236 Knights Templar, Knights Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights the native Irish, but also a greater sense of connection between the Anglo-Irish and those born in England The statute prohibiting England-born colonists from discriminating against Anglo-Irish colonists shows that such divisions must have often occurred The statutes also placed restrictions on native Irish living in English-controlled areas: Irish men and women were not allowed to participate in English churches, Irish minstrels were forbidden among the English, and common laborers were forbidden to travel without permission Yet in order to promote peace in lands under direct English control, the statutes also granted limited protections to loyal Irish English authorities mandated a warning period before enforcement of selected statutes, forbade the English to war against the Irish without consent of the Crown, and warned against unlawful imprisonment of the Irish for another man’s debt In this way, English forces could focus their military presence on the greater threat of the outlying Irish Statutes concerning the native Irish followed a long line of prior legislation In 1297 one of the earliest Irish statutes ordered English colonists to shun Irish dress and hairstyles; in 1310 religious houses were told to deny entrance to Irishmen; a 1351 ordinance prohibited Brehon law and Irish-English alliances; and in 1360 limitations were placed on Irish holders of municipal and religious offices Yet the Statutes of Kilkenny did not prevent Anglo-Irish colonists from being affected by Irish culture and custom They instead showed the inability of the English colonists to subordinate Ireland successfully Although the statutes remained in effect for centuries, historical records indicate that Irish and English alike overrode them in the decade following the 1366 parliament The Statutes of Kilkenny now form part of both the historical record of colonization and the English-Irish conflict that continues into the 21st century See also English common law; Norman Conquest of England; Norman and Plantagenet kings of England Further reading: Cosgrove, Art, ed A New History of Ireland: Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534 New York: Clarendon Press, 1987; Curtis, Edmund, and R B McDowell Irish Historical Documents: 1172–1922 New York: Barnes & Noble, 1968; Frame, Robin English Lordship in Ireland: 1318–1361 New York: Clarendon Press, 1982; Otway-Ruthven, A J A History of Medieval Ireland New York: St Martin’s Press, 1980 Jennifer M Hunt and K Sarah-Jane Murray Knights Templar, Knights Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights At the time of the First Crusade (1096), Christian monasticism had been in existence since the third century after Christ What developed out of the crusade, however, was a unique melding of Christian monasticism with the idea of crusade against the Muslims The most spectacular result was the founding of the three most famous orders of “warrior-monks,” the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights The Knights Templar (originally the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple, which is in Jerusalem) were founded around 1118 to help the newly established kingdom of Jerusalem defend itself against its Muslim enemies and to protect the large numbers of Christian European pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem The Templars were organized as a monastic order, following a rule devised for them by Bernard of Clairvaux and taking the traditional threefold vow of poverty, obedience, and chastity Nonetheless, the Templars were primarily a military order, living under a grand master (elected by the members and serving for life) who was directly responsible only to the pope It did not take long for the Templars to become a powerful religious and secular movement in medieval society They were granted several extraordinary endowments by popes, including the ability to levy taxes and control tithes in the areas under their direct control Contributions of money and property from members joining the order, along with loaning funds to pilgrims, ensured that by the end of the 11th century the Templars had extensive wealth in money and land holdings stretching from the Holy Land to England By the 13th century they were the most successful bankers in Europe Recognized by their white surcoats with the distinctive red cross on the heart or chest, they were in many ways the most powerful force in Europe until the beginning of the 14th century The fall of the Templars was probably the result of the animosity harbored against them by the king of France, Philip IV (the “Fair”), when the order refused to make him a loan to finance his wars Philip pursued them with a bloody vengeance, eventually persuading the pope, Clement V, to excommunicate the order The dissolution of the Templars in 1312 effectively broke the order, and much Templar property was transferred to the Hospitallers The Knights Hospitallers (or Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem) began as a Bene-