136 great migrations (1900–1950) also moved within both India and Pakistan, especially the former, which saw Muslims from the countryside move to areas where they were in greater numbers Within Pakistan there was also a major movement of people to Karachi, which became the capital of Pakistan Large numbers of Indians also had to leave Burma before and after it became independent in 1948 Further reading: Bonnifield, Matthew Paul The Dust Bowl: Men, Dirt and Depression Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978; Dinnerstein, Leonard, and David M Reimers Ethnic Americans: a History of Immigration New York: Columbia University Press, 1999; Heilbut, Anthony Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America, from the 1930s to the Present New York: Viking Press, 1983; Marrus, Michael Robert The Unwanted: European Refugees in the Twentieth Century New York: Oxford University Press, 1985; Nugent, Walter Into the West: The Story of Its People New York: A.A Knopf, 1999; Skran, Claudena M Refugees in InterWar Europe: The Emergence of a Regime Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995; Spitzer, Leo Hotel Bolivia: The Culture of Memory in a Refuge from Nazism New York: Hill & Wang, 1998 Justin Corfield