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148 George I full-color woodblock prints, developing a multicolor technique using between four and 10 colors As a result of advances in printing, illustrated books became popular, as well as handbills and advertising for theatrical performances and geisha houses In other areas of the arts, such as the bunraku puppet theater and kabuki theater, attendance increased with many ordinary people watching performances that had been the preserve of the daimyo and the samurai Most actors who had previously worked in traveling troupes began to work in semipermanent theaters that allowed them to have a more settled life The result was that acting became a more respectable profession Playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653–1724) was the first to use the bunraku puppets to show everyday themes and ordinary emotions, writing a total of 100 plays, which were performed to large audiences Although the Genroku period came to an end in the early 18th century, the literary and artistic advances were to be revived again during the Bunka-Bunsei period (1804–29), when Edo emerged as the sole cultural center of Japan See also Bushido, Tokugawa Period in japan; Tokugawa bakuhan system, japan Further reading: Dunn, C J Everyday Life in Traditional Japan London: B T Batsford Ltd, 1969; McClain, James L., and Wakita Osamu, eds Osaka, the Merchant’s Capital of Early Modern Japan Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999 Justin Corfield George I (1660–1727) first Hanoverian king of England George I of England came to the throne of England through the Act of Settlement of 1701 This legislation, passed by the British parliament, ensured the succession of Protestant heirs to the throne of England James II of the House of Stuart had been a Roman Catholic and had been expelled in the Glorious Revo lution of 1688 Carried to England on a “Protestant wind,” his daughter Mary and her husband, William III of Orange, the stadtholder of the Netherlands, took his place on the throne Although William would act as king, it was always clear that he did so through his wife, Mary The line of succession was established so that if William and Mary were to die without producing an heir, the Crown would pass to Mary’s Protestant sister, Anne Mary died in 1694, and William would follow her in death in 1702 Anne, who had been born in 1665, became queen on William’s death Anne, too, would die without issue in 1714, and, under the explicit terms of the Act of Settlement, the throne passed to Sophia, the electress of Hanover in Germany The English parliament decided to amend the law of succession to the throne in favor of the Protestant House of Stuart In default of heirs from William III of Orange—who had ruled alone in England after the death of Mary in 1694—or Anne, the act declared that the English Crown would devolve upon Princess Sophia and her Protestant heirs Ironically, Sophia died before Anne in August 1714 Therefore, the Crown of England passed to her son, who became George i, king of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as the elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire The lineage made George I’s succession direct and in accord with the Act of Succession Born in 1660, George I was the son of Elector Ernest and Sophia, who was the granddaughter of James I of England James himself, first the king of Scotland, had established the Stuart dynasty on the English throne after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the House of Tudor to rule in England, in 1603 New in his realm, George I at first relied on advisers from Hanover Although he was not a man of particularly acute knowledge, as had been King Charles II, he was able to judge those who had talent He used these able men to govern his new kingdom for him Under George I, John Churchill, the first duke of Marlborough, was allowed again to enjoy the fruits of his victories, as England’s most respected general In politics, Robert Walpole was the brightest star A leading member of the Whig Party, Walpole became so central to the administration of government that some historians consider him the first British prime minister However, Walpole’s period of favor with the king was relatively brief His concern that George I was subordinating England’s interests to Hanover, especially since the British sacrifices in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–13), led to a complete rupture with the monarch Walpole left office and George’s own son, the future George II, left the royal palace to set up an opposing government Three years after he broke with Walpole, George I invited Walpole back to his government in 1720 Moreover, Walpole effected a reconciliation between the king and his son By 1724, Walpole and his brother-in-law, Charles, Viscount Townshend, virtually were the government In foreign and military affairs, George I had difficulty in his choice of advisers In September 1715, John Erskine, the earl of Mar, raised the standard of Anne’s
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