Thông tin tài liệu
Balkan Wars (1912–1913) 39 Turkish soldiers in the Balkans in 1912 line up for inspection The two wars in the Balkans saw the effective end of the Ottoman Empire in the region Following the war against the Turks, the other countries in the Balkans fought each other for territory line of defense, just 40 kilometers outside of Istanbul, and had besieged Adrianople (modern-day Edirne in Turkey) The Serbs had surged into Macedonia, reaching Monastir (Bitolj) on November 17, 1912, and together with Montenegrin forces had occupied the Sandzak of Novi Pazar and had besieged the town of Scutari (today Shkodra in Albania) The Greek troops advanced in Thessaly They entered Thessalonica on October 28, only a few hours before the arrival of a Bulgarian detachment, and the town was occupied by both armies In Epirus Greek detachments advanced all the way to Janina (present-day Ioannina in Greece) and on November 10 laid siege to the city By December 1912 the Ottoman rule in the Balkans was over Save for the besieged Adrianople, Scutari, and Janina, the Ottoman troops had been driven out of the former European provinces beyond the Çatalca line covering Istanbul Alarmed by the success of the Balkan armies, the great powers imposed an armistice on the belligerents on December 3, 1912 It was signed by Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro, who pledged that their troops would remain in their positions Greece, however, did not join in, as it wanted to continue the siege of Janina and carry on with the blockade of the Aegean coastline Yet despite the continuation of hostilities in Epirus, Greece, together with Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Turkey, took part in the peace conference that opened in London on December 16, 1912 After two months of negotiations, toward the end of January 1913, a peace agreement seemed to be in sight However, on January 23, 1913, a group of disgruntled Turkish officers overthrew the Ottoman government By January 30 fighting had resumed on the Çatalca line On February 21 the Greek army captured Janina, and on March 13 the Bulgarian troops broke the Turkish defenses at Adrianople and occupied the city On April 10, 1913, Montenegrin and Serb forces entered Scutari, but they had to withdraw eventually under the threat of war from Austria-Hungary At this juncture the great powers again insisted on armistice and proposed
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