 285 Artaxerxes (Ardashir I), 412, 414 Artaxerxes I, 30–31, 345, 490 Artaxerxes II, 31, 195 Artaxerxes III, 31–32 Artemis, 29, 172, 332 Artemisia of Caria, 86 Artemisium, Battle, 247 Arthasastra, 236, 263 Arverni tribe, 481, 482 Aryan age, 479–481 Aryan invasion, xxxv, 32, 408, 478 Asadi Tusi, 254 Ascanius, 405 asceticism, 113, 158–159, 217, 227, 286, 430–431, 479 Asclepion, 357 Asclepius, 200, 201, 316 Asculum, Battle of, 375–376 asha, 507, 508 Asherah, 6, 473, 488 Ashoka, xxxii, 33, 57, 74, 153, 262, 264, 333, 358, 408, 410, 462 Ashurbanipal, 35, 43, 128, 228, 270, 346, 458 Ashur-dan II, 34 Ashur-nadin-shumi, 43 Ashurnasirpal II, 35 Ashur-resha-ishi I, 34 Ashur-uballit I, 34 Asian Empires, 600 B.C.E., M10 Áspero, site of, 14–15 Assyria, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 6, 22, 23, 33–35, 42–43, 58, 147, 161, 197, 216, 228, 229, 239, 269, 299, 311, 312, 346, 458, 489, 507 Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, 950–539 B.C.E., M11 Assyrian Church, 305 astronomy, 13, 276, 304 515 Astyages, 103 Aten, 6, 7, 126 Atenism, 352 Athalaric, 323 Athaliah, Athanasius, 26, 36, 99, 138, 143, 193, 231, 286, 320 Athar, 473 Athena, 29, 85, 172, 189, 204, 330–331, 332 Temple of Athena Nike, 85 Athenagoras, 99 Athenian predemocracy, 36–37 Athens, xxxvii, 10, 36–37, 167, 195, 325, 330, 331–332, 342, 344, 347, 434, 440, 447, 448, 459, 489 athletics and gymnasium, 178–180 Athos, Mount, 166 Atomists, 367 Atsbeha, 142, 143 Attalus (general), 354 Attalus I, 248 Attar, 254 Atticist school, 420 Attila the Hun, xxxvi, 205–206, 242, 247, 323, 405 Augustine of Hippo, xxxvi, 14, 37–38, 79, 174, 193, 247, 249, 262, 337 Augustulus, Romulus See Romulus Augustulus Aulus Plautius, 233, 388 Aurelia Cotta, 63 Aurelianus, 403 Aurelius, Marcus, xxxix, 17, 38–39, 68, 182, 201, 291, 340, 341, 389, 402, 423, 444, 445 Aurelius Victor, 259 Australopithecus, 327, 328 afarensis, 135 boisei, 326 robustus, 327 Avaricum, Battle of, 481 Avars, 59, 98, 205, 242, 243, 323 Averroës, 304 Avesta, 507, 508 Avicenna, 304 Avidius Cassius, 39 Axial Age and cyclical theories, 39–40, 217 Axona, Battle of, 156 Axum, xxxv, xxxvi, 4, 5, 40, 137, 142, 240, 273, 313 Azariah, Eleazar ben, 503 Aztecs, xxxvii, 275, 456